• 제목/요약/키워드: $CO_2$ elevation

검색결과 158건 처리시간 0.027초

Effect of elevated pCO2 on thermal performance of Chattonella marina and Chattonella ovata (Raphidophyceae)

  • Lim, Myeong Hwan;Lee, Chung Hyeon;Min, Juhee;Lee, Hyun-Gwan;Kim, Kwang Young
    • ALGAE
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.375-388
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    • 2020
  • Ocean acidification and warming, identified as environmental concerns likely to be affected by climate change, are crucial determinants of algal growth. The ichthyotoxic raphidophytes Chattonella species are responsible for huge economic losses and environmental impact worldwide. In this study, we investigated the impact of CO2 on the thermal performance curves (TPCs) of Chattonella marina and Chattonella ovata grown under temperatures ranging from 13 to 34℃ under ambient pCO2 (350 μatm) and elevated pCO2 (950 μatm). TPCs were comparable between the species or even between pCO2 levels. With the exception of the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) for C. ovata, CTmin for C. marina and the thermal optimum (Topt) and critical thermal maximum (CTmax) for both species did not change with elevation of pCO2 levels. While CO2 enrichment increased the maximum photosynthetic rates (Pmax) up to 125% at the Totp of 30℃, specific growth rates were not significantly different under elevated pCO2 for the two species. Overall, C. ovata is likely to benefit from climate change, potentially widening its range of thermal tolerance limit in highly acidic waters and contributing to prolonged phenology of future phytoplankton assemblages in coastal waters.

“Omni-ultrawideband Antennas for Digital Satellite Receivers”

  • Chung, Man-Young;Lee, Ki-Choon;Park, Tong-Soo
    • 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한전자공학회 2002년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(1)
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    • pp.163-166
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    • 2002
  • Recently, two kinds of the digital satellite receiver for radio and television have been developed as the global receiving system. The frequency bands of the satellite radio system are ranging from 1, 400MHz to 2, 600MHz, while the satellite television system are ranging from 11, 000MHz to 13, 000MHz New anti-discern antennas have been developed so that satisfies the Omni-characteristics in the horizontal directivity and approximately 45$^{\circ}$'elevation angle in the vertical directivity. These results were similar to the discern antenna except the anti-vertical directivity.

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수중 음파 굴절효과를 고려한 전방주시소나 기뢰 위치 추정기법 연구 (A Study on Mine Localization of Forward Looking Sonar Considering the Effect of Underwater Sound Refraction)

  • 설호석;오래근;양원준;윤영글;최지웅;한상규;권범수
    • 한국군사과학기술학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.231-238
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    • 2022
  • Mine detection has been mainly studied with images of the forward-looking sonar. Forward-looking sonar assumes the propagation path of the sound wave as a straight path, creating the surrounding images. This might lead to errors in the detection by ignoring the refraction of the sound wave. In this study, we propose a mine localization method that can robustly identify the location of mines in an underwater environment by considering the refraction of sound waves. We propose a method of estimating the elevation angle of arrival of the target echo signal in a single receiver, and estimate the mine location by applying the estimated elevation angle of arrival to ray tracing. As a result of simulation, the method proposed in this paper was more effective in estimating the mine localization than the existing method that assumed the propagation path as a straight line.

Sentinel-2 위성영상과 SRTM DEM을 활용한 연안습지 탐지: 서해안 곰소만을 사례로 (Detection of the Coastal Wetlands Using the Sentinel-2 Satellite Image and the SRTM DEM Acquired in Gomsoman Bay, West Coasts of South Korea)

  • 정윤재;김경섭;박인선
    • 한국지리정보학회지
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.52-63
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    • 2021
  • 기존 연구에서는 연안습지를 탐지하기 위해 위성/항공 영상의 다중분광 밴드로부터 산출한 식생지수 또는 토지피복도를 활용하였으나, 단일 센서만을 활용할 경우 토지피복정보와 지형정보를 동시에 고려하는 것에 한계가 있어 높은 정확도의 연안습지 탐지 및 대규모 연안습지 관리 업무 수행에 많은 지장을 초래하였다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 서해안 곰소만 지역을 촬영한 Sentinel-2 위성영상의 다중분광 밴드와 디지털 지형 모델인 SRTM(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM(Digital Elevation Model)을 사용하여 서해안 곰소만의 대규모 연안습지를 다음의 과정을 통해 탐지하였다. 우선 Sentinel-2 위성영상의 Green 및 근적외선 밴드를 활용하여 정규수분지수 영상을 제작하였다. 그리고 정규수분지수 영상에서 픽셀의 밝기값 0.2를 임계치로 설정하여 물과 육지를 구분하는 이진화 영상을 제작하였으며, SRTM DEM에서 픽셀의 밝기값 0을 임계치로 설정하여 해수면 아래와 해수면 위를 구분하는 이진화 영상을 제작하였다. 최종적으로는 두 장의 이진화 영상에 중첩 분석을 적용하여 이진화 영상 기반 연안습지 지도를 제작하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 기술을 활용하여 제작한 이진화 영상 기반 연안습지 지도의 정확도는 94%로서 매우 높은 결과를 보여주었으며, 연안습지가 아닌 내륙습지, 산지습지 등은 탐지되지 않아서 연안습지 관리 업무에 매우 효과적으로 활용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Regeneration and leaf traits variation of Rhododendron campanulatum along elevation gradient in western Nepal Himalaya

  • Dipesh Karki;Bijay Pandeya;Rachana Bhandari;Dikshya Basnet;Balkrishna Ghimire;Shreehari Bhattarai;Bharat Babu Shrestha
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • 제48권2호
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    • pp.152-162
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    • 2024
  • Background: Plant species of the alpine treeline ecotone are highly sensitive to climate change and may adjust their population dynamics, and functional traits in response to changing climate. This study examined regeneration patterns and leaf traits variations in an important treeline ecotone element Rhododendron campanulatum along the elevation gradient in western Nepal to assess its potential adaptive responses to climate change. The distribution range of R. campanulatum (3,400-3,800 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) was divided into five horizontal bands, each with a 100 m elevational range. Eight plots (10 m × 10 m) were sampled in each band, resulting into a total of 40 plots. In each plot, all R. campanulatum individuals and co-occurring tree species were counted. From each elevation, R. campanulatum leaf samples were collected to determine leaf dimensions, leaf density, specific leaf area (SLA), and stomatal density (SD). Results: The density-diameter curve indicated that R. campanulatum was regenerating well, with enhanced regeneration at higher elevation (3,800 m a.s.l.) than at lower. Tree canopy cover appeared to be the major determinant of R. campanulatum regeneration, as indicated by a higher number of seedlings in treeless stands. With increasing elevation, the leaf length, width, SLA, and stomata length decreased but leaf thickness and SD increased. Conclusions: Overall, a higher regeneration and lower SLA with the high SD in the leaves at the upper limit of the species distribution suggested that R. campanulatum is well adapted at its upper distribution range with the possibility of upslope range shift as temperature increases.

Soil Air CO2 Concentrations in a Spruce-Fir Forest, Maine, USA

  • Son, Yow Han;Fernandez, Ivan J.;Kim, Zin-Suh
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제81권2호
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    • pp.177-182
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    • 1992
  • 미국 Maine 주 저지대 가문비나무-젓나무 경제림 지역의 spodosol 토양의 2개의 토심(O와 B층)에서 토양공기 $CO_2$ 농도를 측정하였다. $CO_2$ 농도 측정은 Draeger 직독(直讀) chromatography법과 가스주입기를 이용한 gas chromatography 법의 두 가지 방법을 사용하였다. 1991년 생육기 동안의 토양공기 $CO_2$ 농도(%)의 평균값은 Draeger법으로 측정된 O층의 0.11로부터 gas chromatography법으로 측정된 B층의 0.29사이의 분포를 보였다. B층과 O층 모두에서 Draeger법에 의한 토양공기 $CO_2$의 농도가 gas chromatography법으로 측정된 값보다 낮은 수치를 보였다. 두 방법에 의해 측정된 값들 상호간에는 두 층 모두에서 고도의 상관관계 (p<0.01)를 보였으며, 시간변화에 따른 변화 유형 역시 평행적인 관계를 보여 주었다. 토양공기 $CO_2$ 농도는 토양온도와 고도의 정의 상관관계를 보였는데 상관계수의 값은 선발된 측정방법 및 토층에 따라 0.13-0.32의 값을 나타냈다.

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강원도지역 탄산수의 환경동위원소적 특성 (Environmental Isotope Characteristics of $CO_2$-rich Water in the Kangwon Province)

  • 최현수;고용권;김천수;배대석;윤성택
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제33권6호
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    • pp.491-504
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    • 2000
  • Environmental isotope $^{18}O$, $^{2}H$, $^{3}H$,$^{13}C$, $^{34}S$and $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$) studies on ${CO_2}$-rich waters in the Kangwon Province were carried out to elucidate the origin, residence time, water-rock interaction and mixing process of their. ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}D$ data indicate that ${CO_2}$-rich waters were derived from the local meteoric water. It also shows that each type of ${CO_2}$-rich water has distinct isotopic composition and Na-${HCO_3}$ type water (-10.8 to -12.1${\textperthousand}$, ${\delta}^{18}O$ ) is lighter than other type waters. These depleted isotopic values supposedly indicate that, considering the altitude effect of isotope in Korea, the recharge area of Na-${HCO_3}$ type water can be estimated to be relatively higher in elevation than those of Ca-${HCO_3}$ and Ca-Na-${HCO_3}$ type waters. Tritium contents close to zero are observed in the Na-${HCO_3}$ type water, confirming a long residence time and the possibility of a ${CO_2}$ inflow into the aquifer at great depth. These isotope data also show that the Ca-${HCO_3}$ type water has undergone mixing process with surface water during ascending at depth, whereas Na-${HCO_3}$ type water was less mixed with surface waters. The carbon isotope data (-8.8 to +0.8 ${\textperthousand}$ ${\delta}^{13}C$) indicate that dissolved carbon in the ${CO_2}$-rich waters was possibly derived from deep seated ${CO_2}$ gas. The high ${\delta}^{34}S$ values (up to 38.1${\textperthousand}$) of dissolved sulfates suggest that sulfate reduction by microbial activity had occurred at depth. Strontium isotopic data ($^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$) of ${CO_2}$-rich waters indicate that the chemistry of the ${CO_2}$-rich waters is determined by water-rock (granite) interaction.

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전자전용 광대역 평면형 능동위상배열 안테나 시스템 개발 (Development of Wide-Band Planar Active Array Antenna System for Electronic Warfare)

  • 김재덕;조상왕;최삼열;김두환;박희준;김동희;이왕용;김인선;이창훈
    • 한국전자파학회논문지
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    • 제30권6호
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    • pp.467-478
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    • 2019
  • 본 논문에서는 전자전용 재밍 송신기에 사용하기 위해서 개발된 광대역 평면형 능동위상배열 안테나 시스템의 설계 및 제작 그리고 측정 결과를 소개한다. 설계된 시스템은 $45^{\circ}$ slant 광대역 복사소자를 $8{\times}8$ 삼각 배열 구조로 배치하고, 광대역 GaN 반도체 고출력 증폭기와 GaAs 다기능집적회로(MFC)를 적용한 64개의 송신 채널을 구성하여 개발하였다. GaAs다기능집적회로는 광대역에서 빔 편이 현상을 피하기 위한 실시간 지연소자, 디지털 감쇠기 그리고 GaAs 구동증폭기를 포함하고 있어서 송신 빔 조향을 할 수 있으며, 시스템의 전자적 빔 조향 범위는 방위각/고각 방향으로 각각 ${\pm}45^{\circ}/{\pm}25^{\circ}$ 범위에서 가능하다. 개발된 시스템의 송신 빔 패턴 성능을 확인하기 위해 근접 전계 시험 시설을 이용하였다. 전자전용 송신 시스템 빔 패턴 측정 결과, 시스템의 유효방사출력은 목표성능(P) 대비 최대 9.8 dB 이상을 만족하였고, 방위각/고각 방향으로 각각 ${\pm}45^{\circ}/{\pm}25^{\circ}$ 빔 조향 결과 요구성능에 만족함을 확인하였다.

Effects of pH, $PCO_2$, and Adenosine on the Contractility of Pig Coronary Artery

  • Chang, Seok-Jong;Kim, Il-Seon;Jeon, Byeong-Hwa;Kim, Se-Hoon
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • 제26권1호
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    • pp.45-54
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    • 1992
  • Effects of pH, $PCO_2$, and adenosine on the vascular contractility were investigated in the pig coronary arteries. The helical strips of isolated coronary arteries were immersed in the HEPES or $HCO_3^-/CO_2$-buffered Tyrode's solution equilibrated with 100% $O_2\;or\;95%\;O_2-5%\;CO_2\;at\;35^{\circ}C$. The contraction was recorded isometrically using a force transducer. The amplitudes of contraction induced by ACh, high $K^+$, and electrical Held stimulation (EFS) were decreased by elevating extracellular pH (pHo) and were increased by lowering pHo. A shift from $0%\;CO_2\;to\;5%\;CO_2$ at constant pHo (pH 7.4) reduced the contractions induced by ACh, high $K^+$, EFS. However the contraction induced by 100mM $K^+$ was less influenced by the change of pHo or $CO_2$. The contraction induced by ACh in $Ca^{2+}$free Tyrode's solution as well as the contraction developed by the addition of extracellular of $Ca^{2+}$ were decreased by lowering pHo and were increased by elevating pHo. High $K^+$ (25mM) induced contraction at pH 6.8 was not returned to the level of the contraction at pH 7.4 by the elevation of extracellular. calcium $[Ca^{2+}]_o$. Adenosine-induced relaxation was more significant with 5% $CO_2$ than 0% $CO_2$ in the high $K^+$-induced contraction and was more significant with low pHo than high pHo in the contraction induced by EFS. From the above results, it is suggested that $H^+$ and $CO_2$ inhibit $Ca^{2+}$ influx as well as $Ca^{2+}$ release from intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ storage sites and enhance the relaxing effect of adenosine in the pig coronary artery.

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SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) 영상 분석도구 개발기술 동향 (Technology Trend in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imagery Analysis Tools)

  • 이강진;전성경;성석용;강기묵
    • 우주기술과 응용
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    • 제1권2호
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    • pp.268-281
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    • 2021
  • 합성 개구 레이다(SAR, synthetic aperture radar)는 주야간 및 기상 조건에 구애받지 않고 원하는 지점을 관측할 수 있다는 장점으로 인해 최근 그 수요가 점점 늘어나고 있다. SAR 위성으로 관측한 원시 데이터는 위성궤도보정, 방사보정, multi-looking, geocoding과 같은 전처리 과정이 필요하며, 사용자의 목적에 따라 물체 탐지, 변화탐지, DEM(Digital Elevation Model) 등 영상 활용을 하기 위해서는 추가적인 처리 과정이 요구된다. 이러한 전처리와 연산과정은 매우 복잡하며 많은 시간과 컴퓨팅 자원을 필요로 한다. 주로 SAR 영상을 활용하는 기관에서는 영상을 편리하고 쉽게 처리하기 위해 각 기관의 활용 목적에 맞는 분석도구를 개발하여 사용 및 외부 수요자들에게 제공하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내외에서 이용하고 있는 대표적인 SAR 분석도구들의 기능 및 특성에 대해 소개하고자 한다.