• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2008

Purpose : Many results have reported a correlation between the spot urine protein/creatinine ratio(P/C ratio) and 24-hour urinary protein(24UP) amount. This study was designed to evaluated correlation between 24UP amounts and P/C ratio in children and to find the factors that affect this correlation. Methods : 210 patients who visited the Department of Pediatrics in Busan Paik Hospital from september 2003 to december 2007 were included in this study. All the patients were divided into I, II, III/A, B, C group[I:24UP(mg/$m^2$/day)]<100, II: 100$\leq$24UP<1,000, III: 24UP$\geq$1,000, A: Cr excretion(mg/kg)<15, B: 15$\leq$Cr excretion<25, C: Cr excretion$\geq$25)]. Pearson correlation analysis was performed between 24UP and P/C ratio to evaluate the relationship. We defined fractional difference between 24UP and P/C ratio, and then performed multiple regression analysis. Results : There was a strong positive linear correlation between 24UP and P/C ratio in all patients, and the correlation was also good in each group. The factors affecting accurate quantitation of proteinuria using spot urine P/C ratio was creatinine excretion. Conclusion : Spot urine P/C ratio is a useful test to predict proteinuria roughly. Therefore, we expect that urine P/C ratio can be used as parameter instead of 24UP, if we set cutoff value of P/C ratio considered to creatinine excretion according to age and sex in large pediatric population.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the role of pH and temperature postmortem, and to demonstrate the importance of these factors in determining meat quality. Postmortem pH_45min (pH at 45 min postmortem or initial pH) via analysis of Pearson’s correlation showed high positive correlation with pH change pH_c24 (pH change from pH_45min to pH_24h postmortem). However, postmortem pH after 24 h (pH_24h or ultimate pH) had a high negative correlation with pH change, pH_c24, CIE L*, and protein content. Initial temperature postmortem (T_1h ) was positively associated with a change in temperature from 45 min to 24 h postmortem (T_c24) and cooking loss, but negatively correlated with water holding capacity. Temperature at 24 h postmortem (T_24h) was negatively associated with T_c24. Collectively, these results indicate that higher initial pH was associated with higher pH_c24, T_1h, and T_c24. However, higher initial pH was associated with a reduction in carcass weight, backfat thickness, CIE a* and b*, water holding capacity, collagen and fat content, drip loss, and cooking loss as well as decreased shear force. In contrast, CIE a* and b*, drip loss, cooking loss, and shear force in higher ultimate pH was showed by a similar pattern to higher initial pH, whereas pH_c24, carcass weight, backfat thickness, water holding capacity, fat content, moisture content, protein content, T_1h, T_24h, and T_c24 were exhibited by completely differential patterns (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that initial pH, ultimate pH, and temperatures postmortem are important factors in determining the meat quality of pork.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 1999

The effect of storage temperature and time on the contents of metal (Pb, Sn and Fe), vitamin C, color and pH was studied for canned pineapple juice (PJ) and pineapple slice (PS) which were stored for 120 hours at 5 and 2$0^{\circ}C$ and analyzed at 24 hours intervals. The results are as follows; 1. The metal contents of PJ and PS were in the rank of 24<48<72<96<120 hours by storage time at 5 and 2$0^{\circ}C$. These contents were increased to 44.1%/24 hrs of Ph, 18.0%/24 hrs of Sn, 34.6%/24 hrs of Fe but decreased to 6.0%/24 hrs of vitamin C in PJ and PS during 120 hrs. Storage times were correlation to contents of metal and pH but was not correlation to vitamin C contents. These were increased to 37.7%/24 hrs of Pb, 18.8%/24 hrs of Sn, 34.6%/24 hrs of Fe, but decreased to 6.0%/24 hrs of vitamin C. 2. These were increased to 10.6% of Pb, 3.7% of Sn, 11.3% of Fe in PJ and to 33.7% of Pb, 4.8% of Sn, 37.6% of Fe in PS at 2$0^{\circ}C$ than 5$^{\circ}C$ but vitamin C contents were decreased to 8.2% in PJ and 2.7% in PS at 2$0^{\circ}C$ than 5$^{\circ}C$. This fact suggests that more attention be paid in handling canned PJ and PS after opening in order to avoid the decreasing vitamin C and the hazard from Pb, Sn, Fe. 3. Changing factors in Pb, Sn, Fe and vatiamin C content were in the rank of storage temperature$0^{\circ}C$.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.233-243
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• 1998

Purpose : To evaluate the effects of X-irradiation on prenatal deaths, i.e., preimplantation deaths, embryonic deaths and fetal deaths, and on external malformations in precompacted preimplantation ddy mice Materials and Methods : Pregnant mice (n=85) obtained by limiting the mating time to from 6 to 9 A.M., were segregated into 11 groups. The first five groups (n=26) were irradiated with X-ray doses of 0.1 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, and 3 Gy, respectively, at 24 h post conception (p.c.) of the preimplantation Period. The second five (n=27) groups were irradiated at the same X-ray doses, respectively, but at 48 h p.c. of the preimplantation period. The last group (n=32) was the control group. The uterine contents were examined on the 18th day of gestation for prenatal deaths and external malformations. Results : 1) A statistically significant increase in preimplantation deaths with increasing dose was observed in the experimental groups irradiated at 24 h p.c. and in the groups irradiated at 48 h p.c., as compared to the control group. The threshold dose was close to 0.05 Gy and 0.075 Gy for the irradiations at 24 h p.c. and 48 h p.c. respectively. 2) A statistically significant increase in embryonic deaths with increasing dose was observed in all irradiation groups, except the group irradiated with a dose of 0.1 Gy at 48 h p.c.. 3) No fetal deaths were found in any experimental group. 4) In the experimental groups irradiated at 24 h p.c. anomalies increased with statistical significance, as compared with the control group : 2 exencephalies, 2 open eyelids, 3 anophthalmias, 2 cleft Palates, 2 gastroschisis, 1 abdominal wall defect. 1 leg defect, and 2 short tail anomalies: the threshold dose for external malformations was close to 0.2 Gy at 24 h p.c.. In the groups irradiated at 48 h p.c., 1 open eyelid and 2 short tail anomalies were observed, but there was no statistical significance in those malformations. Conclusion : The results of this study reveal that X-irradiation of precompacted preimplantation ddy mice causes not only preimplantation deaths and embryonic deaths but also external malformations. In addition, external malformations were observed in our experiments at diagnostic doses, including 0.1 and 0.5 Gy. For this reason, we recommend that irradiation should be avoided during the preimplantation period by applying Rugh's 10-day rule.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.742-747
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• 1995

The effect of storage temperature and period on the contents of tin, iron, lead and vitamin C, browning index and pH was studied for canned and bottled orange juices currently sold in Korean market, which were stored for 24 weeks at 20, 30, 40 and $50^{\circ}C$ and analyzed at 4 week intervals. The change of metal content in bottled juices was negligible but metal release in canned juices was remarkably affected by storage temperature. Tin content after 16 weeks increased by $2.7{\sim}13.1$ times, iron content after 24 weeks increased by $4.3{\sim}5.2$ times and lead content after 24 weeks increased by $1.1{\sim}2.9$ times. Retention of total ascorbic acid in canned juices after 24 weeks at $30{\sim}50^{\circ}$ decreased to $13{\sim}76%$, while that in bottled juices decreased to $4{\sim}80%$. Browning index in canned juices after 24 weeks below $40^{\circ}C$ increased slightly with serious discoloration at $50^{\circ}C$ while that in bottled juices increased a little rapid. pH change in canned and bottled juices during storage below $40^{\circ}C$ was not observed regardless of container type but a great change of pH was accompanied with swelling of container ends in the case of canned juices after 24 weeks at $50^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 2012

Decay rate and nutrient dynamics during leaf litter decomposition of deciduous Quercus acutissima and evergreen Quercus mysinaefolia were studied for 24 months from December 2008 to December 2010 in Gongju, Chungnam Province, Korea. Percent remaining weight of Q. acutissima and Q. mysinaefolia leaf litter after 24 months elapsed was $46.3{\pm}5.4%$ and $37.8{\pm}2.5%$, respectively. Decomposition of evergreen Q. mysinaefolia leaf litter was significantly faster than that of deciduous Quercus acutissima leaf litter. Decay constant(k) of Q. acutissima and Q. mysinaefolia leaf litter after 24 months elapsed was 0.38 and 0.49, respectively. Initial C/N and C/P ratio of Q. mysinaefolia leaf litter was significantly lower than those of Q. acutissima leaf litter. Initial C/N and C/P ratio of Q. acutissima leaf litter was 46.8 and 270.9, respectively. After 24 months elapsed, C/N and C/P ratio of decomposing Q. acutissima leaf litter decreased to 22.5 and 104.2, respectively. Initial C/N and C/P ratio of Q. mysinaefolia leaf litter was 22.4 and 41.7, respectively. After 24 months elapsed, C/N and C/P ratio of decomposing Q. mysinaefolia leaf litter decreased to 16.7 and 89.7, respectively. Initial concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in leaf litter was 8.31, 0.44, 4.18, 9.38, 1.37 mg/g in Q. acutissima, and 19.88, 2.73, 7.06, 8.24, 2.61 mg/g in Q. mysinaefolia, respectively. Initial concentration of N and P in Q. mysinaefolia leaf litter was significantly higher than those in Q. acutissima. After 24 month elapsed, remaining N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 100.91, 114.75, 32.99, 50.63, 15.51% in Q. acutissima, and 43.22, 11.35, 12.98, 82.22, 44.23% in Q. mysinaefolia, respectively. N and P in decomposing leaf litter was immobilized in Q. acutissima, and mineralized in Q. mysinaefolia.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.432-443
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• 1998

The poliovirus Sabin 1 strain has features that make it a particularly attractive live recombinant mucosal vaccine vehicle. Sabin 1 cDNA was manipulated to have multiple cloning sites and a viral specific 3C-protease cutting site at the N-terminal end of the polyprotein. The gene for the N-terminal 169 amino acids of the HIV-1 p24 was cloned into the multiple cloning site of the manipulated Sabin cDNA. A recombinant progeny virus was produced from HeLa cells when it was transfected with the RNA synthesized from the p24-Sabin chimeric cDNA. The recombinant progeny virus expresses substantial amounts of the HIV-1 p24 protein, which was clearly detected in the infected cell lysates and culture supernatants in Western blot experiments with rabbit anti-p24 serum and AIDS patients' sera. Differing from the Mahoney strain, the recombinant Sabin 1 poliovirus maintained the foreign gene stably during the subsequent passages. Replication capacity was about 1 to 1.5 log lower than that of the wild-type Sabin 1. Other physicochemical stability characteristics of the recombinant virus were similar to that of the wild-type Sabin 1. These results suggest that the manipulated Sabin 1 poliovirus can be used as a live viral vaccine vector for the development of mucosal vaccines.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.381-389
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• 2004

To investigate changes of multi-purpose solutions for soft contact lens(MPS) depending on using period or keeping temperature, we evaluate four brands of MPS. No significant difference was seen in protein deposit removing efficacy after samples had used for 24 weeks and kept at $4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ or $30^{\circ}C$. The pH values of the samples of 4 brands measured weekly over the 24 week testing period. The initial average pH value of samples were 7.0, 7.5, 7.6 or 8.2. One brand of MPS was in the range of the threshold for ocular awareness, which is outside the zone of 6.6 ~ 7.8. During the testing period, the pH value were decreased in using period-dependent manner. At the 24th week, the average pH values of samples turned to 6.6, 7.2, 7.2 or 7.7. However, the difference of keeping temperature was not associated with decreased levels of pH values. After 24 weeks, one of total 36 samples was contaminated by bacteria. Furthermore, the change of components was shown after 24 weeks in the analysis using thin layer chromatography and the analysis of UV absorption pattern. The results of our study provides that the keeping temperature of MPS is not the important factor of changes of MPS, but the using period of MPS can cause contact lens wearers discomfort.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.187-188
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• 2007

The fluctuations of biochemical and molecular activities III the harmful dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, depending on water temperatures, were studied. In genomic DNA concentration, a similar value of 0.6 was shown at $12^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$, but significantly increasing DNA from $18^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05), with a maximum of 1.8 at $24^{\circ}C$. After$24^{\circ}C$, the DNA significantly decreased to 0.6. Likely, the concentrations of RNA and total protein were at their highest values of 1.7 and 0.07 g $mL^1$ at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. In contrast to ONA, RNA and total protein began to increase at $15^{\circ}C$. Oxygen availability between lower and higher temperatures was significantly different and increased from $18^{\circ}C$ according to light intensity, regardless of wavelengths (p<0.05). At $24^{\circ}C$, the highest value of the maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax), ranging from 537.9 (Ch 1) to 602.5 mol electrons $g^{-1}$ Ch1 a $s^{-1}$ (Ch 4), was also shown. Nitrate reductase (NR) and ATPase activities were at their highest values of 0.11 mol $NO_2^-g^{-1}$ Ch1 a $h^{-1}$ and 0.78 pmol 100 $mg^{-1}$ $at^2$ $4^{\circ}C$, respectively. When the cells cultured at $15^{\circ}C$, NR and ATPase activities significantly increased compared to $12^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). In an analysis of CHN, the concentration of C and N also significantly increased (p<0.05). However, at $27^{\circ}C$, most of the molecular and biochemical movements were much lower, compared to $24^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that C. polykrikoides is very sensitive biochemical and molecular activities depending on water temperatures. Possibly, it is desirable to estimate at $18^{\circ}C$ the initiation of the massive blooming development of C. polykrikoides. In nature, it will be very difficult to maintain the massive blooms after $24^{\circ}C$ because of the possibility of significantly decreasing the molecular movement and activity of C. polykrikoides.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.92-95
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• 2000

The HIV-1 p24(202-221) sequence ETINNEEEWDRVHPV HAGP contains a B-cell epitope with the earliest immune response and the highest antibody titer against anti-mouse sera obtained by immunization with p24 antigens. A novel mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) was generated against the immunodominant B-cell epitope of the HIV-1 p24 capsid protein, p24(202-221). BALB/c mice were immunized with the four branched multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) containing the HIV-1p24(202-221) sequence, and antibody-secreting hybridoma were produced by fusion of mouse splenocytes with P3X63Ag8.653, mouse myeloma cells. One clone which produced the antigen-specific mAb named KI-24 (Isotype IgG1, light chain: ${\kappa}$) was identified. mAb KI-24 was highly specific for both the p24(202-221) and p24 proteins when analyzed by ELISA and Western blotting. Since p24(202-221) also contains a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope, this specfic peptide epitope and the monoclonal antibody with specific reactivity against the p24 protein and p24(202-221) can be used in peptide vaccine development and p24 antigen detection from HIV patients.