• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.105-118
• /
• 2007

In this paper, we first define a new kind of two-weight-$A_r^{{\lambda}_3}({\lambda}_1,{\lambda}_2,{\Omega})$-weight, and then prove the imbedding inequalities for $\mathcal{A}$-harmonic tensors. These results can be used to study the weighted norms of the homotopy operator T from the Banach space $L^p(D,{\bigwedge}^l)$ to the Sobolev space $W^{1,p}(D,{\bigwedge}^{l-1})$, $l=1,2,{\cdots},n$, and to establish the basic weighted $L^p$-estimates for $\mathcal{A}$-harmonic tensors.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.227-239
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare weight control behaviour, eating habits and health-related life habits according to the obesity degree by body fat percentage (%Fat) among middle-aged women. The subjects were 170 middle-aged women who lived Gunsan City, and they were assigned to one of the following groups based on their %Fat; normal weight group (18% - < 28%), overweight group (28% - < 33%) and obesity group (over 33%). The height, body weight, %Fat, the circumference of waist and hip of them were measured. Eating habits and health-related life habits were evaluated based on questionnaires. The results were as follows. Their weight, %Fat, body mass index (BMI), relative body weight (RBW), waist, hip, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly higher in the obesity subjects when compared to the normal and overweight subjects. Self-perception for weight (p < 0.001), desire for weight control (p < 0.01), and reasons of weight control (p < 0.05) were different among three groups. The main skipped meal was breakfast (67.9%), reasons of skipping meals were different among three groups (p < 0.05), and main reasons were "lose one's appetite" and "have not enough time". Food habits score for each food was not significantly different among three groups, but eating the meal on thinking with food combination in normal group was higher than overweight and obesity group (p < 0.01). Correlation coefficients of food habits score and anthropometric measurements were that salty of food was negative and food habits scores were positive correlation for anthropometric measurements and obesity index (p < 0.05 - p < 0.001). Frequency of exercise and fitting exercise for body were different among three groups (p < 0.05). Obesity group was lower frequency of exercise than the other groups. Regular diet was positive correlation with food combination (p < 0.01), taking fish (p < 0.05), taking vegetables (p < 0.01), taking bean products (p < 0.01) and food habits score (p < 0.01), frequency of eating out and snacks were negative correlation with taking fruits and fishes. Therefore, proper nutritional education for middle-aged women in obesity group is recommended regular diet, good food habits and exercise. The middle-aged women must decrease the frequency of eating out, snack and the salty foods, and increase the fruits and vegetables. They must have healthy life styles for exercise, smoking, and drinking.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.115-123
• /
• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the obesity index, body shape satisfaction and body shape esteem according to weight perception in elementary school students. Method: The data were collected by using a questionnaire and physical examination records. The subjects were comprised of 669 children, all 12-years old, obtained from five (5) different elementary schools located in Jechoen. Data were analyzed with frequency, percentages, Chi-square test, ANOVA using the SPSS program. Results: 12.5% of male students, 11.1% of female students perceived themselves obese. There were significant differences in obesity index according to weight perception in male students ($x^2$=140.47, p= .000), in female students ($x^2$=130.99, p= .000). The percentages corresponding to normal body weight were highest with students who thought themselves thin in male students and self-perceived normal in female students. But in female students, 23.3% of self-perceived thin students, 37.8% of students who thought themselves obese corresponded to normal body weight actually. There were significant differences in body shape satisfaction according to weight perception in male students($x^2$=140.47, p= .000), and in female students($x^2$=130.99, p= .000). The percentages of body shape satisfaction were highest with students who thought themselves normal in male students while and in female students, the students who thought themselves thin were highest. There were significant differences in body shape esteem according to weight perception for male students (F=17.67, p= .000), and in female students (F=13.95, p= .000). The mean scores of body shape esteem were highest with students who thought themselves normal in male students and thin in female students. The students who thought themselves obese were lowest. There were significant differences in weight perception according to father's body shape ($x^2$=13.72, p= .008) in male students and father's educational level ($x^2$=14.90, p= .021), mother's educational level ($x^2$=17.73, p= .007), mother's body shape ($x^2$=13.07, p= .011) in female students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.171-183
• /
• 1992

In this paper, the behaviour of cavitation erosion, influence of corrosion and corrosion control on slide bearing metals for internal combustion engine were investigated, and this experiment was done by the vibratory cavitation erosion tester. The main results obtained are as follows: 1. With decreasing the space between horn and specimen, the weight loss and its rate increased step by step. But the weight loss and its rate of 0.2mm space decreased conversely more than that of 0.4mm space at early stage. 2. The weight loss and its rate with change of pH were appeared to the order of pH2>pH12>pH7>pH4. And the weight loss and its rate at pH 4 decreased at best. 3. The weight loss and its rate by cavitation erosion for bearing metals were shown to the order of W.M7>W.M1>K.M4. 4. There appeared mainly small pit hole at pH2, and appeared the pit of netting thread type at pH12 by the results of the damaged surfaces at pH2 and pH12 environments that were sensitive to cavitation erosion. 5. With increasing the viscosity of lubricating oil, the weight loss rate by cavitation erosion became dull at the space below 0.5mm. 6. The protective efficiency of cavitation erosion-corrosion is superior inhibitor of chormate(25 ppm) to cathodic protection.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.60 no.4
• /
• pp.412-420
• /
• 2015

Even though phosphorus (P) is essential element for plant growth and development, it is not enough for crop production in soil. To breed more P deficient tolerance rice, screening and selection in rice population is needed. We tried to develop more simple and rough screening method for breeding of P deficient tolerance rice. In P deficient condition, tiller number was dramatically decreased among yield components in rice. Though this result, we confirmed tiller number could be the best marker in screening of P deficient tolerance rice. 480 rice genetic resources were cultivated in rice bed tray filled with P deficient soil for four weeks and each dry weight was measured. Among them, the 55 kinds of genetic resource were selected then cultivated in paddy field with 3 fertilizer conditions. Plant dry weight and tiller number in ripening stage were shown significant difference according to P condition. Plant dry weight and tiller number in ripening stage was highly correlated especially in P deficient condition. Furthermore, the tiller number in ripening stage and plant dry weight in rough screening were shown high degree correlation. Though these results, we might expect measuring of plant dry weight after cultivation in rice bed tray filled with P deficient soil could be a simple and effective screening method in selection of P deficient tolerance rice.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 2016

Consumers demand fresh and high-quality eggs. Egg quality may be represented by shell color, shell weight, egg weight, shell thickness, shell density, albumen height, yolk color, albumen pH and viscosity. Various factors such as strain, age of hen, storage temperature, humidity, the presence of $CO_2$ and storage time affect egg quality. Therefore, we investigated the effects of storage time and temperature on egg quality to define the freshness of Korean market eggs. A total of 1,800 eggs were used for this experiment and were separated into 45 treatments with 40 eggs in each. The treatments were consisted of 15 storage periods (2 d to 30 d) and 3 storage temperatures ($2^{\circ}C$, $12^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$). Each egg was weighed and broken, and the height of the thick albumen, Haugh units (HU), egg shell color and yolk color were measured by a QCM+system. We also observed the physiochemical properties of eggs such as yolk pH, albumen pH and albumen viscosity. The egg weight, shell weight, albumen height, HU and albumen viscosity significantly decreased with increasing storage time and temperature. However, the albumen and yolk pH significantly increased with increasing storage period and temperature. The interaction effects between the storage period and temperature were significant for shell weight, shell density, egg weight, albumen height, HU, yolk color, yolk pH, albumen pH and albumen viscosity. In the analysis of the correlation with egg quality, the storage temperature exhibited a higher correlation coefficient than the storage period. In conclusion, storage time and temperature are the major factors affecting egg quality, but the storage temperature is a more sensitive determinant of egg quality deterioration compared with the storage period.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.187-192
• /
• 2001

The repeatabilities on Yolk percentage and yolk to albumen (Y:A) ratio of the eggs produced consecutively were investigated. The differences between two yolk lines in major egg characteristics were also evaluated. The investigations using one hundred ISA-Brown layers were conducted at 29 wk, 33 wk, 38 wk, and 43 wk of age. At the initiated age (29 wk of age) of the experiments, the birds producing eggs with lower or higher Y:A ratio than the overall mean Y:A ratio were classified as Low Yolk Line (LYL) or High Yolk Line (HYL), respectively. Overall, the eggs of LYL were significantly (P<0.05) lighter in yolk weight and lower in yolk percentage for the whole egg weight and Y:A ratio, but heavier in egg weight, albumen weight, and shell weight than those of HYL. The overall mean correlations among the three consecutive laying days in Y:A ratio showed highly significant (P<0.001) in both lines. At four different ages, the mean phenotypic correlation coefficients (r$_{p}$) among the three consecutive laying days in Y:A ratio also had very high significant(P<0.01 ~ 0.001) positive values. The egg weight was more closely associated with albumen weight than with yolk weight in both yolk lines.s.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.791-799
• /
• 2011

This study examined the effect of restricting feed intake and the subsequent compensatory growth in Guzera females. Eighteen animals with an initial age of 21 months and a mean weight of 268.17 kg were placed in three groups according to the alimentary regime: feed ad libitum; feed restricted to 20% dry matter; and feed restricted to 40% dry matter. In the restricted feed phase, the dry mater intake decreased as the restriction levels increased, influencing the reduction in intake of other nutrients. In the realimentation phase, the 40% restricted feed group ingested more dry matter (% BW) and crude protein ($weight^{0.75}$) than the group fed ad libitum (p<0.001). The serum nutrient concentrations were inversely proportional (p<0.001) to the restriction level, and there was no difference (p>0.001) in the realimentation phase. In the restricted feed phase, the final live weight decreased (p<0.05) as the restriction level increased. For the daily mean weight gain in the control group, there was no difference (p>0.05) compared to the animals with 20% feed restriction, but this was higher than in the group with 40% feed restriction. In the re-alimentation phase, the group with 40% feed restriction achieved higher weight gain rates, which was different from the control and 20% restriction groups. In both phases, the animals in the group with 40% feed restriction presented better feed conversion which was different (p<0.05) from the control group. In the feed restriction phase, it was observed that the intake of N, nitrogen excreted in feces and urine, nitrogen balance and nitrogen retention decreased (p<0.05) with the restriction level. None of the variables were influenced in the re-alimentation phase. These results show that feed restriction by 40% can be adopted as a nutritional management practice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 1999

The effect of fat supplementation of high calcium (Ca) diets on the performance, intestinal pH, body composition and size and weight of organs in growing chickens were investigated in two experiments. Growing chickens tolerated a high dietary level of Ca (22.5 vs 12.1 g/kg) in the presence of 6.3 g/kg of available phosphorus without any significant effect on performance. Intestinal pH was significantly increased by the addition of excess Ca and fat which probably created the right pH for the formation of insoluble Ca soaps. Excess dietary Ca increased carcass linoleic acid concentration at the expense of palmitic and stearic acid contents, whilst the addition of sunflower oil (80 g/kg diet) to the diet increased carcass linoleic acid concentration at the expense of palmitic acid content of the carcass. Intestinal and visceral organ size and weight were not influenced by excess Ca or fat. However, there was a non significant increase in the intestinal dry weight per unit of length caused by excess dietary Ca. It was concluded that excess dietary Ca of 22.5 g/kg did not significantly influence the performance of meat chickens. However, excess Ca increased intestinal pH and altered carcass fatty acid composition. Fat supplementation did not alter intestinal pH with high Ca diets. Excess dietary fat altered carcass fatty acid composition and reduced protein content. Intestinal and visceral organ size and weights were not influenced by excess dietary levels of Ca of fat.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.196-200
• /
• 2004

The supra molecular weight poly(〔R〕-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PH B), having a molecular weight greater than 2 million Da, has recently been found to possess improved mechanical properties compared with the normal molecular weight PHB, which has a molecular weight of less than 1 million Da. However, applications for this PHB have been hampered due to the difficulty of its production. Reported here, is the development of a new metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strain and its fermentation for high level production of supra molecular weight PHB. Recombinant E. coli strains, harboring plasm ids of different copy numbers containing the Alcaligenes latus PHB biosynthesis genes, were cultured and the molecular weights of the accumulated PHB were compared. When the recombinant E. coli XL1-Blue, harboring a medium-copy-number pJC2 containing the A. latus PHB biosynthesis genes, was cultivated by fed-batch culture at pH 6.0, supra molecular weight PHB could be produced at up to 89.8 g/L with a productivity of 2.07 g PHB/L-h. The molecular weight of PHB obtained under these conditions was as high as 22 MDa, exceeding by an order of magnitude the molecular weight of PHB typically produced in Ralstonia eutropha or recombinant E. coli.