• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1063-1069
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• 2022

According to domestic air pollutant emission statistics, a considerable amount of air pollutants is generated by ships. Therefore, various policies are being implemented to limit air pollutant emissions from ships and improve the air quality in ports. In addition, international conventions are carried out for the prevention of marine pollution by ships. However, because few studies and experiments have been conducted on the measurement of air pollutants emitted from actually operating ships, this study presented a method and possibility for evaluating air pollutant emissions from a 9,196GT ship actually operating using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). A difference in emission occurred depending on the RPM and load, and the emission of NO_X was 497-2,060ppm, CO₂ was 1.55-6.9%, and CO was 0.002-0.14%. The emission specified in the shop test provided by the engine manufacturer differed from the actual emission measured. This study proved that the maximum emission of each air pollutant generated in the entire sailing section of the ship was included in the PEMS measurement range, and the possibility of using PEMS for ships within 10,000GT was verified.

• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.606-615
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• 2018

Over the past two decades, the options for solid waste management have been changing from land disposal to recycling, waste-to-energy, and incineration due to growing attention for resource and energy recovery. In addition, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission has become an issue of concern in the waste sector because such gases often released into the atmosphere during the waste management processes (e.g., biodegradation in landfills and combustion by incineration) can contribute to climate change. In this study, the emission and reduction rates of GHGs by the municipal solid waste (MSW) management options in D city have been studied for the years 1996-2016. The emissions and reduction rates were calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines and the EU Prognos method, respectively. A dramatic decrease in the waste landfilled was observed between 1996 and 2004, after which its amount has been relatively constant. Waste recycling and incineration have been increased over the decades, leading to a peak in the GHG emissions from landfills of approximately $63,323tCO_2\;eq/yr$ in 2005, while the lowest value of $35,962tCO_2\;eq/yr$ was observed in 2016. In 2016, the estimated emission rate of GHGs from incineration was $59,199tCO_2\;eq/yr$. The reduction rate by material recycling was the highest ($-164,487tCO_2\;eq/yr$) in 2016, followed by the rates by heat recovery with incineration ($-59,242tCO_2\;eq/yr$) and landfill gas recovery ($-23,922tCO_2\;eq/yr$). Moreover, the cumulative GHG reduction rate between 1996 and 2016 was $-3.46MtCO_2\;eq$, implying a very positive impact on future $CO_2$ reduction achieved by waste recycling as well as heat recovery of incineration and landfill gas recovery. This study clearly demonstrates that improved MSW management systems are positive for GHGs reduction and energy savings. These results could help the waste management decision-makers supporting the MSW recycling and energy recovery policies as well as the climate change mitigation efforts at local government level.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.3D
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• pp.375-381
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• 2011

This study presents an analysis of $CO_2$ emission reduction effect on bus information system (BIS) which is operated to improve various services of bus transit such as rapid and on-time service. Although the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released three methodological types of models for analyzing the amount of greenhouse gas reduction, this study used the Tier 3 method that is the most concrete one. A case study was performed to a 8.3 km section of Daejun-Chungjoo BIS system, and dataset required to the Tier 3 method was obtained from ITS-based surveillance systems. The study result showed that the reduction effect of $CO_2$ on BIS operation was yearly $39.45tCO_2/km$. Therefore, such effect can be potentially useful to a measurement of effectiveness (MOE) of BIS projects hereafter.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.604-612
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• 2012

Self-management plan for GHG (Greenhouse Gas) reduction should be prepared in academic facilities, which occupy a large amount of energy consumption. In this study, a university was chosen as one of the major academic facilities and its energy consuming pattern and GHG emission were analyzed. The results have shown that annual $CO_2$ emission from university buildings was 10,452 ton-$CO_2$ (0.65 ton-$CO_2/m^2$), and dependent upon 78.0% electricity, 20.5% LNG and 1.5% oil, respectively as energy sources. According to more detail analysis by usage of energy consumption, appliances occupies 36.7% followed by gas heating (18.9%), lighting (18.6%), heating with electricity (12.5%), cooling with electricity (10.2%), transportation (1.5%), gas cooling (1.2%) and cooking (0.4%). Furthermore, annual $CO_2$ emissions per unit area and a student by electricity usage were evaluated to 51.30 kg-$CO_2/m^2$ and 981.86 kg-$CO_2$/capita, respectively and those by LNG usage were 14.61 kg-$CO_2/m^2$ and 241.01 kg-$CO_2$/capita.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2018.11a
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• pp.100-101
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• 2018

Environmental problems caused by air pollution have been considered as serious critical issues in global perspectives. Controlling greenhouse gases has become one of the major environmental problems in construction fields as well. However, similar studies were mainly focused on suggestion of various methodologies for measuring CO₂ emissions of construction equipment and calculating emissions. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the CO₂ emissions and RPMs of equipment by the construction process based on row data collected from construction equipment actually operated in job sites. This study allows site personnels to determine the amount of emitted CO₂ under particular construction equipment under specific conditions during the targeted construction operations. The research findings expect to be used as fundamental informations for establishing environment-friendly construction operation planning.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.316-331
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• 2019

Carbon dioxide($CO_2$) emission from rivers to the atmosphere is a key component in the global carbon cycle. Most of the rivers are supersaturated with $CO_2$. At a global scale, the amount of $CO_2$ emission from rivers is reported to be five-fold greater than that from lakes and reservoirs, but relevant data are rare in Korea. The objectives of this study is to estimate the $CO_2$ net atmospheric flux(NAF) from the upstream of Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir(GGW), Dalseong Weir(DSW), Hapcheon-Changnyeong Weir(HCW), and Changnyeong-Haman Weir(CHW) located in Nakdong River South Korea) using field and laboratory experiments and to apply data mining techniques to develop parsimonious prediction models that can be used to estimate $CO_2$ NAF with physical and water quality variables that can be collected easily. As a result, the study sites were all heterotrophic systems that often released $CO_2$ to the atmosphere, except when the algal photosynthesis was active.The median $CO_2$ NAF was minimum $391.5mg-CO_2/m^2$ day at GGW and maximum $1472.7mg-CO_2/m^2$ day at DSW. The $CO_2$ NAF showed a negative correlation with pH and Chl-a since the overgrowth of the algae consumed $CO_2$ in the water and increased the pH. As the parsimonious multiple regression model and random forest model developed, this study showed an excellent performance with the $Adj.R^2$ value higher than 0.77 in all weirs. Thus, these methods can be used to estimate $CO_2$ NAF in the river even if there is no $pCO_2$ measurement data.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.287-297
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• 2007

Increasing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use and land-use change has been perturbing the balanced global carbon cycle and changing the carbon distribution among the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere, the soil, and the ocean. SGCM(Simple Global Carbon Model) was used to simulate global carbon cycle for the IPCC emissions scenarios, which was six future carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use and land-use change set by IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations for four scenarios were simulated to continuously increase to $600{\sim}1050ppm$ by the year 2100, while those for the other two scenarios to stabilize at $400{\sim}600ppm$. The characteristics of these two $CO_2$-stabilized scenarios are to suppress emissions below $12{\sim}13$ Gt C/yr by tile year 2050 and then to decrease emissions up to 5 Gt C/yr by the year 2100, which is lower than the current emissions of $6.3{\pm}0.4$ Gt C/yr. The amount of carbon in the atmosphere was simulated to continuously increase for four scenarios, while to increase by the year $2050{\sim}2070$ and then decrease by the year 2100 for the other two scenarios which were $CO_2$-stabilized scenarios. Even though the six emission scenarios showed different simulation results, overall patterns were such similar that the amount of carbon was in the terrestrial biosphere to decrease first several decades and then increase, while in the soil and the ocean to continuously increase. The ratio of carbon partitioning to tile atmosphere for the accumulated total emissions was higher for tile emission scenario having higher atmospheric $CO_2$, however that was decreasing as time elapsed. The terrestrial biosphere and the soil showed reverse pattern to the atmosphere.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.43 no.6 s.289
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• pp.333-337
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• 2006

In this study, the $Sr_{1-x}Ba_{x}Al_{2}O_{4}:Eu^{2+},Dy^{3+}$ phosphor were prepared by the solid-state reaction method and its photoluminescence properties were investigated. Starting powders of $SrCO_3,\;BaCO_3,\;and\;Al_{2}O_3$ were mixed with $Eu_{2}O_3$ as activator, $Dy_{2}O_3$ as co-activator and $B_{2}O_3$ as flux. Then, the mixed powders were heated at the temperature of $1100{\sim}1400^{\circ}C$ for 3 h under the reducing ambient atmosphere of $95%Ar+5%H_2$. The effect of Ba addition from 0.0 to 1.0 mol on photoluminescence was investigated. As the amount of Ba increased, the intensity of emission increased and the optimum long phosphorescence occurred at the amount of 0.1 mol Ba. The optimum sintering condition for long phosphorescent phosphor of $Sr_{1-x}Ba_{x}Al_{2}O_{4}:Eu^{2+},Dy^{3+}$($x=0{\sim}1.0mol$) was found at $1400^{\circ}C$. The excitation spectra showed a broad band of $250{\sim}450nm$ with maximum peak at 360 nm. The maximum peak intensity of emission spectra occurred at the range of $480{\sim}520nm$, depending on Ba content.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to estimate the emission factor of $non-CO_2$ global warming gases such as $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ by measuring concentrations from stacks of waste incinerators and cement production plants. Based on the established monitoring methods, $N_2O$ concentration measured from stacks in incinerator were between 0.62 and $40.60\;ppm_v$ (ave. $11.50\;ppm_v$). The concentration of $N_2O$ was dependent on the incinerator types. However, the concentrations of $CH_4$ gas were between 2.65 and $5.68\;ppm_v$ (ave. $4.22\;ppm_v$), and did not show the dependency on the incinerator types. In the cement production plant, the concentration ranges of $N_2O$ from the stack were from 6.90 to $10.80\;ppm_v$ (ave. $8.60\;ppm_v$), and $CH_4$ were between 1.80 and $2.20\;ppm_v$ (ave. $2.60\;ppm_v$). Using measured concentrations, the emission amounts of $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ from stacks per year were calculated. The results were is 4.2 ton $N_2O/yr$ in the incinerators, and 53.7 ton $N_2O/yr$ in the cement facilities. The big difference is from the flow rate of flue gas in the cement facilities compared to the incinerators. By the same reason, the $CH_4$ emission amounts in cement plant and incinerator was found to be 339 ton $CO_2/yr$ and 34.1 ton $CO_2/yr$, respectively. Finally, the emission factor of $N_2O$ in the incinerators were calculated using the measured concentration and the amount of incinerated wastes, and was $42.5\sim799.1\;g/ton$ in kiln and stoker type, $11.9\sim79.9\;g/ton$ in stoker type, 90.1 ton/g in rotary kiln type, 174.9 g/ton in fluidized bed type, and 63.8 g/ton in grate type, respectively. Also, the emission factors of $CH_4$ were found to 65.2-91.3 g/ton in kiln/stoker type, 73.9-122 g/ton in stoker type, 109.5 g/ton rotary kiln, and 26.1 g/ton in fluidized bed type. This result indicates that the emission factor in incinerators is strongly dependent on the incinerator types, and matched with result of IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) guideline.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.928-933
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the energy consumption, carbon dioxide emission & energy cost of district heating using sewage source. The annual TOE of heat pump using sewage source save 37.1 percent than city gas boiler. And annual carbon dioxide emission of heat pump cut down 41.3 percent than city gas boiler. If it charges the rate schedule for district heating to apartment resident, collected amount are 3,127,170 thousand won. As energy cost of heat pump & circulation pump are 1,378,072 thousand won. the profits are 1,749,098 thousand won. As payback period is 8.97years, applicability is low level. However, it has advantages in energy consumption, carbon dioxide emission & energy cost. Therefore, it needs to proceed through government assistance.