• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수자원학회 2005년도 학술발표회(2)
• /
• pp.1179-1180
• /
• 2005

To immobilize the pollutants from wastewater in situ, two phosphatic clays collected from different areas in Egypt (eastern and western Sebaia, Aswan-Isna, Upper Egypt) used to remove contaminant ions from industrial wastewater. Obtained results confirmed the strong relationship between phosphatic clay and Pb elimination from wastewater. The sensitivity classification of phosphatic clay toward ions retained as described in three categories: highly sensitive to retain Pb , Al and Cr ; moderately sensitive for Mn; and weakly sensitive for Band Zn. Data suggested that large fraction of Pb removed by phosphatic clays stayed intact under a wide variation in extracting solution pH (3-11). In situ immobilization is considered a promising technique that has the potential to remove contaminant ions from wastewater. Two important factors need to be considered when applying this technique: The first, is the clay must be effective and selective under different composition of wastewater. The second, is the immobilized ions should be stable and non-leacheable under varying water conditions. Phosphatic clays with $Pb^{2+}$ were suitable to achieve these two factors. Possible mechanism for removal $Pb^{2+}$ by phosphatic clays is the formation of fluoropyromorphite through the dissolution of fluoro and hydroxyl apatite by its precipitation from solution, beside, Pb complexation at phosphatic clay surface at P-OH sites.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 1983

The Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) indicates that microbes are proliferating or that oxygen is being spent by breathing action when examining water under the same aerobic condition. In this research of the mesurement of BOD are the poisonous elements of heavy metal ions such as Cu-ion, Cr-ion, Pb-ion and Zn-ion. They exert an unfavorable influence in the analysis of BOD and research was performed to provide certain data of minimum negative influence by the poisonous matters. The results of the research confirm that heavy metal ion(Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn) do direct an influence upon the normal growth of aerobic microbes in actual tests of chemical analysis of portable water or sewage. The most critical concentration for a negative effect on lowering oxygen quantity and disturbing the aerobic mocrobes normal growth was found to be 0.01 mg/l. Therefore, test results are not valid if the heavy metal concentration is to or greater than 0.0mg/l, To improve comprehension through out the research the author uses the following abbreviations: 1. The Cu-ion is to be excluded before experimental analysis if it is over 0.01mg/l inorder to obtain a real value for the BOD. 2. The Cr-ion is to be excluded before experimental analysis if it is over 0.01mg/l in order to obtain a real value for the BOD. 3. The Pb-ion is to be excluded before experimental analysis if it is over 0.01mg/l in order to obtain a real value for the BOD. 4. The Zn-ion is to be excluded before experimental analysis if it is over 0.01mg/l in order to obtain a real value for the BOD.

• 한국광학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.340-346
• /
• 2002

초기투과도 0.48과 0.38인 포화흡수체 $Cr^{4+}$: YAG를 사용한 수동 큐스위칭 Nd:YAG 공진기에서 포화흡수의 초기 광흡수 효과로 낮은 Q-상태에서 나타나는 포화흡수체의 투과 광손실 변화와 더불어 레이저 매질의 펌핑된 밀도반전 상태를 분석하였다. 포화흡수체의 초기 광흡수로 수동 큐스위칭 열림동작때 나타나는 포화흡수체의 투과도는 각각 0.70$\pm$0.01과 0.62$\pm$0.01이었다. 이는 큐스위칭 레이저 공진기의 초기 광손실이 간소함을 의미한다. 큐스위칭 열림동작 시점에서 측정된 두 $Cr^{4+}$:YAG의 기저상태 $Cr^{4+}$ 밀도수는 약 1.4${\times}{10^{17}}$$cm^{-3}$이고 기저상태에 대한 여기상태의 $Cr^{4+}$이온밀도수의 비는 약 44%이었다. 또, 큐스위칭 펄스 발생을 위해 펌핑된 최소 반전밀도수는 각각 3.6${\times}{10^{17}}$과 3.9${\times}{10^{17}}$ $cm^{-3}$이고 양자추출효율은 두 경우 모두 약 0.32였다. 낮은 Q-상태에서 나타나는 포화흡수체의 광흡수 효과를 고려한 수동 큐스위칭 레이저 출력에너지의 수정 이론값은 각각 18과 18.5 mJ로 측정된 실험값 약 17$\pm$1과 18$\pm$1.5mJ과 잘 일치함을 보였다.

• 한국결정학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.75-79
• /
• 1995

The crystal structure of Tris(ethylenediamine)nickel(II)Chromate has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data : a=9.027(2)Å, c=9.751(5)Å이며, Z=2, V=687.9(2)Å3, Dc=1.714gcm-3, μ=21.635-1. The intensity were collected with Mo-Kα radiation (λ=0.7107Å) on an automatic four-circle diffractometer with a graphite monochromator. The structure was solved by Patterson method and refined by full matrix least-square methods using unit weights. The final R and S values were R=0.029, Rw=032, Rall=0.049 andS=0.018 for 342 observed reflections. The chromate ions are located at position of point of point symmetry 32 and their oxygens are sixfold disodered in an unusual way. Extensive strong hydrogen bonds between complex cations and chromatic anions are found in axial and equatorial directions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.122-126
• /
• 2011

A new phosphorescent cyclometalated heteroleptic iridium (III) complex with an ancillary ligand of 4-azacrownpicolinate was prepared and its metal ion selective phosphorescent chemosensing behavior was investigated. The new iridium (III) complex exhibits notable phosphorescence quenching for Hg2+ in aqueous 50% acetonitrile solution with respect to the selective phosphorescent detection of various metal ions including $Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Cs^+,Mg^{2+},Ca^{2+},Ba^{2+},Fe^{2+},Ni^{2+},Cu^{2+},Zn^{2+},Ag^+,Pb^{2+},Cd^{2+},Cr^{2+},Cr^{3+}$ and $Hg^{2+}$. The phosphorescence quenching for $Hg^{2+}$ increased linearly with increasing concentration of $Hg^{2+}$ in the range of $10{\mu}M-700{\mu}M$ even in the presence of other metal ions, except for $Cu^{2+}$. Consequently, the new iridium (III) complex has the potential to be utilized for the determination of parts per million levels of $Hg^{2+}$ in aqueous acetonitrile media.

• 한국자기학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.47-50
• /
• 2007

최근 geometrical frustration 현상 및 멀티페로익 효과가 Cr 이온의 나선 스핀 구조에 기인하는 것으로 해석되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Cr 이온 자리에 Fe을 치환하여 $CoCrFeO_4$를 제조하였고, $M\"{o}ssbauer$ 분광법에 의해 자기적 미세 구조의 상관관계를 연구하였다. 졸겔법을 이용하여 Fd3m의 cubic 스피넬 구조를 갖는 $CoCr_2O_4,\;CoCrFeO_4$ 단일상을 합성하였고, Rietveld 법에 의한 분석결과 격자상수는 $a_0=8.340$에서 $8.377{\AA}$로 증가 하였으며, Cr, Fe 이온은 모두 팔면체 구조에 위치하는 것으로 분석되었다. 자기 상전이 온도는 $T_N=97K$에서 320 K로 증가하였으며, 상호작용의 변화에 따라서 field cooled 온도에 따른 자화 곡선의 변화를 관측하였다. $M\"{o}ssbauer$ 스펙트럼 분석결과 4.2 K에서 공명흡수선에 대한 초미세자기장($H_{hf}$) 값은 각각 507, 492 kOe 정도로 나타났으며, 이성질체 이동치($\delta$)는 0.33, 0.34 mm/s 정도로 Fe 이온상태가 둘 다 +3 가의 이온상태임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국염색가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국염색가공학회 2009년도 학술발표대회
• /
• pp.162-163
• /
• 2009

Colorimetric chemosensors are now considered as one of the most effective analytical method used in the environmental monitoring. In this study, 10 new direct dyes were synthesized to be used as colorimetric chemosensor. When metal ions such as $Al^{3+},\;Ca^{2+},\;Cd^{2+},\;Cr^{3+},\;Cu^{2+},\;Fe^{2+},\;Fe^{3+},\;Hg{^2+},\;Li^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Na^+,\;Ni^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}\;and\;Zn^{2+}$ were added to the solutions of new dyes, the colors of the solutions were changed and can be easily detected by eyes without any expensive equipments. Some metal ions were coordinated to the new direct dyes forming complex. The experimental data and conclusions were rationalized by UV-VIS spectroscopy.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.477-482
• /
• 2015

본 연구에서는 순환골재와 순환골재/제강슬래그 조합을 이용하여 수용액상에서 $Cr^{6+}$과 $As^{3+}$ 흡착 특성을 평가하였다. 순환골재와 제강슬래그의 주요 성분(CaO, $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$)이 각각 91%와 86.9% 함유되어 흡착제로서 유리한 조성을 가지고 있다. 순환골재와 순환골재/제강슬래그 조합에 있어서 $Cr^{6+}$과 $As^{3+}$의 동역학적 평형은 각각 180 min과 360 min 이후에 도달하였다. 동적흡착결과를 유사 1차 모델과 유사 2차 모델로 분석한 결과 두 모델 모두 더딘 평형 결과를 나타냈다. 순환골재와 순환골재/제강슬래그 조합에 있어서, 평형흡착 실험은 Freundlich 모델에 잘 부합했고, $Cr^{6+}$보다 $As^{3+}$의 흡착량이 더 높았다. 용액의 pH가 6에서 10으로 증가함에 따라서 $As^{3+}$의 흡착률은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, $Cr^{6+}$는 감소를 나타냈다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 순환골재 및 순환골재/제강슬래그 조합은 중금속($Cr^{6+}$, $As^{3+}$)을 효율적으로 제거할 수 있는 흡착제로 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.137-141
• /
• 2002

Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 grew in chromium (Cr) containing Chu-10 (basal) and nitrate-supplemented media, and the growth of the organism in $100{\mu}M$ chromium was found to be 50% of that in control medium. The growth in nitrate $({NO_3}^-)$ supplemented cultures was better as compared to cultures grown in basal medium. Free cells from basal and nitrate-supplemented media removed 5.2 and 7.4 nmol of chromium $mg^{-1}$protein in 8 h, respectively, from the medium containing $30{\mu}M$ chromium. The efficiency of chromium removal increased 7-fold in imidazole buffer (0.2 M, pH 7.0). A cell density equivalent to $100{\mu}g$ protein $ml^{-1}$ was found to be optimum for maximum Cr removal. Entrapment of cells in calcium-alginate beads did not affect the rate of Cr uptake by the cells. The efficiency of the laboratory-scale continuous flow bioreactor $(12.5{\times}2cm)$ loaded with alginate-immobilized cells (10 mg protein) and fed with $30{\mu}M$ chromium solution was compared at different flow rates. The efficiency of the bioreactor varied with flow rates. In terms of percent removal of Cr from influent, a flow rate of 0.1 ml $min^{-1}$ was found to be optimum for 6 h (54% Cr removal efficiency). Maximum amount of Cr (883 nmol) was removed by the cells in 3 h at a flow rate of 0.5 ml $min^{-1}$. The potential use of A. variabilis in removing Cr from industrial effluents is discussed.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.37-45
• /
• 1989

알킬암모늄의 propylene carbonate용액에 크라운 에테르를 첨가하였을때와 첨가하지 않았을 때의 전기화학적 거동을 펄스차이 전압전류법과 순환 전압전류법으로 조사하였다. 그 결과 환원전극 반응은 준가역적 반응임을 알 수 있었고, 환원파의 봉우리가 겹침으로 개별정량이 어려운 이들 이성체 혼합물에 크라운 에테르를 첨가하여 착물화 능력의 차이를 이용하여 혼합물의 각성분을 개별 정량하였다. 즉 $EtNH^{+}_{3}Cl^-$(1.6mM)와 $Me_2NH^{+}_{2}Cl^-$혼합물에 18-crown-6(20mM)를 첨가하였을 때 $Me_2NH^{+}_{2}Cl^-$의 농도가 $EtNH^{+}_{3}Cl^-$의 $\frac{1}{2}$이하(0.8mM이하)에서 펄스차이 전압전류법에 의한 봉우리의 분리가 가능하였고, 착물화에 의한 봉우리의 음전위 이동은 $EtNH^{+}_{3}Cl^-$가 0.53V, $Me_2NH^{+}_{2}Cl^-$가 0.37V이었다. 이때, $Me_2NH^{+}_{2}Cl^-$의 농도범위 0.6∼0.8mM에서 봉우리 전류(봉우리 전위, -1.06V vs. Ag/AgCl에서 $Me_2NH^{+}_{2}$${\cdot}$CR의 환원)와 농도 사이에 직선적 비례관계가 성립하여, $EtNH^{+}_{3}Cl^-$의 공존하에서 $Me_2NH^{+}_{2}Cl^-$를 정량할 수 있었다. 또한 순환전압전류법에서 $EtNH^{+}_{3}Cl^-$의 농도가 $Me_2NH^{+}_{2}Cl^-$(0.5mM)보다 과량인 경우, $EtNH^{+}_{3}Cl^-$ 농도범위 0.5∼2.5mM에서 $Me_2NH^{+}_{2}Cl^-$의 공존하에서 $EtNH^{+}_{3}Cl^-$의 정량이 가능하였다.