• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.51-70
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• 2023

The Personal Information Protection Commission has been promoting the adoption of co-regulation to replace/improve the existing self-regulation programs since 2022. While the Commission's co-regulation framework has received positive feedback for its contribution to address the regulatory issues, it has also faced criticism for being seen as "co-regulation in appearance only without any real differentiation from existing self-regulation." This study aims to examine the case of industry-specific co-regulation proposed by the Personal Information Protection Commission, with the objectives of 1) determining whether their approach can be categorized as a type of co-regulation with differentiation from the existing self-regulation programs, and 2) proposing improvements for successful regulation. The 'co-regulation' of the Commission can be classified as a form of co-regulation that differs with traditional self-regulation, as it involves government and private organizations collaborating to establish self regulatory codes reflecting industry-specific characteristics as well as provides interest groups with incentives to comply with the codes. The co-regulation framework is evaluated to some extent as successful, but there is still room for improvement in three major aspects. (1) When selecting the areas for co-regulation, a focus should be placed on areas where technological changes are rapid, and government regulations should be applied in areas where they are not. (2) It is necessary to enhance the expertise of regulatory agencies, and (3) ensuring the democratic nature of regulation, such as encouraging the participation of civil organizations, is necessary.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제63권
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• pp.159-184
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• 2014

Climate change is one of the biggest dangers facing all living creatures in the earth. It has been understood that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activity is the cause of climate change. Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) on 9 May, 1992, which entered into force on 21 March 1994. The European Commission first adopted a Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars in 1995. On 19 December 2007, the European Commission proposed "Proposal for Setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars to reduce CO2 emissions", which was adopted on 23 April 2009 as "Regulation (EC) No 443/2009". Prior to submitting the Proposal, the European Commission performed impact assessment and prepared impact assessment report which was reviewed by the Impact Assessment Board. The objective of this Regulation is to set emission performance standards for new passenger cars registered in the Community, which forms part of the Community's integrated approach to reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles while ensuring the proper functioning of the internal market. In the event that a manufacturer fails to meet its target, it will be required to pay an excess emissions premium in respect of each calendar year from 2012 onwards. On 11 March 2014, Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 was adopted. Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amends Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 to implement the modalities of meeting the 95g CO2/km target for new passenger cars to be reached in 2020. As industry benefits from indications of the regulatory regime that would apply beyond 2020, the Regulation includes a further review to take place by, at the latest, 31 December 2014.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2002

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the enzyme that controls no devo fatty acid biogynthesis, and this enzyme catalyzes the carboxylation pathway of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression was regulated by nutritional and hormonal status. The present study was performed to identify the regulation mechanism of ACC gene promoter I. The fragments of ACC promoter I -1.2-kb region wert recombined to pGL3-Basic vector with luciferase as a reporter gene. The primary hepatocytes from the rat were used to investigate the hormonal regulation of ACC promoter I activity. ACC PI (-1.2)/Luc plasmid was trtransferred into primary hepatocytes using lipofectin. Activity of luciferase was increased two-fold by 10-9M, three-fold by 10-8M, 10-6M, 3.5-fold by 10-6M, and 4.5-fold by 10-7M insulin treatment, respectively. In the presence of dexamethasone (1 $\mu$M), the effects of insulin increased about 1.5-fold, showing the additional effects of dexamethasone. Moreover, the activity of luciferase increased with insulin+dexamethasone, insulin+T3, dexamethasone+T3, and dexamethasone+insulin+T3 treatment approximately 6-, 4-, 6.5-, and 10-fold, respectively. Therefore it can be postulated that 1) these hormones coordinately regulate acetyl-CoA caroxylase gene expression via regulation of promoter activity, 2) the -1.2-kb region of ACC promoter I may have the response element sequences for insulin, dexamethasone, and T3.

• 에너지공학
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

세계적으로 기후변화에 대응하기 위한 탄소배출 규제가 강화됨에 따라 한국도 기후변화협약의 당사국으로서 강력한 이행을 권고 받고 있다. 특히 한국은 환경규제 강화에 대한 정부와 산업계, 국민의 이해관계가 복잡한 만큼 환경규제가 경제성장과 전력소비량, 이산화탄소 배출량 감축에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 관한 연구는 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 논문은 한국에 있어 환경규제와 경제성장, 전력소비량, 이산화탄소 배출량에 관한 인과관계를 실증분석하였다. 이를 위해 1987 ~ 2014년 동안의 시계열 자료를 바탕으로 단위근 검정, 공적분 검정, 벡터오차수정모형(VECM)을 통한 인과성 검정을 실시하였다. 분석의 결과, 환경규제는 전력소비량과 이산화탄소 배출량 간 양방향의 장기 및 강인과관계를 가지며, 전력소비량과 단기적으로 영향을 받는 반면, 경제성장에는 영향을 미치지 못하면서 일방적으로 장기 및 강인과관계로 영향을 받는 것으로 분석되었다. 경제성장은 장기적으로 전력소비량, 이산화탄소 배출량, 환경규제에 영향을 미치면서 단기적으로 전력소비량에 단방향의 인과관계를 보였고, 이산화탄소 배출량은 양방향의 인과관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과에 대응할 수 있는 정책적 시사점으로는, 환경규제가 이산화탄소 배출량 감축을 위한 기술혁신과 생산성 향상을 유발하여 경제성장에 기여할 수 있도록 하는 정책개발이 필요하다. 또한 국제 탄소배출 규제가 본격적으로 실행될 경우, 환경규제가 혁신을 통한 경제성장, 전력소비량에 따른 전원구성의 변화와 이산화탄소 배출량의 감축 등에 관련된 정책 간에 충돌을 일으키지 않고 시너지 효과를 창출하도록 하는 세심한 정책구상이 필요하다.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2017년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.27-27
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• 2017

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.230-238
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• 2015

The main purpose of this paper is to suggest opportunities for reducing $CO_2$ emission in energy conversion of a vehicle, focused on auxiliary energy improvement in the automotive field. As part of worldwide efforts to curb global warming and to protect the domestic industry as trade barriers, many countries have set goals to regulate greenhouse gas emissions. As an example, new $CO_2$ emission regulation in EU was expected to go into effect strictly in 2020. Therefore, global car-makers need to establish strategic responsiveness of the regulations. This paper shows $CO_2$ economic value by using the correct interpretation of the relevant laws and regulations. The $CO_2$ value analyzed using quantitative figures leads to the possibility of auxiliary(accessories, HVAC, electric apparatus etc.) technology for improving fuel economy. As a result, this study generalizes the meaning of electric power saving for each driving mode by auxiliary energy improvement.

• Educational Technology International
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.223-255
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to draw implications for designing online tools to support monitoring in collaborative learning. For this purpose, eighteen research papers that explored learner dashboards and group awareness tools were analyzed. The driving questions for this analysis related to the information and outcomes that must be monitored, whose performance they represent, and who monitors the extent of learning. The analytical frameworks used for this study included the following: three modes of co-regulation in terms of who regulates whose learning (self-regulation in collaborative learning, other regulation, and socially shared regulation) and four categories of dashboard information to determine which information is monitored (information about preparation, participation, interaction, and achievements). As a result, five design implications for learner dashboards that support monitoring were posited: a) Monitoring tools for collaborative learning should support multiple targets: the individual learner, peers, and the entire group; b) When supporting personal monitoring, information about the individual and peers should be displayed simultaneously to allow direct comparison; c) Information on collaborative learning achievements should be provided in terms of the content of knowledge acquired rather than test scores; d) In addition to information related to interaction between learners, the interaction between learners and learning materials can also be provided; and e) Presentation of the same information to individuals or groups should be variable.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제14권
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• pp.349-370
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• 2000

The environmental problems such as global climate change, global waming, ozone depletion, environmental pollution have been caused by the rapid economic growth, increasing in use of fossil fuels for industrialization and scientific technology development. Especially human activities are significantly altering the atomosphere's composition and its radiative properties. To Stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, the international community adopted the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and Kyoto protocol in 1997. Also to protect ozone layer the international community adopted the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985, and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. To achieve global environmental objectives, some multilateral environmental agreements includes trade regulation. For example, Montreal Protocol includes the provisions to regulate the world trade of the sudstances which might destroy ozone layer. However Kyoto Protocol has no provisions to regulate trade and is not in force yet. Although there is no trade regulation article in Kyoto Protocol, the international world trade will be influenced by limitation and reduction of CO2 and strengthening the CO2 emission standard for import good. For example Korean car industy agreed with EU to reduce CO2 emission from new passenger car and Korean Semiconductor industry agreed with WSC(World Semiconductor Council) to reduce PFCs in 1999.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2006

현재 대기중 $CO_2$ 농도를 감소시키기 위하여 $CO_2$를 해양에 격리 처리하고자 하는 방안이 모색되고 있으나 이러한 방안은 해양생물 및 생태계에 미치는 영향 정도에 따라 그 실현가능성이 결정될 것이다. 본 연구에서는 $CO_2$ 해양격리 처리와 관련하여 수행되어온 연구들을 정리하고, $CO_2$ 농도가 높아진 해양환경에서의 해양생물 특히 어류를 대상으로 수행된 최근의 연구결과를 정리하였다. $CO_2$ 농도의 증가는 어류에 있어 산염기조절, 호흡순환기적 조절 등과 같은 생리적 기능에 영향을 끼치고 결국 어류의 폐사를 초래할 것이다. $CO_2$가 해양생물에게 어떠한 영향을 미치는가에 대한 연구는 주로 천해어종을 대상으로 하여 진행되어 왔으나 향후의 연구는 천해어종에 대한 연구결과를 바탕으로 $CO_2$가 실제로 격리 처리되는 심해에서 $CO_2$에 대한 생물들의 응답에 관하여 조사할 필요가 있다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2017

본 연구는 간호 대학생을 대상으로 팀 학습 환경에서 개인의 심리적 임파워먼트가 과제성취도에 미치는 영향과 협력적 자기조절의 매개효과를 확인하기 위한 연구이다. 연구 대상자는 G광역시 4년제 대학에 재학 중인 243명의 간호대학생이었으며, 2017년 5월 23일부터 5월 30일까지 자료를 수집하였다. 자료는 SPSS 21.0을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation, Multiple regression으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 심리적 임파워먼트는 협력적 자기조절과 과제성취도, 협력적 자기조절은 과제성취도와 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 과제성취도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 협력적 자기조절, 심리적 임파워먼트, 협력과 조정 향상, 학년으로 나타났으며, 설명력은 57.2%이었다. 심리적 임파워먼트와 과제성 취도간의 관계에서 협력적 자기조절의 매개효과를 검정한 결과 부분 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 과제성 취도를 높이기 위한 간호교육 프로그램을 개발하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하였으며, 추후 과제성취도와 관련된 다양한 변수를 포함한 반복연구가 필요하다 하겠다.