• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop rapid methods for distinguishing between Heterodera schachtii and H. glycines detected from chinese cabbage fields of highland in Gangwon, Korea. To do this, we performed PCR-RFLP and PCR with the primers set developed in this study for GC147, GC408 and PM001 population, H. schachtii, and YS224, DA142 and BC115 population, H. glycines. Eight restriction enzymes generated RFLP profiles of mtDNA COI region for populations of H. schachtii and H. glycines, repectively. As a result, treatment of two restriction enzymes, RsaI and HinfI, were allowed to distinguish H. schachtii from H. glycines based on the differences of DNA band patterns. The primer set, #JBS1, #JBG1 and #JB3R, amplified specific fragments with 277 and 339 bp of H. schachtii, 339 bp of H. glycines, respectively, while it did not amplify fragments from three root-knot nematodes and two root-lesion nematodes. Thus, the primer set developed in this study could be a good method, which is used to distinguish between H. schachtii and H. glycines.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.348-354
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• 2017

To investigate occurrence of root-knot nematode (RKN) in plastic house of central area of Korea, 132 soil samples were collected in cucumber, water melon, tomato, red pepper and strawberry fields from 2013 to 2015. Among 132 soil samples, 65 soil samples (49%) were infested with RKN and mean density of RKN was 178 second-stage juveniles per $100cm^3$ soil (min. 1 ~ max. 3,947). The frequency of RKN by regional was the highest in Chuncheon with 80%, followed by Cheonan (68%), Nonsan (36%), Buyeo (33%) and Yesan (30%). The frequency of RKN by crops was the highest in tomato with 83%, followed by cucumber (61%), strawberry (41%), red pepper (30%), watermelon (26%). To identify the species of RKN, fifteen populations were selected for representative populations. As a phylogenetic analysis of 15 populations, southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), peanut root-knot nematode (M. arenaria) and northern root-knot nematode (M. hapla) were identified with 47%, 20% and 33% ratio, respectively. In crops, M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. hapla were detected in tomato, M. incognita and M. arenaria were detected in cucumber and watermelon, and M. hapla was detected in strawberry and lettuce. Thus, there should be a continuous management to major species of each crops to prevent dispersal of RKN damages.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2004

The changes of microflora and chemical characteristics during fermentation process of cotton waste for oyster mushroom cultivation were investigated with 5 l bench-scale reactors placed in an incubator at different temperatures ($40,\;50\;and\;60^{\circ}C$). Cotton waste was wetted to 70% moisture, and air flow rates to the substrate were 50, 100 and 300 cc/min. In processing of composting, the mesophilic bacterial population decreased sharply but thermophilic bacterial population increased. In case of fungi, both mesophilic and thermophilic population decreased. The daily $CO_2$ evolution showed little difference in all treatments, while $NH_3$ dropped sharply after 3 days. The desirable composting temperature and air flow based on the mycelial growth of oyster mushroom were $50^{\circ}C$ and 100 cc/min, respectively.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.405-411
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• 2006

Epinastine is an antiallergic drug effective for bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and dermatitis. Epinastine is topically active, direct H1-receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of the release of histamine from the mast cell. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two epinastine hydrochloride tablets, Alesion Tablet (Boehringer Ingelheim Korea Ltd.) and S-napine tablet 10 mg(Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co., Ltd), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). The release of epinastine from the two epinastine formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media(pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty six healthy male subjects, $23.35{\pm}1.57$ years in age and $66.29{\pm}10.61kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After two tablets containing 20 mg as epinastine hydrochloride was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of epinastine in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t.\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Alesion tablet, were 1.50, 1.46 and -13.48% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25(e.g., log 0.95$\sim$log 1.12 and log 0.93$\sim$log 1.10 for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating S-napine tablet 10 mg was bioequivalent to Alesion tablet.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.592-599
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of several light curing methods and several adhesives on the microleakage of composite resin restorations in primary teeth. Materials and methods : In 150 extracted human primary anterior teeth, O-shaped cavities were prepared in the labial surface ; the cavity diameter and depth were 1.6mm. The cavities were filled with light-activated composite resin, Compoglass. Four kinds of adhesives were used. Each filling materials were polymerized with three light cure methods. The restorations were polished using Sof-Lex discs(3M Co., USA). The samples were thermocycled 1,000 times between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ with a 1-minute dwell time. Then, they were immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution(pH 7) for 12hours. Subsequently they were sectioned labio-lingually through the center of the restoration with a diamond saw at low speed with a water coolant, and evaluated by stereomicroscopy. Microleakage analyses were done, using scores from 0 to 4. Results : Results showed the least microleakage in Compoglass group(P<0.05). There were less microleakage in SBMP group among the adhesive groups, but no significant difference was observed(P>0.05). And there were no significant differences among the groups depending on curing methods(P>0.05).

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.117-121
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• 1994

In spite of remarkable improvement of surgical skills and anesthesia, local failure still occurred in 36-45$ \% $ of locally advanced colorectal cancer after curative resection with or without pre-or post-operative irradiation. Intraoperative radiation therapy(IORT) is the ideal modality which resectable lesions are removed surgically 3nd the remaining cancer nests are sterilized by irradiation during a surgical procedure. Therefore, the excellent local control without the damage of the adjacent normal tissues can be achieved. In IORT, judicious set up of the treatment cone on the treatment surface of the patient is required for accurate and homogenous dose distribution within treatment field, especially on the slopping surface of sacrum and pelvic sidewall which are the common sites of the local recurrence in rectal cancer. For this purpose, adequate co-ordination of gantry rotation and table tilting are essential. Adjusting gantry rotation is not difficult but tilting of the table is impossible inconventional treatment couch. Department of Therapeutic Radiology in Yeungnam University Medical Center developed the IORT table for colorectal cancer which is easy to set up and detach on the Linac treatment couch within 5 minutes. The range of tilting with head-up and head-down is about 30 degree which is efficient and easy-to-use, not only for IORT but also for colorectal surgery. So far, authors performed IORT with newly developed treatment table in 2 patients with rectal cancer and we found that this newly developed table could contribute in improving the dose distribution of IORT and surgical procedure for colorectal cancer.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.52.1-52.1
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• 2011

최근에 에너지 자원의 고갈이 다가오는 상황에서 태양전지 분야가 주목받고 있으며 이에 대한 시장이 급격하게 확대되고 있다. 그러나 현재의 태양전지는 주를 이루고있는 실리콘태양전지의 경우 원재료 수급이 불안정하여 가격 변동이 심하다. 따라서 이를 대체할 2세대 태양전지인 박막형 태양전지의 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 박막형 태양전지 중에서도 주목받고 있는 것은 Cu(In,Ga)$Se_2$(CIGS)박막 태양전지이다. CIGS는 Ga의 농도에 따라 1.02~1.68eV의 다양한 에너지 밴드갭을 갖는 직접천이형 반도체 물질이다. 또한 $1{\times}10^5cm^{-1}$의 높은 광흡수계수를 가지고 있으며, $450{\sim}590^{\circ}C$의 고온공정에서도 매우 안정하여 열화현상이 거의 보이지 않아 박막형 광흡수층 재료로서 적합하다. 흡수층을 제조하는 방법은 여러 가지가 있지만, 본 연구에서는 균일성이 뛰어나고 원료사용효율이 높은 sputtering 방법을 사용하였다. 그리고 결정화하기위해서 유독기체를 사용하는 셀.렌.화. (selenization) 방법 대신 전자빔을 조사하는 방법을 채택하였다. sputtering을 통한 CIGS precursor을 제조하기위해 2~3개의 화합물target을 사용하는데, 대표적인 방법으로 동시에 sputtering하는 co-sputtering 방법과 각각의 단일 층을 쌓아 제조하는 stack형으로 분류된다. 본 연구는 CIGS precursor를 제조하기 앞서 CuGa 단일 층만을 제조하여 공정조건에 따른 박막을 제조하였다. 제조된 CuGa 단일층은 전자빔 처리에 따른 영향을 알아보기 위해 전자빔의 세기와 공정시간을 달리하여 특성을 알아보았다. 실험에서는 Cu:75wt%,Ga:25wt% 조성의 target을 사용하여 공정 압력을 각각 10~1mTorr로 변화시키며 실험을 실시하였으며 공정 power는 50W, 70W, 100W로 변화 시키며 실험을 실시하였다. 이때 실험의 초기진공은 turbo-molecular pump를 이용하여 $1{\times}10^{-6}torr$ 이하로 하였으며, Target과 기판사이의 거리는 모두 같은 조건으로 고정하여 실험을 실시하였다. 박막의 균일성을 증가시키기 위하여 5 rpm의 속도로 기판을 회전하였으며 기판 온도는 가열하지 않고 상온에서 전구체를 증착하였다. 그 후 전자빔의 세기를 고정 시킨 후 전자빔 조사 시간을 조절하여 전자빔 조사 전후의 특성을 각각 분석하였다. 전기적특성은 Hall effect, 4-point probe, 구조적 특성은 SEM,EDS, XRD, XRF 를 이용하여 분석하였다.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.147-160
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• 2020

Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of near-surface unconsolidated layers depends on the physical properties and water content of the unconsolidated layers. So far, many studies have been conducted on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of near-surface unconsolidated layers. However, researches on hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated fractured rocks have been relatively rare. In relation to the construction of a low/intermediate level radioactive waste surface-disposal facility, this study compared and analyzed van Genuchten parameters (α, n) in the laboratory and the hydraulic conductivity obtained in field tests for fractured hornfels at a radioactive-waste disposal site of Korea. The relationship between the field hydraulic conductivity and van Genuchten parameters using data from the ten depth intervals of three boreholes resulted in that the correlation coefficient (R) between the hydraulic conductivity and the van Genuchten parameter α was 0.7607, showing positive correlation whereas the R between the hydraulic conductivity and the van Genuchten shape-defining parameter n was -0.8720, showing negative correlation. Hence, this study confirmed the relationship between the field hydraulic conductivity and the van Genuchten unsaturated functions for the unsaturated fractured hornfels.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.723-730
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• 1995

Background: Noninvasive ventilation has been used extensively for the treatment of patients with neuromuscular weakness or restrictive chest wall disorders complicated by hypoventilatory respiratory failure. Recently, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation has been used in patients with alveolar hypoventilation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Sanders and Kern reported treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with a modification of the standard nasal CPAP device to deliver seperate inspiratory positive airway pressure(IPAP) and expiratory positive airway pressure(EPAP). Bi-level positive airway pressure(BiPAP) unlike nasal CPAP, the unit delivers a different pressure during inspiration from that during expiration. The device is similar to the positive pressure ventilator or pressure support ventilation. Method and purpose: Bi-level positive airway pressure(BiPAP) system(Respironics, USA) was applied to seven patients with acute respiratory failure and three patients on conventional mechanical ventilation. Results: 1) Two of three patients after extubation were successfully achieved weaning from conventional mechanical ventilation by the use of BiPAP ventilation with nasal mask. Five of seven patients with acute respiratory failure successfully recovered without use of conventional mechanical ventilation. 2) $PaO_2$ 1hour after BiPAP ventilation in acute respiratory failure patients significantly improved more than baseline values(p<0.01). $PaCO_2$ 1hour after BiPAP ventilation in acute respiratory failure patients did not change significantly more than baseline values. Conclusion: Nasal mask BiPAP ventilation can be one of the possible alternatives of conventional mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure and supportive method for weaning from mechanical ventilation.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 2008

The collimator which makes a collimated beam, is an essential instrument for assembly and evaluation of telescopes. Recently, the Cassegrain type collimator has been widely used for its compact size as the focal length of high resolution cameras becomes longer. However, this kind of collimator has a disadvantage in that the secondary mirror is a heat source which can degrade the evaluation accuracy for an IR camera system. In this paper, we present the fabrication and measurement process for an off-axis parabolic mirror with the physical diameter pf 1 m, effective diameter 930 mm, and the focal length 6 m. After four months of works we obtained the final surface wave-front error of 30.4 nm rms ($\lambda$/138, ${\lambda}=4.2\;{\mu}m$), which is capable of evaluation of an IR camera as well as a visible camera.