• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.34 no.8
• /
• pp.886-896
• /
• 1997

To investigate an effect of phase separation on precipitation characteristics of CuCl nanocrystals in CuCl doped nonlinear optical glasses, borosilicate glass systems with 9 different compositions with ~2wt% of CuCl were selected and CuCl doped glasses were prepared by melting and precipitation method. Microstructural properties of the CuCl doped glasses were analyzed by optical absorption spectroscopy, acid elution test, TEM, and EDXS. While phase separation did not occur in Glass A~D, interconnected and droplet microstructures due to phase separation were found in Glass E, F and Glass G~I, respectively. In the particular composition of the matrix glasses in this study, the precipitation of the CuCl particles was observed in the phase separable glasses, not in phase non-separable glasses. The CuCl particles were precipitated in both silica-rich phase region and boronrich phase region of the glass matrix. In the case of 7.7Na2O-36.6B2O3-52.7SiO2(mole%) glass, the larger CuCl particles than those in the silica-rich phase region were observed in the boron-rich phase region.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
• /
• v.50 no.5
• /
• pp.211-215
• /
• 2001

SBT thin films were etched at different content of $Cl_2$ in $Cl_2$/Ar or $Cl_2/N_2$(80%). As $Cl_2$ gas increased in $Cl_2$/Ar or $Cl_2/N_2$ gas plasma. the etch rate decreased. The result indicates that physical puttering of charged particles is dominant to chemical reaction in etching SBT thin films. To evaluate the etching mechanism of SBT thin films, x-ray photoelectron to chemical reaction in etching SBT thin films. To evaluate the etching mechanism of SBT thin films, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were carried out. From the result of AFM, the rms values of etched samples in Ar only or $Cl_2$ only plasma were higher than that of as-deposited, $Cl_2$/Ar and $Cl_2/N_2$ plasma. This can be illustrated by a decrease of Bi content of nonvolatile etching products (Sr-Cl and Ta-Cl), which are revealed by XPS and SIMS.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.262-267
• /
• 2016

Physicochemical characteristics of chicken-thigh emulsion manufactured with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%) were examined. Moisture and ash contents of samples containing 1.2% and 1.5% NaCl were significantly higher than those of the other samples (p<0.05). Protein contents decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The pH values of batters significantly decreased with increasing NaCl concentration (p<0.05). The lightness values of uncooked and cooked samples showed an upward trend with increasing concentration of NaCl. Redness and yellowness values of uncooked batters containing 1.2% and 1.5% NaCl were significantly lower than other samples (p<0.05). The cooking yield and viscosity of the samples increased with increasing NaCl concentration. Samples containing 1.2% and 1.5% NaCl showed higher viscosities than the controls and samples containing 0.3-0.9% NaCl. Therefore, it can be concluded that addition 1.2% NaCl in chicken thigh products is beneficial.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.551-556
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration on the physicochemical properties of pork emulsion. Pork emulsion was produced containing 0% (control), 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% NaCl. Proximate composition of pork emulsion containing 1.5% NaCl showed the highest moisture content (P<0.05). The ash contents of pork emulsion increased with an increase in NaCl, and protein contents decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The pH levels of uncooked pork emulsion containing 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% NaCl were lower than those of other treatments (P<0.05), and the pH level of cooked pork emulsion containing NaCl was lower than that of the control (P<0.05). The CIE $L^*$ value of the uncooked pork emulsion samples containing NaCl was higher than that of the control (P<0.05), whereas CIE $a^*$ and CIE $b^*$ values of samples with NaCl were lower than the control (P<0.05). CIE $L^*$ and CIE $b^*$ values of cooked pork emulsion decreased with an increase in NaCl level, and CIE $a^*$ value increased with increasing NaCl concentration (P<0.05). Viscosity of the pork emulsion increased with an increase in NaCl. Texture profile analysis of pork emulsion containing NaCl showed no significant difference in springiness or cohesiveness (P>0.05). Pork emulsion containing 1.5% NaCl showed the highest hardness, gumminess, and chewiness (P<0.05). These results suggest that pork emulsion containing 0.9% and 1.2% NaCl can be used as a low-salt meat product.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.27 no.9
• /
• pp.1405-1417
• /
• 2006

The geometrical structures, potential energy surfaces, and energetics for the ligand exchange reactions of tetracoordinated platinum $(PtY_2L_2\;:\;Y,\;L=Cl^-,\;OH^-,\;OH_2,\;NH_3)$ complexes in the ligand-solvent interaction systems were investigated using the ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. The potential energy surfaces for the ligand exchange reactions used for the conversions of $(PtCl_4\;+\;H_2O)^{^\ast_\ast}\;to\;[PtCl_3(H_2O)\;+\;Cl^-]$ and $[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2\;+\;H_2O]$$[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2\;+\;H_2O]$ to $[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl(H_2O)\;+\;Cl^-] $ were investigated in detail. For these two exchange reactions, the transition states $([PtY_2L_2{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}L^\prime])^{^\ast_\ast} $ correspond to complexes such as $(PtCl_4{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}H_2O)^{^\ast_\ast}$ and $[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}H_2O]^{^\ast_\ast}$, respectively. In the transition state, $([PtCl_4{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}H_2O]^{^\ast_\ast}$ and $[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}H_2O]]^{^\ast_\ast})$ have a kind of 6-membered $(Pt-Cl{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}HOH{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}Cl)$ and $(Pt-OH{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}Cl{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}HN)$ interactions, respectively, wherein a central Pt(II) metal directly combines with a leaving $Cl^-$ and an entering $H_2O$. Simultaneously, the entering $H_2O$ interacts with a leaving $Cl^-$. No vertical one metal-ligand interactions $([PtY_2L_2{\cdot}{\cdot}{\cdot}L^\prime]) $ are found at the axial positions of the square planar $(PtY_2L_2)$ complexes, which were formed via a vertically associative mechanism leading to $D_{3h}$ or $C_{2v}$-transition state symmetry. The geometrical structure variations, molecular orbital variations (HOMO and LUMO), and relative stabilities for the ligand exchange processes are also examined quantitatively. Schematic diagrams for the dissociation reactions of {PtCl4(H2O)n(n=2,4)} into {$PtCl_3(H_2O)_{(n-2)}\;+\;Cl^-(H_2O)_2$} and the binding energies {$PtCl_4(H_2O)_n$(n = 1-5)} of $PtCl_4$ with water molecules are drawn.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.181-186
• /
• 2015

It is necessary to develop an effective waste salt treatment technology for the minimization of radioactive waste generation from the pyroprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. For this reason, the separation characteristics of NdCl₃ from LiCl-KCl eutectic salt in a reactive distillation process using Li₂CO₃ or K₂CO₃ were observed. NdCl₃ was converted into oxychloride (NdOCl) or oxide (Nd₂O₃) in the reaction model between NdCl₃ and the carbonates using HSC-Chemistry, and this result was confirmed in the reactive distillation test of the LiCl-KCl-NdCl₃ system using the carbonates. Based on these results, the reactive distillation process conditions were determined to separate NdCl₃ into an oxide form (Nd₂O₃) which can be easily fabricated into a final waste form.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.52 no.1
• /
• pp.92-97
• /
• 2014

Perchlorate ($ClO_4^-$) is an emerging contaminant of soil/groundwater and surface water. $ClO_4^-$ has been shown to inhibit iodide uptake into the thyroid gland and cause a reduction in thyroid hormone production. $ClO_4^-$ is highly soluble and very stable in water. Biodegradation by $ClO_4^-$-reducing bacteria (PRB) is considered the most important factor in natural attenuation of $ClO_4^-$. Rivers in an industrial complex have potential to be contaminated with $ClO_4^-$ discharged from point or non-point sources. In this study, water samples were taken from the rivers running through the Gumi industrial complexes and used for batch test to analyze $ClO_4^-$-degradation potential of river microorganisms. The results of 83-h batch culture showed that $ClO_4^-$-removal efficiency of all samples was 0.77% or less without addition of an external electron ($e^-$) donor. However $ClO_4^-$-removal efficiency was higher when an $e^-$ donor (acetate, thiosulfate, $S^0$, or $F^0$) was added into the batch culture, showing up to 100% removal efficiency. The removal efficiency was various depending on type of $e^-$ donor and site of sampling. When acetate was used as an $e^-$ donor, the highest $ClO_4^-$-removal efficiency was observed among the $e^-$ donors used in this study, suggesting that activity of heterotrophic PRB was dominant. The results of this study provide basic information on natural attenuation of $ClO_4^-$ by river microorganisms. The information can be useful to prepare a strategy to enhance efficiency of $ClO_4^-$ biodegradation for in situ bioremediation.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.340-344
• /
• 1983

It has been found that both of the iridium (Ⅰ) complexes, Ir$(ClO_4$)(AN)(CO)$(Ph_3P)_2$(AN = $CH_2$CHCN, $Ph_3P = (C_6H_5)_3$P) and [Ir(AN)(CO)$(Ph_3P)_2]ClO_4$, react with $Cl^-$ to give IrCl(AN)(CO)$(Ph_3P)_2$, and [Ir(AN)(CO)$(Ph_3P)_2]ClO_4$ dissociates AN to yield Ir$(ClO_4)(CO)(Ph_3P)_2$ in the absence of excess AN added, and Ir$(ClO_4)(CO)(Ph_3P)_2$ reacts with $Cl^-$ to produce IrCl(CO)$(Ph_3P)_2$. It is suggested that the catalytic polymerization of AN with Ir$(ClO_4)(AN)(CO)(Ph_3P)_2$ proceeds through the formation of [(CO)(Ph_3P)_2$Ir(-CH=CHCN)(H)($CH_2$=CHCN)]Cl$O_4$ followed by the formation of iridium(alkyl)(alkenyl) type complex which undergoes a reductive elimination to produce the polymer of acrylonitrile.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.397-406
• /
• 2010

The most ideal method to measure the water-soluble $Cl^-$ ion eluted from iron artifacts is conducting the analysis on desalting solution by Ion Chromatography. But most institutes related to cultural heritages use Cl meter by reason of lack of budget and experts. This study evaluated reliability and stability between Cl meter and Ion Chromatography by doing cross-validation with results from two methods to detect $Cl^-$ ion of desalting solution. From D.I water, extremely small quantities of $Cl^-$ ion was detected by the influence of remaining water-soluble $Cl^-$ ion at the electrode of Cl meter and water-soluble $Cl^-$ which remains in Sodium sesquicarbonate, components of reagent was detected as well. The first desalting solution had the most $Cl^-$ ions, $Cl^-$ ion slightly decreased from the second to the fourth desalting solution and tend to decrease again at the stage of dealkalified in D.I water. Each Cl meter has the standard deviation according to the measured numbers and the higher concentration of $Cl^-$ ion the desalting solution has, the wider the deviation is. But when the concentration of $Cl^-$ ion is low, it was stable to use Cl meter to detect the concentration of $Cl^-$ ion from iron artifacts because there is the small deviation, It is thought that conductivity meter method is not suitable for measuring $Cl^-$ ion, because the electrical conductivity of alkaline solution is too high to measure $Cl^-$ ion.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.21-25
• /
• 1970

The present paper deals with the results of the experiments, in which the resistibility to NaCl in whole develomental stages is examined by the emergence rate and the effects of NaCl on the SD action in Drosophila melanogaster. The four SD strains and one mutant strain(cn bw)are used and NaCl media are prepared y adding NaCl at a concentration of 1.0M, 0.7M, 0.5M, 0.3M, 0.1M, and 0.0M to the standard media for the present investigations. The results are given below. 1. The emergence rate (resistibility to NaCl) is not significantly different among strains but strikingly different among concentrations of NaCl. 2. The emergence rate decreases as the concentration of NaCl increases; the four SD strains are considerably resistible to the NaCl from a concentration of 0.0M to 0.3M but are susceptible from 0.5M or higher concentrations of NaCl. 3. No eggs are hatched from the culture media containing a concentration of 1.0M NaCl. This suggests that the SD strains are not resistible to NaCl at a concentrations of 1.0M or higher. 4. The difference in k values is not signficant among strains and also among concentrations of NaCl. Thus the SD action is not affected as far as once emerged from the culture media whether containing NaCl or not.