• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.115-124
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• 2021

Background: With an increase in the number of breast cancer survivors, greater importance is attached to health-related quality of life, particularly pain and symptom control. This study aimed to identify the factors that are associated with pain in cancer patients based on the patterns of prescribing opioid, non-opioid, and adjuvant analgesics. Methods: This analysis included new patients who had developed breast cancer between 2003 and 2012. The degree of pain was analyzed based on the socio-demographic (age, income quintile, number of hospitalizations, and duration of disease), indicator (Body Mass Index; BMI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CCI, Cumulative Analgesic Consumption Score; CACS), operation (mastectomy, lymph node dissection), and therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy), as well as complication-related variable (lymphedema). Results: As for the patterns of prescribing analgesics by stages, non-opioid and opioid analgesics constituted 30.7 and 69.3%, respectively. The mean value and variance of CACS were 5.596 and 12.567, respectively. The factors that significantly affected the degree of pain were age (≥50; IRR: 1.848, 95% CI 1.564-2.184, p=0.000), income quintile (IRR: 0.964, 95% CI 0.938-0.991, p=0.008), BMI (≥ 25; IRR: 1.479, 95% CI 1.222-1.795, p=0.000), CCI (≥ 4; IRR: 1.649, 95% CI 1.344-2.036, p=0.000), and lymphedema (yes; IRR: 1.267, 95% CI 1.006-1.610, p=0.047). Conclusions: It is necessary to develop systematic and comprehensive pain control measures to improve the quality of life for breast cancer survivors, especially for those who are 50 years or older, lie in the lower-income quintile, have BMI of ≥25 and CCI score ≥ 4, or have lymphedema.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

The particle size of medicinal materials is an Important physical property that affects the phar-maceutical behaviors such as dissolution, chemical stability, and bioavailability of solid dosage forms. The size reduction of raw medicinal powder is needed to formulate insoluble drugs or slightly soluble medicines and to improve the pharmaceutical properties such as the solubility, the pharmaceutical mixing, and the dispersion. The objective of the present study is to evaluate physiological activity of amorphous and nano-particle prep-arations of insoluble drug, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which were made by three types of fine grinding mills. The change of physical properties of ground UDCA was conformed by Mastersiger microplus and X-ray diffraction. We have investigated hepatoprotective effects of the nano-particle preparations of UDCA by plan-etary mill, vibration rod mill and jet mill in $CCI_4$-induced oxidatively injured mouse liver. The results showed that nano-particle preparations of UDCA all decreased reactive oxygen sepecies generation and lipid peroxi-dation in $CCI_4$-induced oxidative stress mice. Among them, nano-particle preparations by vibration rod mill and jet mill showed more significantly hepatoprotective effects compared to intact UDCA and planetary mill-ground UDCA. These results suggest that ground UDCA with vibration rod mill and jet mill shows a high amorphous state and the improved dissolution.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.221-231
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• 1997

본 논문은 다중 m-분포 페이딩 환경에서 하이브리드 DS /SFH-CDMA MFSK의 성능을 분석하였다. MPI와 MUI를 고려하였고, 스펙트럼 효과는 단순 채널 부호화 시스템과 마찬가지로 부호화하지 않았을 때 평가하였다. 컨벌루션 부호화와 다중 CCl Canceller를 함께 사용하였을 때 BER을 개선시켰다. 비동기 하이브리드 시스템 BER은 가우시안 간섭의 근사치를 이용하여 얻었다. 결과적으로, 페이딩의 심도가 깊으면 깊을수록 오율 성능이 더욱 저하됨을 알 수 있었다. DS부분의 변조는 MPl에 방해하는 것이고. FH부분의 겸파는 MUI를 크게 한다. 채널 코딩의 형태들을 고려함으로써 검파전 코딩은 충분한비트에러 수행을하는데 필요함을 보여 준다. 본 결과는 DS /SFH-CDMA MFSK 통신 시스템은 AWGN과 MUI에 있는 PN코드 길이의 비율에 의하여 증가한다. m-분포의 페이딩 환경은 페이딩 지수에 의하여 용량성이 증가한다. CCl Canceller와 컨벌루션 부호화 기법을 각각 채용할 때 용량성은 증가되고 오율 성능은 향상된다. Canceller기법을 사용하지 않은 경우 PN코드의 길이 N=31일 때 $8\times10^{-2}$의 오율을 얻을 수 있었으나 Can celler기법을 사용한 경우 $4\times10^{-2}$의 오율에 도달할 수 있었다. 또한 부호화 기법을 이용하지 않았올 때에는 오율 이 10-2에도 미치지 못했지만 컨별루션 부호화의 부호율 $\gamma$=1/2인 경우 약 $10^{-5}$에 도달하는 것을 알 수 있다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.259-265
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of substance P (SP) in an animal model of neuropathic pain. An experimental model of neuropathic pain, the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, was established using ICR mice. An intravenous (i.v.) injection of SP (1 nmole/kg) was administered to the mice to examine the analgesic effects of systemic SP on neuropathic pain. Behavioral testing and immunostaining was performed following treatment of the CCI model with SP. SP attenuated mechanical allodynia in a time-dependent manner, beginning at 1 h following administration, peaking at 1 day post-injection, and decaying by 3 days post-injection. The second injection of SP also increased the threshold of mechanical allodynia, with the effects peaking on day 1 and decaying by day 3. A reduction in phospho-ERK and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) accompanied the attenuation of mechanical allodynia. We have shown for the first time that i.v. administration of substance P attenuated mechanical allodynia in the maintenance phase of neuropathic pain using von Frey's test, and simultaneously reduced levels of phospho-ERK and GFAP, which are representative biochemical markers of neuropathic pain. Importantly, glial cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (L4-L5) of SP-treated CCI mice, expressed the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, which was not seen in vehicle saline-treated mice. Thus, i.v. administration of substance P may be beneficial for improving the treatment of patients with neuropathic pain, since it decreases the activity of nociceptive factors and increases the expression of anti-nociceptive factors.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.270-277
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• 1993

It is well known that lipidperoxide, formed in vivo, induced the denaturation of enzyme and destruction of cell membrane to acute injury of tissue. Aralia elata have physiological activates, the improvement of lipid metabolism, antidiabetic activity etc., which was thought to have the relationship to lipid peroxidation. The anti-lipidperoxidative effect of Aralia elata have not yet established. In this study, we examined the anti-lipidperoxidative effects of Aralia elata (Butanol fraction) on CCI$_{4}$ induced lipidperoxidation in rats, and elucidated the anti-lipidperoxidative mechanism. In rat liver homogenate intoxicated with CCI$_{4}$ (0.5 ml/100g), BuOH fraction of Aralia elata (80 mg/Kg/day) exhibited 85.41% anti-lipidperoxidative effect but in serum 69.63% inhibitory effects, respectively. In mitochondrial and microsomal fraction showed inhibition of 55.85% and 69.30%, respectively. In order to elucidate the mechanism of anti-lipidperoxidation effects of Aralia elata, enzymatic (NADPH dependent) and non-enzymatic (Ascorbic acid catalyzed) reaction, in vitro, were performed. In enzymatic reation, Aralia elata exhibited 59.43% anti-lipidperoxidation effects, but in non-enzymatic reaction exhibited 43.27% inhibition. Therefore, it is noteworthy that antioxidative power of them may mainly results from the inhibition by enzymatic reaction.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제38B권4호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2013

이종 네트워크 환경에서 이종셀 간 간섭 제어를 위해 Almost Blank Subframes (ABS)이 제안 되었다. ABS에서는 서브프레임에 대한 자원 할당을 하지 않음으로써 동일 채널 간섭을 줄일 수 있다. 기존 연구에서는 ABS 기술의 성능 평가를 위한 수학적 모델링이 제안되지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 ABS 기술에 대한 수학적 모델을 제시하였다. 분석을 위한 가정에서 OFDMA 기반의 다중 반송파 (multi carrier) 시스템을 가정하였고, large-scale 페이딩을 가정하였다. 성능 평가로써 effective SINR에 대한 누적분포함수를 나타낸다. 시뮬레이션과 분석에 대한 결과 비교를 통해 수학적 모델에 대한 정확도를 보인다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.747-753
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• 1998

The phoisomerization process of symmetric carbocyanine dyes such as 3,3'-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DODCI), 3,3'-diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (DfDCI), 1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-dicarbocyanine iodide (DDI), 1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-carbocyanine iodide (DCI), and cryptocyanine (1,1'-diethyl-4,4'-carbocyanine) iodide (CCI) have been studied by measuring the steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectra and the ground-state recovery profiles. The steady-state fluorescence spectrum of photoisomer as a function of concentration and excitation wavelength provides the evidence that the fluorescence of photoisomer is formed by the radiative energy transfer from the normal form and the quantum yield for the formation of photoisomer is increased by decreasing the excitation wavelength. The fluorescence decay profiles have been measured by using the time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique, showing a strong dependence on the concentration and the detection wavelength, which is due to the formation of excited photoisomers produced either by the radiative energy transfer from the non-nal form or by absorbing the 590 nm laser pulse. We first report the fluorescence decay time of photoisomers for these cyanine dyes. The experimental results are explained by introducing the semiempirical calculations. The ground state recovery profiles of DTDCI, DDI, and CCI normal forms have been measured, showing that the recovery time from the singlet excited state is similar with the fluorescence decay time.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.506-519
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• 1999

DS-CDMA 시스템에서 다중접속간섭(MUl)을 제거하는 기법으로 adaptive array 안테나와 간섭제거기 (CCI canceller)가 고려되고 있다. 이들 기법은 사용자 수가 증가함에 따라 MUI 제거과정에서 각기 다른 문제점을 가지고 있다 따라서, 각 기법의 문제점을 보완하여 효과적으로 MUl를 제거할 수 있는 방안이 요구된다. 이에 대한 방안으로 adaptive array 안테나와 간섭제거기를 직렬로 접속하는 방식이 연구되고 있다. 직렬 접속 방식의 기존 연구에서는 2개의 간섭선호에 대한 MUl 제거 효과를 분석하였지만 사용자 수에 따른 정 량적인 BER 개선에 대한 해석은 고려하지 않았다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 DS-CDMA 시스템에 adaptive array 안테나와 간섭제거기를 직렬로 접속하는 수신 시스템을 도입하여 사용자 수에 따른 BER 개선 정도를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 성능 분석 방법으로 adaptive array 안테나만을 채용하는 경우와 직렬 접속하는 경우 를 고려하여 이론 해석과 시융레이션을 수행하고 이의 결과를 비교.분석하였다 결과에 의하면 adaptive a array 안테나만을 채용한 경우는 사용자 수와 간섭신호의 수선방향에 따라 MUI 제거과정에서 문제점이 발생 하였고 이러한 문제점을 직렬접속 방식으로 보완할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 직렬접속 방식을 사용 하여 효과적으로 MUI를 제거할 수 있었으며, 큰 BER 개선을 달성할 수 있었다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.487-497
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 2008년부터 2017년까지의 결핵환자의 결핵 종류, 환자 특성, 입원 및 질병관련 특성, 의료기관 특성에 따른 재원기간과 사망에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 한다. 질병관리청에서 제공하는 퇴원손상심층조사자료를 활용하였고, 제6차 한국표준질병사인분류(KCD)의 퇴원시 진단 코드가 결핵(A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, U88.0, U88.1, U84.30, U84.31)인 환자를 추출하여 총 10,634건을 최종 분석에 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 통계 프로그램 STATA 13.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, 교차분석(chi-square test), Fisher's exact test와 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과로 재원기간에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 폐결핵을 기준으로 폐외결핵, 복합결핵, 내성결핵일 때, 남자보다는 여자일 때, 연령이 높을수록, CCI(Charlson Comorbidity Index) 점수가 높을수록, 병원소재지 서울을 기준으로 광역시일 때 14일 이상 재원환자가 많았지만 외래경유, 병상규모가 작을수록 14일 이상 재원환자가 적었다. 그리고 사망에 영향을 미치는 요인은 폐결핵을 기준으로 폐외결핵, 내성결핵 일 때, 남자보다는 여자일 때, 연령이 높을수록, CCI 점수가 높을수록, 병원소재지가 서울을 기준으로 광역시, 도지역일 때 사망이 높았으나 거주지가 특별시일때 보다는 농촌, 외래경유 입원인 경우 사망이 낮았다. 결론으로 기존의 결핵관리가 조기발견에 따른 신속한 진단과 치료의 환자 관리였다면 앞으로는 장기재원과 치료결과 사망률이 높은 고위험군을 파악하고 이를 지원하는 제도를 위한 연구들이 추가적으로 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the difficulties and coping that advanced practice nurses (APNs) experience in home health nursing field. Methods: The participants were 12 APNs who had experience in home health nursing for over 5 years. Data were collected through two focus group interviews between August and September, 2017. The results were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. Results: Out of 10 sub-categories and 29 codes, 4 categories emerged: "crushed by the responsibilities as the only healthcare professional", "worn out by family who interfere with work", "anxiety about my safety being threatened" and "using self-learned know-hows". Conclusion: APNs face difficulties due to the environmental characteristics of the homes, the characteristics of chronically critically ill (CCI) patients and their families, and legal or systematical limitations when dealing with problems based on their personal competence. In order to ensure that professional nursing care is more readily provided to CCI patients through home health nursing services in local communities, it is imperative that support systems at the organizational and institutional levels be established in a systematic way to resolve the issues faced by APNs.