• 대한본초학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was undertaken to verify the modulation mechanism of Gyeongshingangjeehwan18 (GGEx18) in ob/ob male mice. Methods : Eight-week old mice (wild-type C57BL/6J and ob/ob) were used for all experiments. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were used as lean control and obese ob/ob mice were randomly divided into 5 groups : obese control, GGEx15 (Ephedra sinica Stapf + Rheum palmatum L.), GGEx16 (Ephedra sinica Stapf + Laminaria japonica Aresch), GGEx17 (Rheum palmatum L. + Laminaria japonica Aresch), and GGEx18 (Ephedra sinica Stapf + Laminaria japonica Aresch + Rheum palmatum L.). After mice were treated with several kinds of GGEx for 11 weeks, the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) target genes and uncoupling protein (UCP) were measured. In addition, $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\beta}$ transactivation was examined in NMu2Li hepatocytes, C2C12 myocytes, and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using transient transfection assays. Results : 1. Hepatic $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes, such as ACOX and VLCAD mRNA levels were significantly increased by GGEx18 compared with obese controls. In skeletal muscle, LCAD mRNA expression was stimulated by GGEx16, GGEx17, and GGEx18, whereas MCAD mRNA expression by GGEx17 and GGEx18. $PPAR{\beta}$ target LPL mRNA levels were also increased by GGEx16, GGEx17, and GGEx18 in skeletal muscle, but adipose LPL mRNA levels were decreased. In addition, GGEx18 upregulated UCP mRNA expression in skeletal muslce. 2. $PPAR{\alpha}$ reporter gene expression was increased by GGEx18 in NMu2Li cells compared with vehicle. $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\beta}$ reporter activities were also increased by all GGEx treatments in C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that GGEx can act as $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\beta}$ activators, and that GGEx may regulate obesity by stimulating $PPAR{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\beta}$, and UCP activity. Of the 4 compositions, GGEx18 seems to be most effective in improving obesity and lipid disorders.

• BMB Reports
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.530-534
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• 1996

Astrocyte are the major glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), and analogous to macrophage, mediates the number of immune responses such as production of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) upon activation. $TNF-{\alpha}$ has been implicated in neuroimmunological disorders through killing oligodendrocytes and thus causing demyelination. It has been previously demonstrated that mitogen-activated T cells synthesized a 26 kDa precursor form of $TNF-{\alpha}$ which is bound to the surface of a membrane, and is later secreted as a 17 kDa mature version. In order to examine whether astrocytes would produce the transmembrane form of $TNF-{\alpha}$, astrocytes were stimulated with biological stimuli and the membrane form of $TNF-{\alpha}$ was analyzed by Western blot and FACS analysis. When astrocytes are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), $IFN-{\gamma}/LPS$, or $IFN-{\gamma}/IL-1{\beta}$, they were able to express a membrane-anchored $TNF-{\alpha}$ of approximately 26 kDa protein which was immunoreactive to an $anti-TNF-{\alpha}$ antibody, whereas unstimulated astrocytes or astrocytes treated with $IFN-{\gamma}$ or $IL-1{\beta}$ alone was not. Our FACS data were also consistent with the immunoblot analysis. Our result suggests that the membrane form of $TNF-{\alpha}$ expressed by activated astrocytes may cause local damage to oligodendrocytes by direct cell-cell contact and contribute to demyelination observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE).

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of Coptidis Rhizoma (CCE-extract of C. chinensis Rhizome) in induction of immune protein on mouse macrophages. Methods : To analyze cytokines interleukin(IL)-$1{\alpha}$, IL-3, IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-17, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein(MCP)-1 induced by macrophages, mouse macrophages were incubated with CCE and was measured. Results : IL-$1{\alpha}$ measurement, CCE showed significant inhibition only at concentration level of 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. IL-3, MCP-1 measurement, CCE showed significant inhibition only at concentration level of 100, 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. IL-9 measurement, CCE showed significant inhibition only at concentration level of 50 ${\mu}g/mL$. IL-13 measurement, CCE showed significant inhibition only at concentration level of 50, 100, 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. The IL-12p40, IL-17 levels indicated no changes at 25, 50, 100, 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ on mouse macrophages. Conclusions : CCE did not significantly increased inflammatory cytokines IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-3, IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-17, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein(MCP)-1 on mouse macrophages. It was verified CCE does not trigger cytokine related hypersensitivity reaction of organism or exacerbation of acute/chronic inflammatory disease.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.958-962
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• 2001

The chiral amine auxiliary mediated stereoselective alkylation reactions of glycinamides 1-6 and 15-17 using phase transfer catalyst (PTC) for liquid-solid extraction are described. The secondary N-(diphenylmethylene) glycinamides 1, 2 and 3 give better selectivities and yields than tertiary N-(diphenylmethylene) glycinamides 4, 5 and 6. Alkylation of the glycinamide 1 and 2 using 18-Crown-6 as a PTC in toluene at $-40^{\circ}C$ gives best selectivities and yields. Alkylations of N-(4-chlorophenylmethylene)glycinamides 15, 16 and 17 under same PTC conditions give $\alpha$, $\alpha-disubstituted$ amino acid derivatives 18, 19 and 20 with low diastereoselectivities.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 1983

$PGE_2$ 및 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$가 용혈 및 적혈구막 절편에서 $Ca^{++}$ 결합에 미치는 영향을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$는 $PGE_2$와 같이 적혈구막 삼투성 취약성을 증가시키는데 대조군에서는 NaCl농도 1/18 M 용액에서 완전히 용혈되었으나 $PGE_2$ 및 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 가 $10^{11}M$ 이상 포함될 경우 NaCl농도 $1/16{\sim}1/17\;M$ 에서 100 % 용혈이 일어났다. 2) 동일한 적혈구 부유액을 사용할 때 NaCl농도 1/15 M 용액에서 대조군은 $44.2{\pm}4.3%$가 용혈되나 $PGE_2$ 및 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$가 $10^{11}M$농도로 포함되었을 때 용혈은 각기 $73.6{\pm}8.4%$ 및 $68.7{\pm}6.4%$로 대조군에 비하여 의의있게 증가하였으며 그 이상의 농도에서는 더 이상 증가를 보이지 않았다. 3) $PGE_2$ 및 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$에 의해 증가된 용혈은 어느 $Ca^{++}$농도에서도 대조군보다 항상 일정한 정도로 증가되어 있다. 4) 적혈구막 절편에서의 $Ca^{++}$결합은 대조군이나 $PGE_2$ 및 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$처치군 모두 incubation용액내 $Ca^{++}$농도가 증가함에 따라 곡선적으로 증가하여 $Ca^{++}$농도 5 mM에서 포화된다. 그러나 같은 농도의 $Ca^{++}$에서 비교할 때 적혈구막의 $Ca^{++}$결합은 $PGE_2$ 및 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 존재시 대조군에 비하여 의의있게 증가되었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 $PGE_2$ 및 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$가 적혈구막의 삼투성 취약성을 증가시키는 기전은 $Ca^{++}$과는 독립적으로 작용함을 알 수 있다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.989-997
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• 1994

본 연구에서는 활성슬러지 하수처리장 포기조내 산소전달 특성 즉, ${\alpha}$와 ${\beta}$를 효율적으로 산정할 수 있는 측정 빛 추정방법을 개발하였다. 동일한 운영조건하에서 원통형 회분식 포기조 2 대를 제작 운영하여 상수와 포기조에서 채취한 혼합용액을 대상으로 동시에 unsteady state batch test를 수행하였고, 이와 동시에 호기성 미생물의 호흡으로 인한 용존산소 소모율도 추정하여 궁극적으로 ${\alpha}$와 ${\beta}$를 산정하였다. 연구대상 하수처리장의 경우에 합성호흡에 의한 용존산소 소모율은 평균 약 $17.96mg/(l{\cdot}hr)$이었고, 내생호흡에 의한 용존산소 소모율은 평균 약 $12.29mg/(l{\cdot}hr)$이었다. 아울러 ${\alpha}$는 0.65~0.95의 범위이었고, ${\beta}$는 0.88~0.93의 범위이었다. 이 값들은 통상적인 ${\alpha}$와 ${\beta}$의 범위이었고, 본 연구에서 개발된 측정 및 추정방법 또한 비교적 단순하고 용이하여 현장에서 산소전달 특성을 규명하는데 활용할 수 있으리라고 판단된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.2637-2641
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• 2016

Tumor necrosis factor ($TNF-{\alpha}$), an inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, has previously been used in anti-cancer therapy. However, the therapeutic applications of $TNF-{\alpha}$ are largely limited due to its general toxicity and anti-apoptotic influence. To overcome this problem, the present study focused on the effect of active constituents isolated from a medicinal plant on $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells. Nimbolide from Azadirachta indica was evaluated for cytotoxicity by methyl tetrazolium 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and phase contrast microscopy. Effects on apoptotic signaling proteins were investigated using Western blot analysis. Nimbolide showed cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells that was significantly different from the control group (p<0.01), a concentration of $10{\mu}M$ significantly inducing cell death (p<0.01). In combination with $TNF-{\alpha}$, nimbolide significantly enhanced-induced cell death. In apoptotic pathway, nimbolide activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (Bid) and up-regulated the death receptor 5 (DR5) level. In the combination group, nimbolide markedly sensitized $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced JNK, Bid, caspase-3 activation and the up-regulation of DR5. Our findings overall indicate that nimbolide may enhance $TNF-{\alpha}$-mediated cellular proliferation inhibition through increasing cell apoptosis of HT-29 cells by up-reglation of DR5 expression via the JNK pathway.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.311-315
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• 2017

화살나무 가지로부터 activity based fractionation에 의해 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 저해 활성 물질 compound 1-4을 분리하였고, $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, $^1H-^1H$ COSY와 HMBC 등의 spectral data에 의해 구조를 결정하였다. Compound 1-4는 모두 flavonol 물질로 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase에 대해 $IC_{50}$ 값이 각각 25.3, 17.1, 47.3과 $35.1{\mu}M$로 positive control로 사용한 acarbose 보다 강한 활성을 나타내었다. 화살나무의 혈당 저하 기능의 유효성분으로 처음 동정된 Compound 1-4는 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase에만 특이적 활성을 갖는 물질로 당뇨병 치료제로의 개발 가능성이 높은 물질로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7425-7432
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• 2014

Aim: To investigate the expression of protein kinase $CK2{\alpha}$ ($CK2{\alpha}$) in human thyroid disease and its relationship with thyroid cancer metastasis. Materials and Methods: Using immunohistochemistry we measured the expression of $CK2{\alpha}$ in 76 benign and malignant human thyroid cancer tissues, including 10 pairs of papillary carcinoma tissues with or without lymph node cancerous metastasis and similarly 10 pairs of lymph nodes. Results: The expression of $CK2{\alpha}$ was found to be higher in thyroid carcinoma cases (papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and medullary carcinoma) than in ones such as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, nodular goiter and adenoma. These findings were also confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. More strikingly, elevated expression of $CK2{\alpha}$ in thyroid papillary carcinoma tissues was not only significantly associated with lymph node cancerous metastasis and clinical stage of thyroid cancers; but also correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and high tenascin C (TNC) expression. In addition, EMT and high TNC expression in thyroid carcinoma tissues was significantly associated with lymph node cancerous metastasis. Conclusions: Elevated expression of nuclear $CK2{\alpha}$ is a poor prognosis indicator in lymph node cancerous metastasis of human thyroid cancers.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.34-37
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• 2015

Developing Magnetoencephalography (MEG) based on Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) facilitates to observe the human brain functions in non-invasively and high temporal and high spatial resolution. By using this MEG, we studied alpha rhythm (8-13 Hz) that is one of the most predominant spontaneous rhythm in human brain. The 8-13 Hz rhythm is observed in several sensory region in the brain. In visual related region of occipital, we call to alpha rhythm, and auditory related region of temporal call to tau rhythm, sensorimotor related region of parietal call to mu rhythm. These rhythms are decreased in task related region and increased in task irrelevant regions. This means that these rhythms play a pivotal role of inhibition in task irrelevant region. It may be helpful to attention to the task. In several literature about the alpha-band inhibition in multi-sensory modality experiment, they observed this effect in the occipital and somatosensory region. In this study, we hypothesized that we can also observe the alpha-band inhibition in the auditory cortex, mediated by the tau rhythm. Before that, we first investigated the existence of the alpha and tau rhythm in occipital and temporal region, respectively. To see these rhythms, we applied the visual and auditory stimulation, in turns, suppressed in task relevant regions, respectively.