• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.187-203
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• 2008

This research focused on the internet addiction and family communication in adolescents. The subjects were the 394 middle school students living in Gwangju. Data were analyzed with Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Std, Cronbach's $\alpha$, T-test, one way ANOVA, Duncan's Test, Pearson's Correlation, and Multiple Regression using SPSS/PC WIN 14.0 program. The major findings were as follows: 1. Schoolboys internet addiction were higher than schoolgirls. Open communication was higher than median but problem communication was slightly lower than median. 2. The adolescents' internet addiction showed significant difference according to sex, parent's absence frequency, the level of living, parent's attitude about internet, the motive, the purpose, and the times required for internet. 3. Family communications showed significant difference according to internet addiction level. 4. Open communication was influenced by the level of living, parent's attitude about internet, the times required for internet and the level of internet-addiction and was explained about 19% by these variables. Problem communication was influenced by the level of internet addiction and the level of living and was explained about 14% by these variables.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.37.2-37.2
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• 2011

Our previous study on tiny pores (R < 2") observed by HINODE/Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) revealed that the plasma in the pores at the photosphere is always moving down and the pores are surrounded by the strong downward motions (highly red-shifted) of neighboring granulations. From this study, we speculated that the flow motions above the pore should be related with the motions at the photosphere, since the pore is strong magnetic field region. Meanwhile, SNU and KASI installed Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph (FISS) in the Cude room of the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope (NST) at Big Bear Solar Observatory. FISS is a unique system that can do imaging of H-alpha and Ca II 8542 band simultaneously, which is quite suitable for studying of dynamics of chromosphere. To get some clue on the relationship between the photospheric and low-chromospheric motions at the pore region, we took a coordinate observation with NST/FISS and Hinode/SOT for new emerging active region (AR11117) on October 26, 2010. In the observed region, we could find two tiny pores and two small magnetic islands (SMIs), which have similar magnetic flux with the pores but does not look dark. Magnetic flux density and Doppler velocities at the photosphere are estimated by applying the center-of-gravity (COG) method to the HINODE/spectropolarimeter (SP) data. The line-of-sight motions above the photosphere are determined by adopting the bisector method to the wing spectra of Ha and CaII 8542 lines. As results, we found the followings. (1) There are upflow motion on the pores and downflow motion on the SMIs. (2) Towards the CaII 8542 line center, upflow motion decrease and turn to downward motion in pores, while the speed of down flow motion increases in the SMIs. (3) There is oscillating motion above pores and the SMIs, and this motion keep its pattern along the height. (4) As height increase, there is a general tendency of the speed shift to downward on pores and the SMIs. This is more clearly seen on the other regions of stronger magnetic field. In this talk, we will present preliminary understanding of the coupling of pore dynamics between the photosphere and the low-chromosphere.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.6
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• pp.456-464
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• 2010

Background: Synergistic antitumor effects of the combined chemoimmunotherapy based on dendritic cells have been reported recently. The aim of this study is to search new applicability of gefitinib into the combination treatment through the confirmation of gefitinib effects on the monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs); most potent antigen presenting cell (APC). Methods: Immature and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cell (im, mMoDC)s were generated from peripheral blood monocyte (PBMC) in Opti-MEM culture medium supplemented with IL-4, GM-CSF and cocktail, consisting of TNF-${\alpha}$ (10 ng/mL), IL-$1{\beta}$ (10 ng/mL), IL-6 (1,000 U/mL) and $PGE_2$ ($1{\mu}/mL$). Various concentrations of gefitinib also added on day 6 to see the influence on immature and mature MoDCs. Immunophenotyping of DCs under the gefitinib was performed by using monoclonal antibodies (CD14, CD80, CD83, CD86, HLA-ABC, HLA-DR). Supernatant IL-12 production and apoptosis of DCs was evaluated. And MLR assay with $[^3H]$-thymidine uptake assay was done. Results: Expression of CD83, MHC I were decreased in mMoDCs and MHC I was decreased in imMoDCs under gefitinib. IL-12 production from mMoDCs was decreased under $10{\mu}M$ of gefitinib sinificantly. Differences of T cell proliferation capacity were not observed in each concentration of geftinib. Conclusion: In spite of decreased expressions of some dendritic cell surface molecules and IL-12 production under $10{\mu}M$ of gefitinib, significant negative influences of gefitinib in antigen presenting capacity and T cell stimulation were not observed.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2002

Aceclofenac, 2-[(2',6'-dichlorphenyl)amino]phenylacetoxiacetic acid, is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that belongs to the family of phenylacetic acids. It shows good tolerance and potent analgesic/antiinflammatory properties, and acts on cartilaginous chondriocytes, stimulating their repair mechanism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two aceclofenac products, $Airtal^{TM}$ tablet (Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co.) and $Acer^{TM}$ capsule (Kyungdong Pharmaceutical Co.), according to the guideliner of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The aceclofenac release from the two aceclofenac products in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method at pH 7.8 dissolution media. Sixteen normal male volunteers, $23.13\pm2.03$ years in age and $66.33\pm7.08$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\times2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet or capsule containing 100 mg of aceclofenac was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of aceclofenac in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of the two aceclofenac products were very similar at pH 7.8 dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_max$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two products were $6.50\%,\;-1.06\%\;and\;11.96\%$ respectively, when calculated against the $Airtal^{TM}$ tablet. The powers $(1-\beta)\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;were\;89.82\%\;and\;82.84\%$, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $(\Delta)\;at\;\alpha=0.05\;and\;1-\beta=0.8$ were less than $20\%\;(e.g.,\;17.51\%\;and\;19.30\%\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}$, ). The $90\%$ confidence intervals were within $\pm20\%\;(e.g.,\;-3.73\%\sim16.73\%\;and\;-12.34\%\sim10.22\%\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max},\;respectively)$. Two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Acer^{TM}$ capsule is bioequivalent to $Airtal^{TM}$ tablet.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.97-119
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to find out the actor effect and the partner effect in relation to spousal support, job support, work-family spillover, and work-life balance in dual-earner couples. The subjects of this study were 176 dual-earner couple, whose youngest children are under the age of 16 and who work over 15 hours each week. The research tool was a questionnaires. Factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, correlation analysis, and APIM were performed for the data analysis. The main results of this study as follows. First, for both wives and husbands, perceived spousal support had a positive actor effect on work-life balance. However, perceived husband's spouse support for wife's support had positive partner effect on the wife's work-life balance, the wife's perceived spousal support for her husband' did not have a partner actor effect on the husband's work-life balance. Second, for both wives and husbands, job support had a positive actor effect on work-life balance. In addition, the wife's job support had a positive partner effect on the husband's work-life balance, however, the husband's job support did not have a partner actor effect on the wife's work-life balance. Third, for both wives and husbands, work-family conflict had a negative actor effect on work-life balance. In addition, the wife's work-family conflict had a negative partner effect on the husband's work-life balance, however, the husband's work-family conflict did not have a partner actor effect on the wife's work-life balance. Fourth, for both wives and husbands, work-family enrichment had a positive actor effect on work-life balance. In addition, the husband's work-family enrichment had a positive partner effect on the wife's work-life balance, however, the wife's work-family enrichment did not have a partner actor effect on the husband's work-life balance.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 1999

This paper describes an EEG(electroencephalogram) software for two-channel cerebral function monitoring system to detect the cerebral ischemia. In the software, two-channel bipolar analog EEG signals are digitized and from the signals various EEG parameters are extracted and displayed on a monitor in real-time. Digitized EEG signal is transformed by FFT(Fast Fourier transform) and represented as CSA(compressed spectral array) and DSA(density spectral array). Additional 5 parameters, such as alpha ratio, percent delta, spectral edge frequency, total power, and difference in total power, are estimated using the FFT spectra. All of these are effectively merged in a monitor and displayed in real-time. Through animal experiments and clinical trials on men, the software is modified and enhanced. Since the software provides raw EEG, CSA, DSA, simultaneously with additional 5 parameters in a monitor, it is possible to observe patients multilaterally. For easy comparison of patient's status, reference patterns of CSA, DSA can be captured and displayed on top of the monitor. And user can mark events of surgical operation and patient's conditions on the software, this allow him jump to the points of events directly, when reviewing the recorded EEG file afterwards. Other functions, such as forward/backward jump, gain control, file management are equipped and these are operated by simple mouse click. Clinical tests in a university hospital show that the software responds accurately according to the conditions of patients and medical doctors can use the software easily.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 1999

Bioequivalence study of two cefpodoxime preparations, the test drug ($Banan^{\circledR}$: Hanil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and the reference drug ($Podox^{\circledR}$: Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), was conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Sixteen healthy male volunteers, $23.8{\pm}2.13$ years old and $63.34{\pm}4.84kg$ of body weight in average, were divided randomly into two groups and administered the drug orally at the dose of 200 mg as cefpodoxime proxetil in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. Plasma concentrations of cefpodoxime were analysed by HPLC method for 12 hr after administration. The $AUC_{0-12hr}$ was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. The $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$ were compiled directly from the plasma drug concentration-time data. Student's t-test indicated no significant differences between the formulations in these parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there were no differences in AUC, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$ between the formulations. The apparent differences between the formulations were far less than 20% (e.g., 4.31, 1.99 and 4.30% for AUC, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$, respectively). Minimum detectable differences (%) between the formulations at ${\alpha}=\;0.05$ and $1-{\beta}=\;0.8$ were less than 20% (e.g., 13.89, 13.88, and 16.97% for AUC, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals for these parameters were also within ${\times}20%$ (e.g., $-5,58{\sim}14.20$, $-7.89{\sim}11.88$, and $-7.78{\sim}16.38%$ for AUC, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$, respectively). These results satisfied the bioequivalence criteria of KFDA guidelines, indicating that the two formulations of cefpodoxime were bioequivalent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.233-237
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• 1999

Aromatherapy는 향을 이용하여 생리적 및 심리적 효과를 나타내는 치료법이다. 향의 종류에 따라 여러 효과들이 나타나고 있는데 본 연구에서는 이완 유도향 제품을 개발하기 위해 자율신경계로부터의 신호인 Galvanic skin resistance(GSR), 피부온도, 심박수 등과 뇌파에서의 변화를 측정하여 이완의 정도를 측정하고자 하였다. 실험방법은 4 종류의 aromatherapy용으로 조제된 복합향(#2033, #2026, #11, #13)을 이용하고 피검자는 후각기능이 정상이며 물리적 및 심리적 stress가 없고, 음주, 담배를 3일전까지 경험이 없는 군을 택하였다. 향을 주는 시간은 1분으로 하였으며 순서에 의한 효과를 없애기 위해 4 종류를 random order에 의해 실시하였다. 대조군으로는 증류수를 이용하여 실험 전, 실험 중, 실험 후에서 각각 측정하였으며 또한 각성효과가 좋은 jasmine과 이완 효과를 보이는 lavender를 같은 protocol로 시행하여 이완의 효과를 비교하였다. 뇌파는 FFT분석에 따라 각 주파수 영역 즉 beta, alpha, theta, delta로 나누어 분석하였다. Jasmine과 lavender의 이완 효과에서는 GSR의 변화와 HRV의 변화를 보고한 바 있다(백,1998). 또한 심리불안 효과와 향 이미지 검사를 동시에 시행하여 주관적지표로 삼았다. 실험 결과에서는 이러한 4 종류의 향은 모두 GSR의 현저한 감소 효과를 보였으며, 심박수와 피부온도의 감소경향을 나타내었다. 자율신경계 반응에 따라 4 종류 향의 이완 효과의 순서를 결정할 수 있었다. 주관적 검사와의 상관관계도 잘 나타났으며 이미지는 이완 정도와 섬세하다 항목이 잘 반영되었다. 뇌파의 변화에서는 의미 있는 변화는 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로 relaxation 효과는 GSR를 비롯한 자율신경계지표에서 잘 반영되었다.^2$=.792가 되었다. 설명되는 누적분산값은 67.18%였다.주관적 평가의 결과와 객관적 평가 결과를 이용해 마직물의 태를 평가하는 산출식을 제시하였다. 태 평가치의 경우 16가지 특성치를 모두 넣는 방법과 stepwise 방법, 또 Kawabatark 사용한 순차적 군 회귀법의 세가지 방법의 회귀식 중 16가지 특성치를 모두 넣는 방법의 결정계수가 가장 높았다.tosterone농도는 107.7$\pm$12.0 pmol／l이었고, 남성의 타액내 농도는 274.2$\pm$22.1 pmol／l이었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 본 연구에서 정립된 EIA 방법은 RIA를 대신하여 소규모의 실험실에서도 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사려된다.또한 상실기 이후 배아에서 합성되며, 발생시기에 따라 그 영향이 다르고 팽창과 부화에 관여하는 것으로 사료된다. 더욱이, 조선의 ${\ulcorner}$구성교육${\lrcorner}$이 조선총독부의 관리하에서 실행되었다는 것을, 당시의 사범학교를 중심으로 한 교육조직을 기술한 문헌에 의해 규명시켰다.nd of letter design which represents -natural objects and was popular at the time of Yukjo Dynasty, and there are some documents of that period left both in Japan and Korea. "Hyojedo" in Korea is supposed to have been influenced by the letter design. Asite- is also considered to have been "Japanese Letter Jobcheso." Therefore, the purpose of this study is to look in

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 1981

Using the milled, blast infected leaves (BIL) as an inoculum source on the screening for the resistance to blast of rice plant was a simple and useful technique. The temperature with high (25^\circ C\sim 35^\circ C) and low (15^\circ C\sim 28^\circ C) and the water stressed or not, was conditioned of to the inoculation with the BIL to the test varieties in seedling stage. In low temperature, most of the varieties were more infected with blast, however the Indica-Japonica hybrids were more infected in high temperature conditions. The water stressed was more infected with blast than the not stressed. The interaction of variety with water stress was not so much as that of variety with temperature. Resistant reaction to blast (BIL) was not affected by the temperature and water stress, but the moderately resistant or susceptible one was much affected by them. Inoculum of BIL was virulent to the newly bred Indica-Japonica hybrid cultivars such as Tongil, Nopung, etc, but not virulent to the Japonica cultivars such as Nongbaek, Jinheung, etc. The discrete, mixed or variable lesions were observed mainly in the moderately resistant or susceptible cultivars such as Kanto 51, Yashiromochi, Ishikari-shiroke, etc.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.257-266
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• 2000

산업 및 가정용 기기들이 점차 복잡해짐에 따라 다양한 공학 분야의 해석 기술을 동시에 고려하면서 이들 원리를 적용한 최적의 설계를 결정하는 방법론의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 다분야통합최적설계 또는 MDO(Multidisciplinary Design Optimization)라 일컫는 새로운 기술은 이러한 필요에 대응하는 기술로서 국내외적으로 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이러한 MDO 기술을 구현하는 소프트웨어와 하드웨어 복합 체계를 MDO 프레임웍(framework)이라 한다. 일반적으로 프레임웍이란 실제 응용프로그램의 용도에 맞는 주문제작(customization)이 가능한 일종의 전단계 프로그램이라 할 수 있다 MDO 프레임웍은 설계 및 해석 도구들간의 인터페이스를 제공하고, 이들 도구들이 사용하는 설계 데이터를 효율적으로 공유할 수 있도록 지원하여, 설계 작업을 정의, 실행, 관리하는 역할을 한다. 이러한 MDO 프레임웍은 설계 작업을 통합적으로 관리하고 자동화하여 설계 도구간의 데이터 전달과 변환에 소묘되는 설계자의 부담을 경감시키며 다분야 전문가가 참여하는 공통 작업 환경을 제공함으로써 설계 효율성을 증진시킨다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 효용을 달성하기 위한 MDO 프레임웍(framework)을 제시하고 프레임웍 설계의 논리적 근저와 타당성을 밝힌다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 다분야 통합 최적화를 위한 분산형 지능 시스템인 DisMDO는 사용자가 GUI를 동해서 편리하게 다분야통합최적화 문제를 해결할 수 있도록 지원하며, 제공되는 스크립트 언어를 동해서도 이를 정의할 수 있도록 지원하여 일괄처리도 가능하도록 한다. 또한, 집중화된 데이터베이스를 관리하여 다분야 전문가들이 공통의 데이터를 안전하게 공유할 수 있도록 지원하며, 외부에서 제공되는 해석 도구나 최적화 모듈을 손쉽게 프레임웍에 통합시킬 수 있도록 하는 인터페이스 제작기(factory) 기능을 제공한다.ackscattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, secondary electron microscopy, atomic force microscoy, $\alpha$-step, Raman scattering spectroscopu, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 및 micro hardness tester를 이용하여 기판 bias 전압이 DLC 박막의 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 분석결과 본 연구에서 제작된 DLC 박막은 탄소와 수소만으로 구성되어 있으며, 비정질 상태임을 알 수 있었다. 기판 bias 전압의 증가에 따라 박막의 두께가 감소됨을 알 수 있었고, -150V에서는 박막이 거의 만들어지지 않았으며, -200V에서는 기판 표면이 식각되었다. 이것은 기판 bias 전압과 ECR 플라즈마에 의한 이온충돌 효과 때문으로 판단되며, 150V 이하에서는 증착되는 양보다 re-sputtering 되는 양이 더 많을 것으로 생각된다. 기판 bias 전압을 증가시킬수록 플라즈마에 의한 이온충돌 현상이 두드러져 탄소와 결합하고 있던 수소원자들이 떨어져 나가는 탈수소화 (dehydrogenation) 현상을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이것은 C-H 결합에너지가 C-C 결합이나 C=C 결합보다 약하여 수소 원자가 비교적 해리가 잘되므로 이러한 현상이 일어난다고 판단된다. 결합이 끊어진 탄소 원자들은 다른 탄소원자들과 결합하여 3차원적 cross-link를 형성시켜 나가면서 내부 압축응력을 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있으며, hardness 시험 결과로 이것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 표면거칠기는 기판 bias 전압을 증가시킬수록 더 smooth 해짐을 확인하였다.인하였다.을 알 수 있었다. 즉 계면에서의 반응에 의해 편석되는 Ga에 의해 박막의 strain이 이완되면, pinhole 등의 박막결함