• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.135-135
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• 2003

Bisphenol A (BPA) mimics estrogen and its activity is one third to one quarter that of estradiol. BPA, an ubiquitous environmental contaminent has been shown to cause development reproductive toxicity and carcinogenic effect. BPA may do physiological action through ER${\alpha}$ and ER${\beta}$ which are expressed in central nerve system.(omitted)

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.116.1-116.1
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• 2003

Bisphenol A (BPA) mimics estrogen and its activity is one third to one quarter that of estradiol. BPA, an ubiquitous environmental contaminent has been shown to cause development reproductive toxicity and carcinogenic effect. BPA may do physiological action through ER$\alpha$ and ER$\beta$ which are expressed in central nerve system. We previously found that expose of BPA to immature mice resulted in behavial alternation, suggesting that overexposure of BPA could be neurotoxic. (omitted)

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2016

In Drosophila, rhomboid proteases are active cardinal regulators of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. iRhom1 and iRhom2, which are inactive homologs of rhomboid intramembrane serine proteases, are lacking essential catalytic residues. These are necessary for maturation and trafficking of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) converting enzyme (TACE) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plasma membrane through Golgi, and associated with the fates of various ligands for EGFR. Recent studies have clarified that the activation or downregulation of EGFR signaling pathways by alteration of iRhoms are connected to several human diseases including tylosis with esophageal cancer (TOC) which is the autosomal dominant syndrom, breast cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, this review focuses on our understanding of iRhoms and the involved mechanisms in the cellular processes.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2024

ER (Endoplasmic reticulume) 스트레스반응은 difenoconazole 등과 같은 다양한 독성물질에 의한 독성반응 동안에 유도되지만, 농업 및 산업에서 전반적으로 사용되는 화학물질로 간독성(Hepatotoxicity)을 유도하는 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP)와의 연관성은 연구된 바 없다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 TCP처리로 유발된 간독성(Hepatotoxicity) 유발과정 동안에 ER스트레스의 유발기전에 대해 연구하기 위하여, TCP로 처리된 SD(Sprague Dawley)랫드에서 간독성, apoptosis 그리고 ER스트레스에 대한 지표들의 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과, TCP 처리그룹은 Vehicle 처리그룹에 비하여 체중과 식이 섭취량이 감소하였고, 간 조직에서 괴사(Necrosis)와 공포화(Vaculation) 등이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한, apoptosis 관련 인자인 Bax/Bcl-2와 Cleaved Caspase-3(Cas-3)/Cas-3의 발현은 Vehicle 처리그룹보다 TCP 처리그룹에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. ER스트레스 반응지표 분석에서, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), p-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit (eIF2α), p-iniositor-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)의 발현은 TCP100 처리그룹에서만 증가하였다. 하지만 Growth arrest and DNA damage-34 (GADD34)와 X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1)의 전사는 TCP200 처리그룹에서 유의적으로 변화되었다. 따라서, 이러한 결과는 ER스트레스반응은 TCP 처리에 의해 유도된 간독성과정 동안에 unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway의 조절을 통해 성공적으로 유도됨을 제시하고 있다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.469-477
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two dentin desensitizers and Er,Cr:YSGG laser for dentinal tubule occlusion. Twenty recently extracted single-rooted human teeth were used to obtain root dentinal fragments. The crowns were cut approximately 1mm below the cementum enamel junction(CEJ). A second cut was used to remove the apex of the root. Subsequently, a longitudinal cut was made in order to obtain 2 fragments from each root sample. The cementum from the cervical portion was removed using a high-speed diamond-coated bur in order to expose the dentin. To open dentinal tubules, forty samples were treated with 50% citric acid for 2 min and then rinsed under distilled water for 1 min. These were divided into four groups of ten samples each. The first group served as a control group. In group 2, the samples were irradiated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser(Waterlase MD, Biolase, USA). In group 3, the samples were treated with Bisblock and ONE-STEP PLUS(Bisco, USA). In group 4, the samples were treated with Gluma comfort bond & Desensitizer(Heraeus Kulzer, Germany). All the samples were examined using Scanning electron microscopy(Hitachi, S-4700, Japan) with two different magnifications(X2000, X5000). These images were assessed by one examiner who was blind to the experimental procedure, using the index of smear layer removal. The distribution of smear layer removal grades was tested using Fisher's exact test. On the order hand, in order to evaluate the occluding effect of two dentin desensitizers and Er,Cr:YSGG laser, the number of exposed dentinal tubules was counted in each group. These were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test with significance predetermined $\alpha$=0.05. There were statistically significant differences between the three groups(Er,Cr:YSGG laser, Bisblock+ONE-STEP PLUS, Gluma comfort bond & Desensitizer) and control group.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.351-358
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• 2016

Background: This study was designed to investigate whether ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) and compound K (CK) ameliorated insulin resistance by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced inflammation in adipose tissue. Methods: To induce ER stress, epididymal adipose tissue from mice or differentiated 3T3 adipocytes were exposed to high glucose. The effects of Rb1 and CK on reactive oxygen species production, ER stress, TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation, inflammation, insulin signaling activation, and glucose uptake were detected by western blot, emzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or fluorometry. Results: Rb1 and CK suppressed ER stress by dephosphorylation of $IRE1{\alpha}$ and PERK, thereby reducing TXNIP-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in adipose tissue. As a result, Rb1 and CK inhibited IL-$1{\beta}$ maturation and downstream inflammatory factor IL-6 secretion. Inflammatory molecules induced insulin resistance by upregulating phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 at serine residues and impairing insulin PI3K/Akt signaling, leading to decreased glucose uptake by adipocytes. Rb1 and CK reversed these changes by inhibiting ER stress-induced inflammation and ameliorating insulin resistance, thereby improving the insulin IRS-1/PI3K/Akt-signaling pathway in adipose tissue. Conclusion: Rb1 and CK inhibited inflammation and improved insulin signaling in adipose tissue by suppressing ER stress-associated NLRP3 inflammation activation. These findings offered novel insight into the mechanism by which Rb1 and CK ameliorate insulin resistance in adipose tissue.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.583-595
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 괭생이 모자반 추출물의 소포체 스트레스 억제 효능을 연구하기 위하여 HepG2 간세포에 PA를 처리하여 소포체 스트레스를 유발한 후 추출물을 처리하여 UPR 관련 인자 발현 정도를 측정하였다. PA 750 μM 처리 시 UPR 관련 인자 (p-IRE1α, p-eIF2α, CHOP)의 단백질 발현이 가장 높게 나타나 소포체 스트레스를 효과적으로 유도함을 확인하였고 PA 750 μM를 12시간 처리 시 UPR 관련 인자 (p-IRE1α, p-eIF2α, CHOP)의 단백질 발현이 가장 높음을 확인하였다. 괭생이 모자반 처리 시 PA에 의해 상향 조절된 UPR 관련 인자의 mRNA 및 단백질 발현이 감소하여 PA로 유도된 소포체 스트레스에 대한 억제 효능이 있음을 보여주었다. 또한, 괭생이 모자반은 SIRT2, SIRT6 및 SIRT7의 mRNA의 발현을 증가시킴으로써 괭생이 모자반의 소포체 스트레스 억제 효능이 SIRT에 의한 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 괭생이 모자반이 다양한 소포체 스트레스 관련 질병의 예방과 치료에 활용가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2000

대부분의 내분비교란물질들은 에스트로겐이나 항에스트로겐적인 활성을 가지고 있어 사람이나 생태계에 있어서 생식기능 발달을 저해하는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구는 estrogen (E$_2$)과 bisphenol (BP) 그리고 octylphenol (OP)이 생쥐 Leydig cell line인 TM3 세포에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. TM3 세포는 11 ~13일령의 BALB/c nu/＋ 생쥐로부터 유래한 정소내 세포인 Leydig cell로 DMEM에 FBS (10%)가 첨가된 배양액에 E$_2$, BP와 OP를 농도별 (1 pM, 1 nM, 1 $\mu$M, 1 mM)로 처리하고 48시간동안 체외에서 배양하였다. 배양 후, 전체 세포수와 생존율을 혈구세포판과 trypan blue 염색 방법으로 조사하였고, 스테로이드호르몬 합성에 관여하는 cytochrome P450scc (CYPscc)와 estrogen receptor $\alpha$ (ER $\alpha$) 유전자의 발현은 역전사 중합효소 연쇄 반응으로 관찰하였다. 결과를 살펴보면 TM3 세포의 생존율에 있어서는 1 $\mu$M 이하에서는 차이 가 없었으며 1 mM 첨가군에서는 유의하게 감소함을 보였다. 세포수에 있어서는 OP 처리군에서만 유의하게 적게 나타났다. CYPscc 유전자의 발현은 E$_2$ 군을 제외하고 BP (1 nM, 1 $\mu$M) 첨가군에서 약간 감소가, OP (1 nM, 1 $\mu$M) 첨가군에서는 유의한 감소가 나타났다. 그러나ER $\alpha$ 유전자의 발현은 처리군 모두에서 대조군보다 높은 발현율을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 고농도의 BP와 OP는 CYPscc유전자의 발현을 감소시킴으로써 스테로이드합성 과정을 억제시켜 정소기능에 장애를 일으키며, 정자형성 과정에도 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.331-337
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• 2015

Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are the most common pesticides which are recently used for indoor pest control. The widespread use of SPs has resulted in the increased exposure to wild animals and humans. Recently, some SPs are suspected as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and have been assessed for their potential estrogenicity by adopting various analyzing assays. In this study, we examined the estrogenic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin (LC) and cypermethrin (CP), the most commonly used pesticides in Korea, using BG-1 ovarian cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). To evaluate the estrogenic activities of two SPs, LC and CP, we employed MTT assay and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in LC or CP treated BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. In MTT assay, LC ($10^{-6}M$) and CP ($10^{-5}M$) significantly induced the growth of BG-1 cancer cells. LC or CP-induced cell growth was antagonized by addition of ICI 182,720 ($10^{-8}M$), an ER antagonist, suggesting that this effect appears to be mediated by an ER-dependent manner. Moreover, RT-PCR results showed that transcriptional level of cyclin D1, a cell cycle-regulating gene, was significantly up-regulated by LC and CP, while these effects were reversed by co-treatment of ICI 182,780. However, p21, a cyclin D-ckd-4 inhibitor gene, was not altered by LC or CP. Moreover, $ER{\alpha}$ expression was not significantly changed by LC and CP, while down-regulated by E2. Finally, in xenografted mouse model transplanted with human BG-1 ovarian cancer cells, E2 significantly increased the tumor volume compare to a negative control, but LC did not. Taken together, these results suggest that LC and CP may possess estrogenic potentials by stimulating the growth of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells via partially ER signaling pathway associated with cell cycle as did E2, but this estrogenic effect was not found in in vivo mouse model.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2013

PURPOSE. To evaluate the effects of hydrofluoric acid etching and Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on the shear bond strength of resin cement to lithium disilicate ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Fifty-five ceramic blocks ($5mm{\times}5mm{\times}2mm$) were fabricated and embedded in acrylic resin. Their surfaces were finished with 1000-grit silicon carbide paper. The blocks were assigned to five groups: 1) 9.5% hydrofluoric-acid etching for 60 s; 2-4), 1.5-, 2.5-, and 6-W Er,Cr:YSGG laser applications for 60 seconds, respectively; and 5) no treatment (control). One specimen from each group was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Ceramic primer (Rely X ceramic primer) and adhesive (Adper Single Bond) were applied to the ceramic surfaces, followed by resin cement to bond the composite cylinders, and light curing. Bonded specimens were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Shear bond strengths were determined by a universal testing machine at 1 mm/min crosshead speed. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS. Adhesion was significantly stronger in Group 2 ($3.88{\pm}1.94$ MPa) and Group 3 ($3.65{\pm}1.87$ MPa) than in Control group ($1.95{\pm}1.06$ MPa), in which bonding values were lowest (P<.01). No significant difference was observed between Group 4 ($3.59{\pm}1.19$ MPa) and Control group. Shear bond strength was highest in Group 1 ($8.42{\pm}1.86$ MPa; P<.01). CONCLUSION. Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation at 1.5 and 2.5 W increased shear bond strengths between ceramic and resin cement compared with untreated ceramic surfaces. Irradiation at 6 W may not be an efficient ceramic surface treatment technique.