• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.290-299
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• 2010

The bioactive effects of ethanol extracts from fly maggot (ME) on reduction of plasma lipids levels in rats fed high-fat diets (Expt. Ⅰ), and on liver function recovery of hepatotoxicity rats by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) or by orally administration of alcohol (Expt. II) were investigated. In expt. I, twenty seven, male rat SDS(sprague dawley strain) were randomly assigned to three treated groups, including normal control group, HF (group with high fat diets which have no extracts) and HFE (HF plus orally administered doses of ME extract at 5.0 mg/100g of body weight). In expt. II, forty five, male rats (SDS) were randomly assigned to each of the five groups: T1 (control), T2 (intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$), T3 (intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$ after orally administered with ME), T4 (orally administered with combination of ME and alcohol), T5 (orally administration of ME after orally administered with alcohol). There were significant decreases in plasma (TAG), (TC), (LDL-C) in the HFE group with orally administered doses of ME at 5.0 mg/100g of body weight, respectively, however, the (HDL-C) were significantly increased in HFE group as compared to HF group with high fat diets which have no extracts (p<0.05). The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transferse(${\gamma}$-GTP) and bilirubin were highest in T2 or T3, and high in order T4 or T5, and lowest in T1 except for bilirubin which has same with T4, T5 (p<0.05). The high recovery of liver damage by $CCl_4$ from the light microscopic appearance was observed in rats (T3) with extracts, and also high in T4 than T5 by orally administrated with alcohol. In conclusion, the ethanol extracts from fly maggot may have a bioactive effects to prevent for human lipids disorder and alcoholic disease.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.45-49
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• 1980

During the homolytic reactions of $CCl_4$ or $Cl_3CBr with ${\beta}-halo^1$-styrenes,$\beta$-haloradicals are key intermediates. They are to be stabilized via three pathways; $\beta$-cleavage, halogen transfer and telomerization. The three reaction paths are delicately controlled by the energetics of their formation and stabilization. When the formation of a $\beta$-haloradical is accompanied by considerable excess of energy from an exothermic reaction, $\beta$ -cleavage is often dominant over the halogen transfer. On the other hand, if the radical forms via a reversible reaction, two processes become competitive. $\beta$-Eliminated bromine atoms from ${\beta}$ -bromoradicals generate $Br_2$ via $Cl_3CBr + {\cdot}Br {\leftrightarrow} Br_2 + {CCl_3}{\cdot}{Br_2}$ may act as a better scavenger than Cl3CBr for the ${\beta}$-bromoradicals. Different reactivities of chlorine, bromine and trichloromethyl radicals towards olefinic pi-bond are clarified in terms of the beat content of the addition reactions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.118-122
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• 2003

Oxidative stress and its consequent lipid peroxidation exert harmful effects, which have been currently involved in the generation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced fibrosis(cirrhosis). In this study, it was investigated whether dried extract of 田螺(Concha Cipangopaludinae; CC) has liver functional improvement, antioxidative and antifibrotic effect in rats those were induced liver fibrosis by CCl₄ administration. The female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups(Normal, AC, AC-CC) and were observed in 6 weeks. Except for normal group, liver fibrosis(cirrhosis) in rats were developed by CCl₄ administration(0.8 ㎖/rat/week). And the rats were treated with prepared CC(p. o. 2 ㎖/day/rat). At the time of sacrifice, the liver, kidney and spleen were weighed and the ratio of organ weight/body weight was calculated. The MDA, hyp and biochemical parameters(AST, ALT, ALP, t-bili) were measured in sera and liver tissue of rats. The strong yellow color of urine was observed in all CCl₄-treated group compared with normal group, but jaundice didn't appear in CCl₄-treated group. The mortality of CCl₄-treated group is very low(<13%) during 6 weeks of observation time. The ratio of liver/body as well as the weight of liver in CCl₄-treated rats significantly increased compared with that in normal group(p<0.001). The level of clinical parameters in sera of all liver fibrosis(cirrhosis) developed rats were significantly higher than that of normal group(p<0.001-0.05). Especially the value of BUN, ALP, t-bilirubin in AC-CC group showed 20.9%, 19.6%, 47.9% lower than that in AC group. The content of hyp in CCl₄-treated rats was significantly higher than normal group(p<0.001～<0.05), and showed 12.2% lower value in the AC-CC group than AC group(p<0.05). The production of lipid peroxidation(MDA) in sera and liver tissue significantly increased under the fibrotic(cirrhotic) condition(p<0.001～<0.05). Especially the MDA value of AC-CC group in sera significantly 46.5% decreased compared with that of AC group(p<0.05), and the MDA value of AC-CC in liver tissue showed 21.4% lower than that of AC group. Concha Cipangopaludinae can be improved hepatic function, and maybe have effect of liver protection, antioxidation and antifibrosis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.267-276
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• 1990

To achieve a better understanding of antioxidant action manifested by malotilate, the dithiol malonates, we monitored the oxy radical-scavenging system against the chronic hepatic damage induced by $CCl_4$ alone or in combination with ethanol. Malotilate was given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day and $CCl_4$ 1.5 ml/kg was injected subcutaneously twice a week for 4 weeks. In each group receiving ethanol, drinking water was replaced by 20% aqueous solution or glucose, isocaloric amounts of ethanol, as a control of ethanol was diluted in its drinking water. Each rat was killed as a starved state at 18 hours after the period of the experiment, four weeks. The results were summarized as follows: 1) Malotilate inhibited the rate of generation of superoxide radicals, the accumulation of lipoperoxides, and promoted the synthesis of glutathione in the liver. 2) Malotilate stimulated the enhancement of activity of superoxide dismutase in hepatic mitochondria. 3) Malotilate had no effects on the hepatic $H_2O_2$ contents. 4) Malotilate showed the increase of catalase activity in the liver poisoned with $CCl_4$, and also gave a tendency to increase it in the liver intoxicated with ethanol. Thus, our data suggested that the activation of hepatic antioxidant system in the presence of malotilate would play a role in protecting liver against the toxic effects of oxy radical and/or lipid peroxides under the hepatotoxic conditions induced by $CCl_4$ with or without ethanol. However, the effects of malotilate against the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity appear to be insignificant.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2001

To investigate the effects of safflower seed supplementation diet on the hepatic injury of rats administered with carbon tetrachloride (CCI$_4$), histopathological changes were assessed following acute and chronic administration in rats. In acute cases, all rats in group fed with 10% safflower seed supplementation diet survived despite the administration of lethal doses of $CCl_4$. However, most rats in group fed with control diet died. The hepatic injuries of survived rats, in the histopathological findings, were mild compared to those of dead rats. In the chronic cases, livers of group 2 fed with control diet were more progressive in fatty changes and centrilobular necrosis than those of group 3 fed with 20%safflower seed diet. However, after six weeks, livers of group 2 and 3 showed severe necrosis and mild fibrosis at the same time. Group 5 fed with 10% safflower seed supplementation diet and water containing 0.05% phenobarbital sodium showed mild fatty changes and necrosis compared with group 4 fed with control diet and water containing 0.05% phenobarbital sodium at sixth week. At 8 to 10 wee71s after the administration of $CCl_4$, severe fibrosis. fatty changes and marked necrosis were observed in group 4, but hepatic injuries were less severe in group 5. The present results suggested that safflower seed has some protective effect in hepatic lesions and consequently delay the progression of hepatic fibrosis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 1998

Carbon tetrachloride (CCI$_4$) induces the hepatotoxicity due to the reactive free radicals generated by cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) enzyme, which result in destabilization of cellular membrane. Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocking agent, has been known to suppress the CYP-450 enzyme activities. To study the effect of diltiazem in $CCl_4$-treated rats, we measured the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), contents of bilirubin, albumin, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine malondialdehyde and calcium. Also we conducted liver histopathologic examinations. Diltiazem, when administered 1 hour prior to CCI$_4$ treaeent, significantly reduced the activities of ALT and AST, the contents of microsomal malondialdehyde and calcium in liver and microsome as compared with those of $CCl_4$-treated rats. In addition, histopathologic examination showed that diltiazem prevented the development of centrilobular necrosis induced by CCI$_4$ in liver tissue. Our results suggested that diltiazem could inhibit the formation of free radicals and the influx of calcium. Therefore diltiazem may be applied to suppress the liver damage caused by $CCl_4$.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.206-211
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Mori Folium and Crataegus pinnatifida leave extracts on liver damage induced by CC1$_4$ in rats. 30％ and 60％ methanol extracts of Mori Folium and Crataegus pinnatifida leaves were administered orally at the dose of 10 mg/kg on every day for 6 days and liver damage was induced by intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$ (0.4 ml/kg) on 6th day. 30％ Methanol extracts of Mori Folium treated group showed significant protective effect on hepatotoxicity with the lowest Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) and Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT). The low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels of 30％ methanol extracts of Mori Folium and Crataegus pinnatifida leave and 60％ methanol extracts of Mori Folium treated groups were significantly lower than normal group, respectively. In particular, LDL level of 30％ Mori Folium extracts treated group was significantly decreased compared to $CCl_4$ treated group. These results support that Mori Folium and Crataegus pinnatifida leave extracts are hepatoprotective effects against hepatotoxicity induced by $CCl_4$.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2011

The inhibitory effect of Chung-Jang-Hwan (C-mix) consisted of Geranium nepalense subsp. thunbergii, Saururus chinensis, and Rubus coreanus were investigated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitic mice by microarray analysis. Treatment with Cmix improved colitic symptoms, including colon shortening and myeloperoxidase activity. Treatment with DSS alone upregulated the expression levels of inflammation-related genes, including IL-$1\beta$, IL-6, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL24, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10, and other colitis-related genes such as COX-2, PAP, MMP family, S100a8, S100a9 and DEFA1 in mice. However, treatment with C-mix inhibited the expression levels of inflammation-associated genes induced by DSS. The increased expression levels of COX-2 and IL-$1\beta$, representative inflammatory genes, were confirmed by a quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction analysis. These results indicate that C-mix may ameliorate colitis by the inhibitory regulation of inflammation-associated genes.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 2004

Chlorinated and nitroaromatic compounds are non-degradable substances that are extremely toxic and are known to be carcinogens and mutation causing agents. Moreover, the half-lives of substances such as carbon tetrachloride, hexachloroethane and nitroaromatic compounds are several decades. In this study, the optimal conditions to detoxify chlorinated compounds by the reductive degradation were investigated. The following results were obtained in the reductive degradation of CCl$_4$, C$_2$Cl$\_$6/, C$_2$HCl$\_$5/, C$_2$Cl$_4$, and C$_2$HCl$\_$5/ by using Fe, FeS and FeS$_2$ as mediators. CCl$_4$ was reduced to CH$_2$Cl$_3$ and CH$_2$Cl$_2$in anaerobic conditions when FeS was used as a mediator. While the reduction of CCl$_4$ to CHCl$_3$ was rapidly proceeded, the reduction of CHCl$_3$ to CH$_2$Cl$_2$ was occurred slowly. Further reduction to CH$_3$Cl was not observed. Unlike CCl$_4$, C$_2$Cl$\_$6/ was degraded to C$_2$HCl$\_$5/, C$_2$Cl$_4$. C$_2$HCl$_3$ and cis-1,2-C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2$ by complicated pathways such as hydrogenolysis, dehalo-elimination and dehydrohalogenation. A small amount of C$_2$HCl$\_$5/ was detected only in the early stages of the reduction. However, majority of the C$_2$Cl$\_$6/ was reduced to C$_2$Cl$_4$. cis-1,2-C$_2$H$_2$C1$_2$ was the only product among other possible isomers.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2007

Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL-17), produced by keratinocytes, is a CC chemokine known to selectively Th2 type T cells via $CCR4^+$ and is implicated in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). TARC/CCL17 expression was induced by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$). We recently found that the wogonin, a flavone isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, suppressed TARC expression via heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) in human keratinocytes induced with mite antigen. However, little is known about the inhibitory mechanism of wogonin on TARC/CCL-17 expression stimulated with cytokines. To investigate the inhibitory mechanism, I determined the inhibitory effects of wogonin on the activation of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation, and also examined the activation of p38 MAP kainase in HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated with TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$. Wogonin inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$-DNA complex, NF-${\kappa}B$ binding activity, and the phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ in a dose dependent manner. Wogonin also inhibited the translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ from cytosol to nucleus. Moreover, the phosphorylation of of p38 MAP kinase in the TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes were suppressed by wogonin in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that wogonin may inhibit cytokine-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation by $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation via suppression of p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway in keratinocytes and modulation of wogonin signaling pathway may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.