• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.174-178
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effect $GA_3$, moist chilling storage and priming treatments on seed germination of Caltha palustris var. membranacea. Percent germination was greatly improved by $GA_3$ treatment. However, no significant differences were observed among concentrations and soaking periods of $GA_3$. Optimum $GA_3$ treatment was one hour presoaking in a 100mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$ solution. Germination enhancing effect of moist chilling stroage was significantly greater than that of $GA_3$. Chilling treatment for five weeks resulted in the greatest percent germination of 60.3%. Unlike the role of $GA_3$ and moist chilling storage, no appreciable effect on seed germination was observed by the priming the seeds with either a $Ca(NO_3)_2 $ or $KNO_3$ solution.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1994

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of priming and preimbibition on gerraination of unscarified and KOH-scarified zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) seeds, respectively. Germi-nation percentages at 35˚C of seeds primed in $KNO_3$ and Ca($NO_3$)$_2$ were significantly higher than that of untreated seeds. The optimum conditions for priming unscarified seeds were in aerated $KNO_3$ solution at O4 M for 4 days at 20˚C. No additional benefit of $GA_3$ on increasing germination was not found in seed priming with solution of $KNO_3$ + $GA_3$ or in seeds preimbibed with $GA_3$ after priming. Scarified seeds preimbibed with distilled water(DW) for 4 days at 20˚C germinated higher and with fewer days to 50% of total germination(T 50) than untreated seeds. Preimbibition with $GA_3$ solution at 50 ppm for 4 days at 5, 10, 15 and 20˚C enabled up to 97% of seeds to germinate and reduced days to T 50 about 1.1 to 1.2 days at 35˚C Especially, seeds preimbibed with $GA^2$˚$_3_2_1$$\times$ had greatly higher germination and lower T 50 than untreated or DW-preimbibibed seeds at 30˚C, which is inadequate to germination in general. Preimbibed seed performance was unchanged after storage at room temperature for 50 days. Seeds preimbibed with GA $_3$ had higher rate of seedling emergence and faster growth of shoot than untreated seeds after sowing at 30˚C in growing medium in growth chamber.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.196-202
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• 2005

This research was conducted to determine the amount of water absorbed by a polyacrylamide hydrogel such as Stocksorb C (STSB), effect of salts on inhibition in hydration of STSB, and the hydrogel effects on changes of nutrient concentration in external solution. Absorption of deionized water by STSB reached a maximum of 180 $mL{\cdot}g^{-1}$. Monovalent soluble salts such as $KH_2PO_4,\;KNO_3$, and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ reduced absorption of the hydrogel, but the degrees of inhibition in absorption were similar in three kinds of salts. Twenty milliequivalents per liter of $Ca_{2+}\;or\;Mg_{2+}$ reduced water absorption of STSB to $14\%$ compared to those of deionized water. Solution absorption was consistently lower in the presence of divalent cations than in the presence of the monovalent cations. But the absorption was unaffected by the uncharged salt such as urea in all concentrations tested. The final $K^+\;and\;NH_4^+-N$ concentrations of the solution remaining after absorption by STSB was higher than those of the initial solution. The soaking of STSB to full strength of Hoagland solution resulted in increase of $NO_3^--N,\;H_2PO_4^-\;and\;SO_4^{2-}$ concentrations in external solution compared to initial solution, reaching 5,300, 250 and 1,500 $mL{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively, at 24 hrs after soaking.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2012

We have conducted three experiments to develop a fertilizer-dissolving apparatus used in fertigation or hydroponics cultivation in order to decrease the fertilizer dissolving time and labor input via automation. All of the experiments were conducted twice. In the first experiment, four selected treatments were tested to dissolve fertilizers rapidly. The first treatment was to dissolve fertilizer by spraying water with a submerged water pump, placed in the nutrient solution tank. The water was sprayed onto fertilizer, which is dissolved and filtered through the hemp cloth mounted on the upper part of the nutrient solution tank (Spray). The second treatment was to install a propeller on the bottom of the nutrient solution tank (Propeller). The third treatment was to produce a water stream with a submerged water pump, located at the bottom of the tank (Submerged). Finally, the fourth treatment was to produce an air stream through air pipes with an air compressor located at the bottom of the tank (Airflow). The Spray treatment was found to take the shortest time to dissolve fertilizer, yet it was inconvenient to implement and manage after installation. The Airflow treatment was thought to be the best method in terms of the time to dissolve, labor input, and automation. In the second experiment, Airflow treatment was investigated in more detail. In order to determine the optimal number of air pipe arms and their specification, different versions of 6- and 8-arm air pipe systems were evaluated. The apparatus with 6 arms (Arm-6) that was made of light density polyethylene was determined to be the best system, evaluated on its time to dissolve fertilizer, easiness to use regardless of the lid size of the tank, and easiness to produce and install. In the third experiment, the Submerged and Arm-6 treatments were compared for their dissolving time and economics. Arm-6 treatment decreased the dissolving time by 8 times and proved to be very economic. In addition, dissolving characteristics were investigated for $KNO_3$, $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$, and Fe-EDTA.