• BMB Reports
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.515-521
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• 2004

The tricarboxylate (or citrate) carrier was purified from eel liver mitochondria and functionally reconstituted into liposomes. Incubation of the proteoliposomes with various sulfhydryl reagents led to inhibition of the reconstituted citrate transport activity. Preincubation of the proteoliposomes with reversible SH reagents, such as mercurials and methanethiosulfonates, protected the eel liver tricarboxylate carrier against inactivation by the irreversible reagent N-(1-pyrenyl)maleimide (PM). Citrate and L-malate, two substrates of the tricarboxylate carrier, protected the protein against inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents and decreased the fluorescent PM bound to the purified protein. These results suggest that the eel liver tricarboxylate carrier requires a single population of free cysteine(s) in order to manifest catalytic activity. The reactive cysteine(s) is most probably located at or near the substrate binding site of the carrier protein.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.623-631
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• 2017

뇌실하 영역과 subgranular zone은 뇌에서 평생 새로운 신경 세포를 만들어 내는 곳이다. 이 부위에 있는 신경줄기세포는 세포 분열을 통해서 줄기 세포군을 계속 유지할 뿐만 아니라, 신경 세포와 신경 교세포로 분화한다. 세포 분열을 측정하기 위해 thymidine 유사체인 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)가 사용되어 왔다. 몇몇의 경우에서는 새롭게 만들어지는 신경 세포를 표지하려는 목적으로 사용되었다. 이번 연구에서는, EdU가 쥐의 뇌실 하영역에서 분리해낸 신경줄기세포의 분열과 분화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 보여주었다. 첫째, 신경줄기세포가 EdU를 포함하는 세포 증식 배양액에서 24시간 동안 배양되었을 때, 추후에 분화를 유도하여도 신경세포로 분화가 전혀 일어나지 않았다. EdU를 1시간 동안 처리했을 때도 신경세포로의 분화가 상당부분 저해되었다. 둘째, EdU는 농도가 높을수록, 처리시간이 많을수록 신경줄기세포의 증식을 더욱 많이 저해하였다. 끝으로, EdU는 신경 교세포 중에서 oligodendrocyte으로의 분화는 억제하였지만, astrocyte로의 분화는 오히려 증가시켰다. 본 연구결과는 뇌실하 영역 신경줄기세포의 분화에 EdU가 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 처음으로 보여주었고, 이러한 결과들은 신경 세포와 oligodendrocyte로의 분화에 세포 분열이 반드시 필요하다는 것을 제안하고 있다.

• Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2018

Objective As aging progresses, clinical characteristics of elderly patients in the emergency department (ED) vary by age. We aimed to study differences among elderly patients in the ED by age group. Methods For 2 years, patients aged 65 and older were enrolled in the study and classified into three groups: youngest-old, ages 65 to 74 years; middle-old, 75 to 84 years; and oldest-old, ${\geq}85years$. Participants' sex, reason for ED visit, transfer from another hospital, results of treatment, type of admission, admission department and length of stay were recorded. Results During the study period, a total 64,287 patients visited the ED; 11,236 (17.5%) were aged 65 and older, of whom 14.4% were 85 and older. With increased age, the female ratio (51.5% vs. 54.9% vs. 69.1%, P<0.001), medical causes (79.5% vs. 81.3% vs. 81.7%, P=0.045), and admission rate (35.3% vs. 42.8% vs. 48.5%, P<0.001) increased. Admissions to internal medicine (57.5% vs. 59.3% vs. 64.7%, P<0.001) and orthopedic surgery (8.5% vs. 11.6% vs. 13.8%, P<0.001) also increased. The ratio of admission to intensive care unit showed no statistical significance (P=0.545). Patients over age 85 years had longer stays in the ED (330.9 vs. 378.9 vs. 407.2 minutes, P<0.001), were discharged home less (84.4% vs. 78.9% vs. 71.5%, P<0.001), and died more frequently (6.3% vs. 10.4% vs. 13.0%, P<0.001). Conclusion With increased age, the proportion of female patients and medical causes increased. Rates of admission and death increased with age and older patients had longer ED and hospital stays.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary sea-tangle extracts on blood glucose levels, serum lipid levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and glutathione enzymes in diabetic rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ) Four groups of rats (Sprague-Dawley male rats, 180 - 200g) were consisted of normal rats fed control diet (C), diabetic rats fed control diet (CD), normal rats fed sea-tangl extracts diet (E), and diabetic rats fed sea-tangle extracts diet (ED). Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg B.W.). After 7 weeks, rats were sacrificed, serum glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and glutathione enzymes were measured. Urine was significantly higher in CD and ED groups than those of others (p < 0.05). Levels of amylase, calcium, uric acid, hemoglobin, cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol were different among four groups. But high density cholesterol (HDL)-cholesterol of ED group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than other groups (C and E group) And the weekly change of serum glucose was decreased in the 3th,4th and 5th weeks. But serum triglyceride (TG) of diabetic rats fed sea-tangle extracts diet (ED) was lower than diabetic rats fed control diet (CD). Activity of hepatic microsomal G6Pase was significantly increased CD and ED groups higher than C and E group, but kidney was decreased ED group. Hepateic glutathione S-transferase (GST) of CD and ED group were significantly lower than C and E group (p<0.05), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of E and ED group were significantly higher than C and CD group (p<0.05), glutathione reductase (GR) activities of ED group was significantly lower than other groups, malondialdehyde (MDA) of ED was lower than E and CD group, but kidney was increased significant in ED group compared to liver. These results suggested that dietary sea-tangle extracts reduce .hepatic disorders such as oxidant than kidney. In conclusion, dietary sea-tangle extracts groups reduced blood TG and hepatic MDA levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.162-167
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• 2014

Background: Although a physician may be the nearest to the radiation source during C-arm fluoroscope-guided interventions, the radiographer is also near the fluoroscope. We prospectively investigated the radiation exposure of radiographers relative to their location. Methods: The effective dose (ED) was measured with a digital dosimeter on the radiographers' left chest and the side of the table. We observed the location of the radiographers in each procedure related to the mobile support structure of the fluoroscope (Groups A, M and P). Data about age, height, weight, sex, exposure time, radiation absorbed dose (RAD), and the ED at the radiographer's chest and the side of the table was collected. Results: There were 51 cases for Group A, 116 cases for Group M and 144 cases for Group P. No significant differences were noted in the demographic data such as age, height, weight, and male to female ratio, and exposure time, RAD and ED at the side of the table. Group P had the lowest ED ($0.5{\pm}0.8{\mu}Sv$) of all the groups (Group A, $1.6{\pm}2.3{\mu}Sv$; Group M, $1.3{\pm}1.9{\mu}Sv$; P < 0.001). The ED ratio (ED on the radiographer's chest/ED at the side of the table) of Group A was the highest, and the ED radio of Group P was the lowest of all the groups (Group A, $12.2{\pm}21.5%$; Group M, $5.7{\pm}6.5%$; Group P, $2.5{\pm}6.7%$; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Radiographers can easily reduce their radiation exposure by changing their position. Two steps behind the mobile support structure can effectively decrease the exposure of radiographers by about 80%.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.13-28
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• 2015

Objectives: To observe the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of Hyunbulikyung-tang aqueous extracts (HBLKT) and the possible synergic combination effects with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, piroxicam. Methods: Anti-inflammatory effects of HBLKT (yield=16.17%) were observed on LPS activated raw 264.7 cells based on $ED_{50}$ to cell viability, NO, $PGE_2$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 productions as compared with piroxicam, in the present study. In addition, the combination effects of HBLKT with piroxicam were observed after treatment of HBLKT 1/4 $ED_{50}$ + piroxicam 1/4 $ED_{50}$, 1/8 $ED_{50}$, 1/16 $ED_{50}$, 1/32 $ED_{50}$ and 1/64 $ED_{50}$ concentrations, respectively. Results: Significant (p<0.01 or p<0.05) increases of cell viabilities and decreases of NO, $PGE_2$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 cytokine releases were detected in HBLKT 1/4 $ED_{50}$ + piroxicam 1/4 $ED_{50}$, 1/8 $ED_{50}$, 1/16 $ED_{50}$ and 1/32 $ED_{50}$ concentration co-treatment as compared with each of single 1/4 $ED_{50}$ concentration of piroxicam and HBLKT treatments, respectively. Although significant (p<0.01 or p<0.05) increases of cell viabilities and decreases of NO, $PGE_2$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 cytokine releases were also demonstrated in piroxicam 1/64 $ED_{50}$ + HBLKT 1/4 $ED_{50}$ co-treatment as compared with LPS control, no significant changes were detected as compared with each of single 1/4 $ED_{50}$ concentration of piroxicam and HBLKT treatments, in this experiment. Conclusions: Hyunbulikyung-tang showed cell protective and anti-inflammatory effects against LPS activated raw 264.7 cells. It, therefore, expected that HBLKT will be showed favorable effects to relieve dysmenorrhea related to over expressed inflammatory cytokines, and it also expected that the clinical dosages of piroxicam can be reduced as 1/8 levels as combination with HBLKT.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.108-117
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• 2019

Purpose: The study examined the poisoned patients' characteristics nationwide in Korea by using data from the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS). Methods: Among the patients' information sent to NEDIS from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015, the included subjects' main diagnosis in ED showed poisoning according to the 7th edition of the Korean Standard Disease Classification (KCD-7). We analyzed the patients' gender, age, initial vital signs, visit time, stay time of staying in ED, results of ED care, main diagnosis in ED, length of hospitalization, and results of hospitalization. Results: A total of 106,779 ED visits were included in the analysis. There were 55,878 males (52.3%), which was more than the number of females. The number of intentional poisoning was 49,805 (59.6%). 75,499 cases (70.8%) were discharged, and 25,858 cases (24.2%) were hospitalized. The numbers of poisoning patients per 1,000 ED visits were 14 in Chungnam and 11.9 in Jeonbuk. The most common cause of poisoning, according to the main diagnosis, was venomous animals. It was the same for hospitalized patients, and pesticide was next. Pesticide was the most common cause of mortality in ED (228 cases, 46.1%) and after hospitalization (584 cases, 54.9%). The incidence of poisoning by age group was frequent for patients in their 30s to 50s, and mortality in ED and post-hospitalization were frequent for patients in their 60s to 80s. Conclusion: This study investigated the characteristics of poisoning patients reported in the past 3 years. Pesticide poisoning had a high mortality rate for patients in ED and in-hospital. For mortality, there was a high proportion of elderly people over 60. Thus, policy and medical measures are needed to reduce this problem. Since it is difficult to identify the poison substance in detail due to nature of this study, it is necessary to build a database and monitoring system for monitoring the causative substance and enacting countermeasures.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.109-110
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• 2014

주사전자현미경(Scanning Electron Microscopy: SEM)은 고체상태에서 미세조직과 형상을 관찰하는 데에 가장 다양하게 쓰이는 분석기기로서 최근에 판매되고 있는 고분해능 SEM은 수 나노미터의 분해능을 가지고 있다. 그리고 SEM의 초점심도가 크기 때문에 3차원적인 영상의 관찰이 용이해서 곡면 혹은 울퉁불퉁한 표면의 영상을 육안으로 관찰하는 것처럼 보여준다. 활용도도 매우 다양해서 금속파면, 광물과 화석, 반도체 소자와 회로망의 품질검사, 고분자 및 유기물, 생체시료 nnnnnnnnn와 유가공 제품 등 모든 산업영역에 걸쳐 있다(Fig. 1). 입사된 전자빔이 시료의 원자와 탄성, 비탄성 충돌을 할 때 2차 전자(secondary electron)외에 후방산란전자(back scattered electron), X선, 음극형광 등이 발생하게 되는 이것을 통하여 topography (시료의 표면 형상), morphology(시료의 구성입자의 형상), composition(시료의 구성원소), crystallography (시료의 원자배열상태)등의 정보를 얻을 수 있다. SEM은 2차 전자를 이용하여 시료의 표면형상을 측정하고 그 외에는 SEM을 플랫폼으로 하여 EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), WDS (Wave Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope), EPMA (Electron Probe X-ray Micro Analyzer), FIB (Focus Ion Beam), EBIC (Electron Beam Induced Current), EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction), PBMS (Particle Beam Mass Spectrometer) 등의 많은 분석장치들이 SEM에 부가적으로 장착되어 다양한 시료의 측정이 이루어진다. 이 중 결정구조, 조성분석을 쉽고 효과적으로 할 수 있게 하는 X선 분석장치인 EDS를 SEM에 일체화시킨 장비와 EDS 및 PBMS를 SEM에 장착하여 반도체 공정 중 발생하는 나노입자의 형상, 성분, 크기분포를 측정하는 PCDS(Particle Characteristic Diagnosis System)에 대해 소개하고자 한다. - EDS와 통합된 SEM 시스템 기본적으로 SEM과 EDS는 상호보완적인 기능을 통하여 매우 밀접하게 사용되고 있으나 제조사와 기술적 근간의 차이로 인해 전혀 다른 방식으로 운영되고 있다. 일반적으로 SEM과 EDS는 별개의 시스템으로 스캔회로와 이미지 프로세싱 회로가 개별적으로 구현되어 있지만 로렌츠힘에 의해 발생하는 전자빔의 왜곡을 보정을 위해 EDS 시스템은 SEM 시스템과 연동되어 운영될 수 밖에 없다. 따라서, 각각의 시스템에서는 필요하지만 전체 시스템에서 보면 중복된 기능을 가지는 전자회로들이 존재하게 되고 이로 인해 SEM과 EDS에서 보는 시료의 이미지의 차이로 인한 측정오차가 발생한다(Fig. 2). EDS와 통합된 SEM 시스템은 중복된 기능인 스캔을 담당하는 scanning generation circuit과 이미지 프로세싱을 담당하는 FPGA circuit 및 응용프로그램을 SEM의 회로와 프로그램을 사용하게 함으로 SEM과 EDS가 보는 시료의 이미지가 정확히 일치함으로 이미지 캘리브레이션이 필요없고 측정오차가 제거된 EDS 측정이 가능하다. - PCDS 공정 중 발생하는 입자는 반도체 생산 수율에 가장 큰 영향을 끼치는 원인으로 파악되고 있으며, 생산수율을 저하시키는 원인 중 70% 가량이 이와 관련된 것으로 알려져 있다. 현재 반도체 공정 중이나 반도체 공정 장비에서 발생하는 입자는 제어가 되고 있지 않은 실정이며 대부분의 반도체 공정은 저압환경에서 이루어지기에 이 때 발생하는 입자를 제어하기 위해서는 저압환경에서 측정할 수 있는 측정시스템이 필요하다. 최근 국내에서는 CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) 시스템 내 파이프내벽에서의 오염입자 침착은 심각한 문제점으로 인식되고 있다(Fig. 3). PCDS (Particle Characteristic Diagnosis System)는 오염입자의 형상을 측정할 수 있는 SEM, 오염입자의 성분을 측정할 수 있는 EDS, 저압환경에서 기체에 포함된 입자를 빔 형태로 집속, 가속, 포화상태에 이르게 대전시켜 오염입자의 크기분포를 측정할 수 있는 PBMS가 일체화 되어 반도체 공정 중 발생하는 나노입자 대해 실시간으로 대처와 조치가 가능하게 한다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.211-236
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• 2023

이 연구는 미국 예비교사 교육 양성 과정에서 활용되는 edTPA의 사례를 분석하여 우리나라 예비 수학 교사 교육의 시사점을 도출하는 데 목적이 있다. 최근 예비 수학 교사의 인지적인 차원의 지식 개발뿐만 아니라 실제 수업을 바탕으로 상황적 차원의 영역까지 고려한 전문적인 역량을 진작시키는 것에 관한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 미국 edTPA 평가는 예비교사가 학교 현장에서 수행하는 수업에 기초한 수행 기반 평가이다. 이 연구에서는 미국의 예비 수학 교사가 참여하는 edTPA의 사례가 상세히 서술된 편람을 검토하여 예비 수학 교사에게 요구되는 전문적인 역량에 대해서 분석한다. edTPA 평가는 수업 설계, 실행, 평가 과제로 구성되어 있고, 수업과 연계하여 지속성 있는 평가를 수행한다. 따라서 수업 설계, 실행, 평가 과제 서술에서 평가 항목 및 평가 기준의 연계가 되는 지점과 그 연계로부터 요구하는 전문적인 역량이 무엇인지 분석한다. edTPA 편람을 분석한 결과 edTPA 평가에서 예비 수학 교사에게 요구되는 전문적인 역량은 특정 수학 수업 차시에 대한 초점화 및 이행 역량, 특정 수학 수업 차시 실행 및 평가의 성찰적 이해 역량, 학생들의 언어 및 표상 사용, 학생들의 학습에 대한 학생 성취의 점진적인 판단 역량이다. 이러한 분석의 결과는 우리나라 예비 수학 교사 교육과정 및 실습학기제 운영에서 평가하는 역량의 구인으로 활용할 수 있다.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2008

The Emergency Department (ED) is an integral part of hospitals. Admissions from the ED account for a significant proportion for a hospital's activity. Ensuring a timely and efficient flow of patients through the ED is crucial for optimising patient care. In recent years, ED overcrowding and its impact on patient flow has become a major issue facing the health sector. Simulation is rapidly becoming a tool of choice when examining hospital systems due to its capacity to involve numerous factors and interactions that impact the system. An analytical simulation model is used to investigate potential impacts by changing the following aspects of ED (physical layouts; number of beds; number and rate of patient arrivals; acuity of illness or injury of patients; access to radiology and pathology services; hospital staffing arrangements; and access to inpatient beds). Results of a significant numerical investigation at a hospital are also presented.