• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1339-1346
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• 2018

In Korea, edible mushrooms are produced largely on commercial artificial media, so the annual production of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), as a by-product of the mushroom industry, is estimated at over 200 million tons. This SMS is assumed to contain abundant fungal mycelia and pre-fruiting bodies, as well as various nutritive and bioactive compounds that are presently discarded. This study examined the physico-chemical, nutritional, and enzymatic characteristics of uninoculated sterilized medium (USM) and SMS of shiitake mushrooms with the aim of developing a high-value added product from SMS. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, and ash were higher after the third SMS harvest ($SMS-A-3^{rd}$) than in USM or $SMS-A-1^{st}$. The contents of Ca, Mg, and P in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ were 2.95, 2.35, and 2.1-fold higher compared than in USM. No As or Cd was detected in USM or SMS. The pH, Brix, and acidity were 4.6, 20.0, and 1.4, respectively in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$, but 5.6, 6.0, and 0.0, respectively, in USM. These results suggest a highly active production of soluble components and organic acids in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$. The distinct color differences noted for USM, $SMS-A-1^{st}$, and $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ could be used as a mycelial growth indicator. Enzyme activity assays using the APIZYM system showed that SMS is a potent source of hydrolysis-related enzymes, especially esterase (C4) and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase. Our results suggested that the SMS of shiitake has a high potential for use in environmental, agricultural, and stock-breeding industries, for example, as active ingredients for sewage treatment, waste-polymer degradation, and feed additives.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.23
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• pp.10445-10449
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• 2015

Objective: To observe treatment effects and safety of fluvoxamine combined with oxycodone prolonged-release tablets in treating patients with moderate to severe cancer pain. Methods: Patients confirmed pathologically with cancer and complicated with moderate to severe pain, were divided into control and experimental groups. Oxycodone prolonged-release tablets, with or without fluvoxamine, were administrated to all study patients until pain relief. Degree of pain relief, dose of oxycodone prolonged-release tablets, side effects and quality of life were compared before and after treatment. Results: In total, 120 patients were recruited. No statistically significant difference was detected regarding age, gender, types of cancer, KPS between two groups of patients (P>0.05). Baseline pain score of patients with moderate pain in treatment and control group was $4.9{\pm}0.8$ and $5.1{\pm}0.8$, respectively; and decreased to $1.8{\pm}1.1$ and $1.2{\pm}1.1$ after treatment, respectively. Pain intensity was significantly reduced in the treatment group (P=0.028). Average daily consumption of oxycodone prolonged-release tablets was ($54.0{\pm}19.6$) mg and ($44.7{\pm}18.7$) mg respectively, which is lower in treatment grpup than in control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.065). Baseline pain score of patients with severe pain in treatment and control groups were $8.3{\pm}1.1$ and $8.3{\pm}1.1$, respectively; and pain intensity after treatment decreased to $2.9{\pm}1.0$ and $2.3{\pm}1.0$. Pain intensity was significantly reduced in the treatment group, with statistical significance (P=0.026). Average daily consumption of oxycodone prolonged-release tablets was ($132.0{\pm}42.2$) mg and ($110.7{\pm}33.9$) mg, respectively, which is lower in treatment group than in control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.035). In terms of quality of life, patients in treatment group had better performance status, daily activity, mood, and sleep than that in control group (P < 0.05). Patients in two groups had similar side effects, eg., constipation, nausea/vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, itchy skin, dysuria, and ataxia. Lower incidence of nausea/vomiting, lethargy, was obtained from patients in treatment than in control group, while significant low constipation was observed in treatment than in control group (35.0% vs 49.2%, P=0.026). Conclusion: Fluvoxamine combined with oxycodone prolonged-release tablets could be more effective in treating patients with cancer pain, and could reduce the dosage of oxycodone prolonged-release tablets and thus be associated with lower side effects, and improved quality of life.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2016

Pectin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has in recent years attracted considerable attention. Its benefits are increasingly appreciated by scientists and consumers due to its safety and usefulness. The chemistry and gel-forming characteristics of pectin have enabled to be used in pharmaceutical industry, health promotion and treatment. Yet, it has been rarely used in cosmetics because of its incompatibility with many cosmetic ingredients, including alcohols, and unstable viscosity of pectin gels under various pH and salt conditions. However, low-molecular-weight pectin oligomers have excellent biological activities, and depolymerization of pectin to produce cosmetic ingredients would be very useful. In this study, we attempted the development of cosmetic ingredients using pectin with an excellent effect on human skin. We developed a bio-conversion process that uses enzymatic hydrolysis to produce pectin hydrolysates containing mainly low-molecular-weight pectin oligomers. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determined the ratio of hydrolysis. The molecular weight of the pectin hydrolysates obtained varied between 200 and 2,700 Da. The two newly developed low-molecular-weight pectin hydrolysates, LMPH A and B, had higher anti-oxidative activities than pectin or D-galacturonic. Exposure to UVB radiation induces apoptotic cell death in epidermal cells. Annexin V binding and propidium iodide uptake were measured by flow cytometry to evaluate UVB-induced cell death in HaCaT cells. Both LMPH A and B reduced UVB-induced cell death and increased cell proliferation by 22% and 30% at 0.5% concentration respectively, while pectin had no significant activity. In conclusion, this study suggests that the newly developed low-molecular-weight pectin hydrolysates can be used as safe and biologically active cosmetic ingredients.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of single or mixed supplementation of bacterial and fungal phytase using 45-wk-old 450 Hy-Line Brown laying hens housed in individual cages for 12-wk period. The birds were reallocated to have similar egg productivity by examining the egg production for one wk before starting the experiment. Two sources of phytase, bacterial (BP) and fungal (FP), were used either in single or mixture to determine the effects of these phytase. Five dietary treatments consisted of control (BP 0, FP 0), T1 (BP 300, FP 0), T2 (BP 300, FP 300), T3 (BP 300, FP 3000), and T4 (BP 0, FP 3000). The DPU was used for phytase activity in this experiment. The nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) content of control was 0.30%, and those of phytase treatments were set to 60% of the Control. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The lighting schedule of 17L7D was employed. The egg production was not different between control and bacterial phytase treatments, but the T4 showed significantly low productivity compared to control (P<0.05). No difference was found in average egg weight among all treatments. The daily egg mass did not show any statistical differences among all treatments: however, it was significantly low in T4 compared to ther control during the latter half of the experiment (P<0.05). No significant difference was found among treatments in terms of feed intake, feed conversion and egg quality. The digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, and fat digestibility were similar regardless of the treatments. No significant trends were detected in Ca and P availability. In conclusion, the BP level of 300 DPU contributed to achieve 40% reduction of recommended nonphytate phosphorus addition. The synergistic effect of bacterial and fungal phytase was not confirmed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1067-1078
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of fermented milk with addition of hot water extract of Cordyceps militaris grown upon Tenebrio molitor. The general components of Cordyceps militaris grown upon Tenebrio molitor are moisture 10.85%, crude protein 18.44%, crude fat 2.07%, crude ash 5.46%. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of different solvents were the highest (74.81 EDA%) with hot water extract sample. The acidity of fermented milk was high with increasing amount of extracts. The pH of fermented milk reached 4.60-4.66 after 4 h of fermentation, and the number of lactic acid bacteria was highest (11.70 log CFU/mL) with 1% fermented milk. The moisture content of fermented milk showed no significant difference. In addition, contents of crude protein were not significantly different according to addition amount. Regarding Hunter's color values, L value decreased as the amount of extract increased, whereas a value and b value increased. The content of free amino acid increased with increasing amount of extract. The DPPH free radical scavenging ability and ABTS free radical scavenging ability of fermented milk were significantly different as the addition amount of extract increased. In the sensory evaluation, fermented milk containing 1% of extract showed the highest preference.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.112-114
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• 2015

Purpose Vitamin D to Anti- Rickets both steroid compounds showing activity, By acting on bone tissue secretary and the key to maintain serum Ca homeostasis. The blood level of vitamin D is the largest in D3 that the concentration of the metabolite is reflected in the holding state of vitamin D in vivo. Sunlight to change the 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin and through the skin to D3, In the liver in combination with the D2 and D3 D4 changes. The Radioimmunoassay(RIA) method is measuring the D 3, the sensitivity can be measured also difficult trace substance to measure the normal test because it is very sensitive, but recently, a check is possible, for the Total D3 in Chemimicroparticle immunoassay(CMIA) or Chemiluminescent immunoassay(CLIA) measuring using microparticle RIA and CMIA(Architect i2000SR) / use the CLIA(DXI-800) method to compare and evaluate the correlation between the tests in the same test items. Materials and Methods Commissioned from January 2014 to March 2015 patients were enrolled in a total of 273 people. 29 out of 273 people conducted by RIA were compared with CMIA, 244 patients were compared with CLIA. Using reagents and equipment were used RIA(Diasource), CMIA(Architect i2000SR, Abbott Diagnostics) / CLIA( Unicel DXi-800, Beckman coulter). Results Correlation of the RIA and CLIA was a R2 = 0.1844 (y = 0.7303x + 3.9005), and the correlation of RIA CMIA is R2 = 0.2762 (y = 0.8862x + 4.56) respectively. (According to statistics, during the same period RIA is Deficiency 4.31%, Insufficiency 90.53%, Sufficiency 5.16%, was Excess 0%, CLIA / CMIA is Deficiency 17.02%, Insufficiency 75.91%, Sufficiency 7.03%, indicating the distribution of 0.03 % Excess) Conclusion Serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone that show an inverse relationship, the level above which are not parathyroid hormone and vitamin D reduced the increase. The density is different for each study, at most 20 is reported to be the maximum between 30 ng / ml. In Korea it requires a proposed standard of vitamin D deficiency, reference to the WHO lack the case more than 10ng/ml, 20ng/ml and defined by the lack of, if not more than, the IOM, but looking at 12ng/ml or less to the normal to lack, at least 20ng/ml, the reference do not match the deficit under 20ng/ml, 21-29ng/ml relative lack between, was also defined as a sufficient condition for more than 30ng/ml. Although not statistically is between RIA and CLIA two ways to vitamin D levels change according to season match, when seasonally seen in summer as commonly known (April to September), winter (October to March) relative to the increase measured than it was found. Finally, the study on the correlation between the two methods have been expected to result in a consistent and apply the same view high reference value on the graph is difficult. However, there may be differences between the test equipment and methods, and could be especially the case of RIA method using an organic solvent is difficult to compare different methods and correlated view similar trend in vitamin D deficiency and quarterly aspect ratio.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.808-815
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• 2007

Four different herbs, including rosemary, oregano, basil and sage, along with green tea were individually added to ground beef at different percentages: 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, respectively. The sensory qualities of the five natural herbs and their antioxidant effects were evaluated using Beef-Yukwonjeon. For the sensory evaluation results, the 0.5% herb addition and the control group generally showed higher acceptability scores than the 1.0% or 1.5% herb addition groups. In particular, the Yukwonjeon made with 0.5% green tea showed higher preferences in the acceptance tests and ranking tests. However, the sensory differences among samples were reduced after 3 days of storage at $6^{\circ}C$. For the results of lipid oxidation without storage, the TBARS values of the herb addition groups were slightly lower than the value of the control group, but not significantly(p>0.05). However, the antioxidant effects of each herb showed higher values over a longer storage period as well as at the higher herb concentrations. The antioxidant effects of the herbs during 7 days' of storage at $6^{\circ}C$ were evaluated as $10.0{\sim}38.5%$ reductions in TBARS values as compared to the group without herbs. Furthermore, the antioxidant effects of the herbs during 30 days' of storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ were shown as $16.8{\sim}27.8%$ reductions in the TBARS value. The green tea showed the highest antioxidant activity against lipid oxidation, because it was acceptable at higher concentrations in the sensory evaluation. These results indicate the potential to produce better quality beef-Yukwonjeon, with herbs, especially green tea.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.2 s.63
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• pp.51-60
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• 1985

This paper was performed to study the nature of varietal resistance of some Korean-new rice cultivars to the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens ($ST{\AA}L$). The rice cultivars tested were Cheongcheong, Gaya, Hangangchal, Samgang, Nampoong and Yeongpoong which have been reported as having resistant genes for the BPH. The check varieties were Jinheung, Sangpoong and Chucheong for susceptible and IR-36 for resistant. The factors studied were referred to the seedling responses, preference in feeding and oviposition of BPH, antibiosis (nymphal development, adult emergence and sex ratio, adult body weight, population build-up, feeding amount and amylase activity), and chemical composition (inorganic components, chlorophyll contents, cell wall components, amino acids and esterase isozymes) of leaf- sheath and/or roots of rice plants. In conclusion, the natures of varietal resistance of rice cultivars to the BPH were not only correlated with the resistant reaction of rice plant, but also they were related with the non preference in feeding and oviposition and those resistant cultivars had the antibiotic effects to the insects. Their antibiotic effects of rice cultivars to the BPH would be related with some of the chemical components of rice plants, such as the contents of magnesium oxide (MgO), and chlorophyll and the different esterase isozymes.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.413-431
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• 2011

An Epithemal Au-Ag mineralized zone is developed in the Moisan area of Hwangsan-myeon, Haenam-gun, Jeol-lanam-do, Korea, which is located in the southwestern part of the Ogcheon metamorphic zone. It is hosted in the Hwangsan volcaniclastics of the Haenam Formation of the Late Cretaceous Yucheon Group. This research investigated the characteristics of bedding arrangement, fold, fault, fracture system, quartz vein and the time-relationship of the fracture system to understand the geological structure related to the formation of the mineralized zone. On the basis of this result, the tectonic environment at the time of the mineralization was considered. Beds mainly trend east-northeast and gently dip into north-northwest or south-southeast. Their poles have been rearranged by subhorizontal-upright open fold of (east)-northeast trend as well as dip-slip fault. Fracture system was formed through at least 6~7 different deformation events. D1 event; formation phase of the main fracture set of EW (D1-1) and NS (D1-2) trends with a good extensity, D2 event; that of the extension fracture of NW trend, and conjugate shear fracturing of the EW (dextral) and NS (sinistral) trends, D3 event; that of the extension fracture of NE trend, and conjugate shear refracturing of the EW (sinistral) and NS (dextral) trends, D4 event; that of the extension fracture of NS trend showing a poor extensity, D5 event; that of the extension fracture of NW trend, and conjugate shear refracturing of the EW (dextral) and NS (sinistral) trends, D6 event; that of the extension fracture of EW trend showing a poor extensity. Frequency distribution of fracture sets of each deformation event is D1-1 (19.73 %)> D1-2 (16.44 %)> D3=D5 (14.79 %)> D2 (13.70 %)> D4 (12.33 %)> D6 (8.22 %) in descending order. The average number of fracture sets within 1 meter at each deformation event is D6 (5.00)> D5 = D4 (4.67)> D2 (4.60)> D3 (4.13)> D1-1 (3.33)> D1-2 (2.83) in descending order. The average density of all fractures shows 4.20 fractures/1 m, that is, the average spacing of all fractures is more than 23.8 cm. The frequency distribution of quartz veins at each orientation is as follows: EW (52 %)> NW (28 %)> NS (12 %)> NE (8 %) trends in descending order. The average density of all quartz veins shows 4.14 veins/1 m, that is, the average spacing of all quartz veins is more than 24.2 cm. Microstructural data on the quartz veins indicate that the epithermal Au-Ag mineralization (ca. 77.9~73.1 Ma) in the Moisan area seems to occur mainly along the existing D1 fracture sets of EW and NS trends with a good extensity not under tectonic stress but non-deformational environment directly after epithermal rupture fracturing. The D1 fracturing is considered to occur under the unstable tectonic environment which alternates compression and tension of NS trend due to the oblique northward subduction of the Izanagi plate resulting in the igneous activity and deformation of the Yucheon Group and the Bulguksa igneous rocks during Late Cretaceous time.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.59-87
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• 2012

Recent studies reveal that eclogite formed in the Hongseong area and post collision igneous rocks occurred throughout the Gyeonggi Massif during the Triassic Songrim Orogeny. These new findings derive the tectonic model in which the Triassic Qinling-Dabie-Sulu collision belt between the North and South China blocks extends into the Hongseong-Yangpyeong-Odesan collision belt in Korea. The belt may be further extended into the late Paleozoic subduction complex in the Yanji belt in North Korea through the Paleozoic subduction complex in the inner part of SW Japan. The collision belt divides the Gyeonggi Massif into two parts; the northern and southern parts can be correlated to the North and South China blocks, respectively. The collision had started from Korea at ca. 250 Ma and propagated to China. The collision completed during late Triassic. The metamorphic conditions systematically change along the collision belt:. ultrahigh temperature metamorphism occurred in the Odesan area at 245-230Ma, high-pressure metamorphism in the Hongseong area at 230 Ma and ultra high-pressure metamorphism in the Dabie and Sulu belts. This systematic change may be due to the increase in the depth of slab break-off towards west, which might be related to the increase of the amounts of subducted ocecnic slab towards west. The wide distribution of Permo-Triassic arc-related granitoids in the Yeongnam Massif and in the southern part of the South China block indicate the Permo-Triassic subduction along the southern boundary of the South China block which may be caused by the Permo-Triassic collision between the North and South China blocks. These studies suggest that the Songrim orogeny constructed the Korean Peninsula by continent collision and caused the subduction along the southern margin of the Yeongnam Massif. Both the northern and southern Gyeonggi Massifs had undergone 1870-1840 Ma igneous and metamorphic activities due to continent collision and subduction related to the amalgamation of Colombia Supercontinent. The Okcheon metamorphic belt can be correlated to the Nanhua rift formed at 760 Ma within the South China blocks. In that case, the southern Gyeonggi Massif and Yeongnam Massif can be correlated to the Yangtz and Cathaysia blocks in the South China block, respectively. Recently possible Devonian or late Paleozoic sediments are recognized within the Gyeonggi Massif by finding of Silurian and Devonian detrital zircons. Together with the Devonian metamorphism in the Hongseong and Kwangcheon areas, the possible middle Paleozoic sediments indicate an active tectonic activity within the Gyeonggi Massif during middle Paleozoic before the Permo-Triassic collision.