• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental information for success factors of techniques through kinematic analysis including coordination of lower extremities and landing stability according to the success and failure of $540^{\circ}$ Dwihuryeochagi in Taekwondo. Twenty Taekwondo athletes: ten success group (S, age: $22.3{\pm}1.8$ yrs, height: $172.1{\pm}5.4$ cm, body mass: $64.4{\pm}4.2$ kg) and ten failure group (F, age: $22.3{\pm}1.8$ yrs, height: $172.1{\pm}5.4$ cm, body mass: $64.4{\pm}4.2$ kg) participated in this study. Three-dimensional motion analysis using a system of 3 video cameras with a sampling of 60 fields/s was performed during the competition of $540^{\circ}$ Dwihuryeochagi. Motions were divided into five events: pivot foot landing (E1), pivot foot toe off (E2), COM max height (E3), kick impact (E4) and landing (E5). At E1, the stride width was greater for S than for F (p<.05) while the time was greater for S than for F during P4 (p<.05). At E4, knee angle was greater for S than for F (p<.05). At E5, hip angle was greater for S than for F (p<.05) while kick distance was greater for S than for F (p<.05). Furthermore, at P3, the time would be related to kicking velocity (p<.05), while at P4, the time, range of hip angle and knee angle would be related to kick distance (p<.05). At P1, COM horizontal velocity would be related to COM vertical velocity of P1 and P2 (p<.05). Based on the findings, success factors of $540^{\circ}\acute{y}$ Dwihuryeochagi were COM horizontal velocity of P1, COM vertical velocity of P2, the time, kick distance, velocity, angle of lower extremities and coordination of P3-P4.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.487-499
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• 2016

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of testosterone (T) and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ ($E_2$) on the production of progesterone ($P_4$) by granulosa cells, and of the $E_2$ on the production of $P_4$ and T by theca internal cells. In the first experiment, granulosa cells isolated from the largest ($F_1$) and third largest ($F_3$) preovulatory follicle were incubated for 4 h in short-term culture system, $P_4$ production by granulosa cells of both $F_1$ and $F_3$ was increased in a dose-dependent manner by ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH), but not T or $E_2$. In the second experiment, $F_1$ and $F_3$ granulosa cells cultured for 48 h in the developed monolayer culture system were recultured for an additional 48 h with increasing doses of various physiological active substances existing in the ovary, including T and $E_2$. Basal $P_4$ production for 48 h during 48 to 96 h of the cultured was about nine fold greater by $F_1$ granulosa cells than by $F_3$ granulosa cells. In substances examined oLH, chicken vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (cVIP) and T, but not $E_2$, stimulated in a dose-dependent manner $P_4$ production in both $F_1$ and $F_3$ granulosa cells. In addition, when the time course of $P_4$ production by $F_1$ granulosa cells in response to oLH, cVIP, T and $E_2$ was examined for 48 h during 48 to 96 h of culture, although $E_2$ had no effect on $P_4$ production by granulosa cells of $F_1$ during the period from 48 to 96 h of culture, $P_4$ production with oLH was found to be increased at 4 h of the culture, with a maximal 9.14 fold level at 6 h. By contrast, $P_4$ production with cVIP and T increased significantly (p<0.05) from 8 and 12 h of the culture, respectively, with maximal 6.50 fold response at 12 h and 6, 48 fold responses at 36 h. Furthermore, when $F_1$ granulosa cells were precultured with $E_2$ for various times before 4 h culture with oLH at 96 h of culture, the increase in $P_4$ production in response to oLH with a dose-related manner was only found at a pretreatment time of more than 12 h. In the third experiment, theca internal cells of $F_1$, $F_2$ and the largest third to fifth preovulatory follicles ($F_{3-5}$) were incubated for 4 h in short-term culture system with increasing doses of $E_2$. The production of $P_4$ and T by theca internal cells were increased with the addition of $E_2$ of $10^{-6}M$. These increases were greater in smaller follicles. These results indicate that, in granulosa cells of the hen, T may have a direct stimulatory action in the long term on $P_4$ production, and on $E_2$ in long-term action which may enhance the sensitivity to LH for $P_4$ production, and thus, in theca internal cells, $E_2$ in short term action may stimulate the production of $P_4$ and T.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 1987

It has been well known that estrogens stimulate the uterine contractility and progestins inhibit it. Then, one may expect that the uterine contractility and sensitivities to oxytocin (OT) and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}\;(PGF_{2{\alpha}})$ would be different among the estrus cycle. These hypotheses were tested using the mature female rat. Spontaneous isometric contractions of isolated uterine strips $(1{\times}0.3\;cm)$ from cyclic rats in various stages of the estrus cycle, bilateral ovarectomized rats and hypophysectomized rats were recorded in absence or presence with $estradiol-17{\beta}\;(E_2)$, progesterone $(P_4)$, OT and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The spontaneous uterine contractile force was the highest in the estrus rat and the lowest in the ovarectomized or the hypophysectomized rat. In the proestrus rat, the contractile frequency was the lowest (2.7 beats/10 min) and the contractile duration was the longest (70 sec). In the other groups, there were no any differencies in frequency (9 beats/10 min) and in duration (30 sec). 2) OT and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ stimulated the uterine contractility in all groups tested except in the hypophysectomized rat in which OT failed to stimulate the uterine contraction. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ was more effective in stimulating the uterine contraction than OT in all groups tested except in the estrus rat. OT-induced contraction was the highest in the estrus rat and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}-induced$ contraction was the lowest in the hypophysectomized rat. 3) Uterine contractilities were not changed by the in vitro treatments of $E_2$ or $P_4$ under the influence of endogenous steroids, however, $E_2$ and $P_4$ stimulated the uterine contraction in the ovarectomized rat in which endogenous steroids were almost abolished. 4) Increased uterine contraction by the treatment of OT was suppressed by in vitro $E_2$ or $P_4$ in the estrus rat, while it was potentiated by the $P_4$ in the proestrus rat. In other groups, exogenous $E_2$ or $P_4$ did not affect the OT-induced uterine contraction. 5) $PGF_{2{\alpha}}-induced$ uterine contraction was suppressed in the ovarectomized rat by $E_2$ and $P_4$, in the diestrus and proestrus rats by $P_4$ and in the hypophysectomized rat by $E_2$. In other groups, exogenous $E_2$ or $P_4$ was ineffective in altering the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}-induced$ uterine contraction. According to the above results, it may conclude that the mechanisms of the different uterine contractility and the different uterine sensitivity to OT or $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ according to the estrus cycle are not explicable with only the serum concentrations of steroids, OT and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ but also other unknown factors.

• 분석과학
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.282-288
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• 2004

Inclusion selectivities of the cyanocadmate host complexes with ammonium oniums, $[Cd_x(CN)_{2x}][onium{\cdot}zG]$ (onium = $NMe_3Et^+$, $NMeEt{_3}^+$ and $NEt{_4}^+$, G = guest), have been investigated for $C_6H_6$ (B), PhMe (T), PhEt (E), ortho (O), meta (M), and para (P) isomers of $C_6H_4Me_2$ as the aromatic guest molecules. From the binary, ternary, quaternary and quinary mixed guests of B, T, E, O, M and P, the order of preference in the $NMe_3Et+$-host is $B{\gg}$T>P${\fallingdotseq}O{\fallingdotseq}M$ and E>O${\gg}P{\fallingdotseq}M$; in the $NMeEt{_3}^+$-host is T>B>P${\gg}O{\fallingdotseq}M$ and E>P${\gg}$M>O; in the $NEt{_4}^+$-host is $B{\gg}T{\fallingdotseq}O{\fallingdotseq}M{\fallingdotseq}P$. However, the $NEt{_4}^+$-host complexes of E, O, M and P mixed-guests were not obtained. These inclusion selectivities were compared to our previous results of the $NMe{_4}^+$-host; T>B>P${\gg}$M>O and E>P${\gg}$M>O.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제12권
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• pp.71-75
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• 1972

본 실험은 성숙촉진제 C.E.P.A(2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid)를 처리하여 잎담배 성숙촉진 여부와 나아가서 수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 검토코저 1970-1971년 양년에 걸쳐 소사시험장 및 산지적응시험을 시도한 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 농도가 높을수록 잎담배 성숙을 촉진시키는 정도가 현저하며 그 효과는 처리후 3-4일부터 나타났다. 2. 열 표면에만 처리해도 효과가 있었으며 성숙촉진 효과는 처리 부분에만 뚜렷하였다. 3. C.E.P.A 처리 효과는 성숙기에 가까운 하위엽에서 뚜렷했고 상위엽에서는 완만하였고 성숙 정도에 따라 차이가 현저하였다. 4. C.E.P.A는 농도가 높을수록 성숙충족효과는 크지마는 900ppm 이상이 되면 잎의 신전율이 떨어져서 약간이나마 감수가 되며 3,000ppm에서는 약 9%의 수량 감을 가져 오므로 적정농도는 900ppm으로 볼 수 있다. 5. C.E.P.A의 성숙충족 일수를 보면 100ppm에서 1일, 300ppm 3일, 450ppm 3일, 900ppm 4일, 3000ppm에서 약 7일간 단축시킬 수가 있었다. 6. 건조 경과를 보면 C.E.P.A처리구는 무처리에 비하여 시간으로 약 29%의 건조시간과 45%의 연료를 절감할 수 있는 가능성이 엿보인다. 7. 그러므로 잎담배 재배에 있어 C.E.P.A를 적정농도(900ppm)로 처리하면 수량의 감소를 가져 오지 않으면서 품질에서 13.5% 수납대금에서 12%의 소득을 증대시킬 수 있으며 부수적인 효과로서 3,000ppm에 약 7일, 건조시간에서 약24시간을 단축시킬 수 있다고 본다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.68-73
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• 1995

Pseudomonas sp. P20 was shown to be capable of degrading biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl (4CB) to produce the corresponding benzoic acids wnich were not further degraded. But the potential of the strain for biodegradation of 4CB was shown to be excellent. The pcbA, B, C and D genes responsible for the aromatic ring-cleavage of biphenyl and 4CB degradation were cloned from the chromosomal DNA of the strain. In this study, the pebC and D genes specifying degradation of 2, 3-dihydroxybiphenyl (2, 3-DHBP) produced from biphenyl by the pebAB-encoded enzymes were cloned by using pBluescript SK(＋) as a vector. From the pCK102 (9.3 kb) containing pebC and D genes, pCK1022 inserted with a EcoRI-HindIII DNA fragment (4.1 kb) carrying pebC and D and a pCK1092 inserted with EcoRI-XbaI fragment (1.95 kb) carrying pebC were constructed. The expression of pcbC and D' in E. coli CK102 and pebC in E. coli CK1092 was examined by gas chromatography and UV-vis spectrophotometry. 2.3-dihydroxybiphenyl was readily degraded to produce meta-cleavage product (MCP) by E. coli CK102 after incubation for 10 min, and then only benzoic acid(BA) was detected in the 24-h old culture. The MCP was detected in E. coli CK1022 containing pebC and 0 genes (by the resting cells assay) for up to 3 h after incubation and then diminished completely in 8 h, whereas the MCP accumulated in the E. coli CK1092 culture even after 6 h of incubation. The 2, 3-DHBP dioxygenases (product of pebC gene) produced by E. coli CK1, CK102, CK1023, and CK1092 strains were measured by native PAGE analysis to be about 250 kDa in molecular weight, which were about same as those of Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12, P. pseudoa1caligenes KF707, and P. putida OU83.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.127-137
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• 1987

Steroid hormone profiles during luteal phases after in vitro fertilization(IVF) and embryo transfer(ET) have been evaluated in 83 cycles stimulated by pure follicle-stimulating hormone/human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin, in which 13 patients became pregnant. Serum estradiol($E_2$) and progesterone($P_4$) levels were determined on days 2, 5, 7 and 9 after laparoscopic follicle aspiration. The follicular $E_2$ peak was slightly higher in pregnancies than in failures. Positive correlations were observed between the follicular $E_2$ peaks and the $P_4$ levels on days 5 and 7 of the luteal phase in pregnancies, but no correlation was found in failures. The $E_2$ and $P_4$ levels on days 5 and 7 of the luteal phase were significantly higher in pregnancies than in failures, but not different on days 2 and 9. Values of the $P_4/E_2$ ratio were similar between the two groups. The luteal phase durations were 12 to 19 days and no correlation was observed between the lengths of luteal phase and the luteal $E_2$ or $P_4$ concentrations. These data suggest that high $P_4$ levels in the mid-luteal phase, which have positive correlations with the follicular $E_2$ peaks, might have a favorable influence on the pregnancy success in human IVF.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2001

We have carried out PCR reactions to investigate if cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes (1A1, 1A2, 2C8, 2E1 and 3A4), which are well hewn to be the key enzymes in detoxification process and/or synthesis of steroids in the liver, are expressed in the human brain, too. P450 1A1, 2C8 and 2E1 were expressed clearly. However, P450 1A2 and 3A4 were not detectable. Their expression levels in the human brain could be extremely low or they were not expressed at all. One base substitution at nucleotide 290 (A->G) was identified in P450 1A1. It is suspected to be an individual polymorphism. Our results should contribute to the better understanding of the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the human brain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.969-978
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• 2014

The aprE2 gene with its prosequence from Bacillus subtilis CH3-5 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by using plasmid pET26b(+). After IPTG induction, active and mature AprE2 was produced when cells were grown at $20^{\circ}C$, whereas inactive and insoluble enzyme was produced in a large amount when cells were grown at $37^{\circ}C$. The insoluble fraction was resuspended with 6 M guanidine-HCl and dialyzed against 2 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.0) or 0.5 M sodium acetate (pH 7.0) buffer. Then active AprE2 was regenerated and purified by a Ni-NTA column. Purified AprE2 from the soluble fraction had a specific activity of $1,069.4{\pm}42.4U/mg$ protein, higher than that from the renatured insoluble fraction. However, more active AprE2 was obtained by renaturation of the insoluble fraction. AprE2 was most stable at pH 7 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of AprE2 was inhibited by PMSF, but not by EDTA and metal ions. AprE2 degraded $A{\alpha}$ and $B{\beta}$ chains of fibrinogen quickly, but not the ${\gamma}$-chain. AprE2 exhibited the highest specificity for N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA. The $K_m$ and $k_{cat}/K_m$ of AprE2 was 0.56 mM and $3.10{\times}10^4S^{-1}M^{-1}$, respectively.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.75-93
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• 2023

The game industry has grown not only by combining them with various technologies also introducing new types of business models such as P2P, F2P, and P2W. Furthermore, games which implemented X2E model with blockchain technology are recently in the spotlight of the public attention. As domestic game companies have also prospect the blockchain games feasible, they are seeking ways to expand their global market share by strengthening the X2E model. Hence, by carrying this new business model out, it is expected to diversify their global revenue stream, which was previously confined to Asia region. This study analyzed the case of companies that have implemented the P2E and C2E models in order to suggest the direction of development for the game platform in Web 3.0 era. The cases of P2E game platform, which constitute of Axie Infinity and Mir 4, encompass the compensation structure, the stabilization mechanism of the in-game token economy, and future strategies regarding blockchain gaming. Likewise, the platform structure, business model, and future growth potential was discussed in terms of C2E scheme, focusing on the ZEPETO and Roblox cases. Based on the above case analysis, this study attempted to provide information on the current limitations and development directions of the P2E and C2E platforms. The current limitations in legal and industrial aspects should be addressed to facilitate the blooming of blockchain and P2E game industry. In addition, the necessity of not only social support also improvement on the technology and social stigma of full-time creators is ought to be emphasized in an effort to encourage the development of C2E platforms.