• Honam Mathematical Journal
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.101-113
• /
• 2008

Let M be an arbitrary module over a commutative Noetherian ring R and let ${\triangle}$ be a multiplicatively closed set of non-zero ideals of R. In this paper, we will introduce the dual notion of ${\triangle}$-closure and ${\triangle}$-dependence of an ideal with respect to M and obtain some related results.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 1988

This study was measured the radiation-induced current - X-ray dose, dose rate, X-ray quality, time, temperature, electric field characteristics and the dependence of gap length in insulating oil under of D.C. Voltage before, during and after X-ray irradiation. The obtained results can be summarized as following. 1. The radiation - induced current is more the dependence of X-ray quality (tube voltage) than quantity (tube current), the dependence of quantity is appeared at the high than low X-.ay tube voltage. 2. The dependence of dose rate is appeared at the more dose rate, and ${\triangle}\;=\;0.64{\sim}0.74$. 3. The higher temperature of insulating oil and X-ray tube voltage (X-ray quality) is increased, at the low electric field, the more radiation-induced current. 4. $G_{eq}-G_{o}(={\triangle}G)$ is increased at the low than high temperature, high than low X-ray quality. 5. The dependence of temperature is appeared before than during X-ray irradiation. 6. The RIC saturation region is appeared at the high than low insulating oil temperature during (1000 V/cm above) than before (4000 V/cm above) X-ray irradiation.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2004.07c
• /
• pp.1967-1968
• /
• 2004

최근 F. F. Chen 에 의하면 [F.F. Chen and D. Arnush, Phys. Plasmas, 8, 5051(2001)], 원통형 량뮤어 탐침의 경우 플라즈마 전위와 부유 전위의 차(${\triangle}V_{pf}$) 가 상수가 아니며 플라즈마 밀도에 따라 달라지고 밀도가 아주 높은 경우 즉 쉬스가 탐침의 반경보다 아주 얇은 경우에는 ${\triangle}V_{pf}$ 는 평면 탐침과 같이 상수가 된다는 것을 이론적으로 보였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 아르곤 유도 결합 플라즈마에서 원통형 량뮤어 탐침을 사용하여 F. F. Chen의 이론적인 결과를 실험으로 검증하였으며 F.F. Chen 의 이론적인 결과와 잘 일치하였다.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.26-35
• /
• 1997

Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) with a simplified eigenvalue problem is used to investigate the an-tireflective property of one-dimensional surface-relief gratings such as binary gratings, triangular gratings and gratings with triangle-like surface profiles. The convergence of RCWA is investigated by varying the number of layers and the number of space-harmonics used in the computation. For unpolarized light normally incident on a medium of refractive index 1.64 from vaccum, a triangle-like grating shows the reflectivity of $1.6 {\times} 10^{-4}$ in contrast to a minimum reflectivity of $3.8 {\times} 10^{-3}$ for a binary grating. We also study the dependence of reflectivity on the wavelength, and on the angle of incidence for a groove shape and depth which result in minimum reflectivity.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.18-25
• /
• 2007

Kinetics and mechanism for alkaline hydrolysis of C. I. Disperse Green 9(G-9) of dinitrothiophene disperse dye were investigated. As soon as G-9 contacted with alkali, instant and continuous decreases of color strength of G-9 followed with increasing time. The hydrolysis rate of G-9 increased with increasing alkali, and it was found that alkali appeared first order dependence. The observed rate constants obtained from hydrolysis of various amount of dye were similar values, and calculation of initial rates showed that G-9 hydrolyzed by first order reaction for dye. Therefore it was confirmed that the overall reaction was second order, $SN_2$ of nucleophilic substitution reaction. Increasing temperature enhanced the hydrolysis of G-9. From the results of hydrolysis performed at various temperatures, it was obtained that activation energy(Ea) was 12.6 kcal/mole, enthalpy of reaction(${\triangle}H$) was 12.0 kcal/mole, and entropy of reaction(${\triangle}S$) was $29.8J/mol{\cdot}K$.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.419-432
• /
• 2007

Double-diffusive convection inside a triangular porous cavity is studied numerically. Galerkin finite element method is adopted to derive the discrete form of the governing differential equations. The first-order backward Euler scheme is used for temporal discretization with the second-order Adams-Bashforth scheme for the convection terms in the energy and species conservation equations. The Boussinesq-Oberbeck approximation is used to calculate the density dependence on the temperature and concentration fields. A parametric study is performed with the Lewis number, the Rayleigh number, the buoyancy ratio, and the shape of the triangle. The effect of gravity orientation is considered also. Results obtained include the flow, temperature, and concentration fields. The differences induced by varying physical parameters are analyzed and discussed. It is found that the heat transfer rate is sensitive to the shape of the triangles. For the given geometries, buoyancy ratio and Rayleigh numbers are the dominating parameters controlling the heat transfer.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.261-270
• /
• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of our study is to know Temperament & Character of each Eight Constitutions (Hepatonia, Cholecystonia, Pancreotonia, Gastrotonia, Pulmotonia, Colonotonia, Renotonia, Vesicotonia) classified by the short form Eight-constitution medicine questionnaire (ECM-32) test. Methods: We analyzed the result of ECM-32 test and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) submitted by 32 patients who had visited the ${\triangle}{\triangle}$ oriental medicine clinic in Nowon-gu, Seoul between September and October at 2011. Results: -The participants were classified as one of Eight Constitutions (3 Hepatonia(9.4%), 7 Cholecystonia, (21.9%), 3 Pancreotonia(9.4%), 0 Gastrotonia(0%), 5 Pulmotonia(15.6%), 4 Colonotonia(12.5%), 6 Renotonia(18.8%), 4 Vesicotonia(12.5%)) by ECM-32. -The seven dimensions of TCI were compared between the different Eight Constitutions using Kruskal-Wallis test. There were significant differences between Hepatonia and Pulmotonia, Hepatonia and Colonotonia, Cholecystonia and Pulmotonia, Pulmotonia and Renotonia, Pulmotonia and Vesicotonia in the Reward Dependence of Temperament dimensions. -The Subsclaes of TCI were compared between the different Eight Constitutions using Kruskal-Wallis test. There were significant differences between Cholecystonia and Pulmotonia, Pulmotonia and Renotonia, Pulmotonia and Vesicotonia in the RD3. There were significant differences between Hepatonia and Cholecystonia, Hepatonia and Pancreotonia, Hepatonia and Pulmotonia, Hepatonia and Renotonia in the RD4. Conclusions: There is not a significant interrelationship between Feature of each Eight Constitutions and Temperament & Character in TCI. This study is meaningful because it is the first study to verify Temperament and Character of Eight Constitutions. Further studies with increased case and improved questionnaire are needed to supplement this research.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.74-75
• /
• 2005

ZnO epilayer were synthesized by the pulesd laser deposition(PLD) process on $Al_2O_3$ substrate after irradiating the surface of the ZnO sintered pellet by the ArF(193 nm) excimer laser. The epilayers of ZnO were achieved on sapphire ($Al_2O_3$) substrate at a temperature of $400^{\circ}C$. The crystalline structure of epilayer was investigated by the photoluminescence. The carrier density and mobility of ZnO epilayer measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.27{\times}10^{16}cm^{-3}$ and $299cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the ZnO obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g$(T) = 3.3973 eV - ($2.69{\times}10^{-4}$ eV/K)$T_2$/(T + 463 K). The crystal field and the spin-orbit splitting energies for the valence band of the ZnO have been estimated to be 0.0041 eV and 0.0399 eV at 10 K, respectively, by means of the photocurrent spectra and the Hopfield quasicubic model. These results indicate that the splitting of the $\triangle$so definitely exists in the $\ulcorner_6$ states of the valence band of the ZnO. The three photocurrent peaks observed at 10K are ascribed to the $A_1-$, $B_1-$, and $C_1$-exciton peaks for n = 1.

• Metals and materials international
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.1256-1261
• /
• 2018

Both thermoplastic formability and electrical conductivity of Al-Ni-Y metallic glass with 12 different compositions have been investigated in the present study with an aim to apply as a functional material, i.e. as a binder of Ag powders in Ag paste for silicon solar cell. The thermoplastic formability is basically influenced by thermal stability and fragility of supercooled liquid which can be reflected by the temperature range for the supercooled liquid region (${\Delta}T_x$) and the difference in specific heat between the frozen glass state and the supercooled liquid state (${\Delta}C_p$). The measured ${\Delta}T_x$ and ${\Delta}C_p$ values show a strong composition dependence. However, the composition showing the highest ${\Delta}T_x$ and ${\Delta}C_p$ does not correspond to the composition with the highest amount of Ni and Y. It is considered that higher ${\Delta}T_x$ and ${\Delta}C_p$ may be related to enhancement of icosahedral SRO near $T_g$ during cooling. On the other hand, electrical resistivity varies with the change of Al contents as well as with the change of the volume fraction of each phase after crystallization. The composition range with the optimum combination of thermoplastic formability and electrical conductivity in Al-Ni-Y system located inside the composition triangle whose vertices compositions are $Al_{87}Ni_3Y_{10}$, $Al_{85}Ni_5Y_{10}$, and $Al_{86}Ni_5Y_9$.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.166-171
• /
• 2007

We report the magneto-transport properties of an individual single crystalline Bi nanowire grown by a spontaneous growth method. We have successfully fabricated a four-terminal device based on an individual 400-nm-diameter nanowire using plasma etching technique to remove an oxide layer forming on the outer surface of the nanowire. The transverse MR (2496% at 110 K) and longitudinal MR ratios (38% at 2 K) for the Bi nanowire were found to be the largest known values in Bi nanowires. This result demonstrates that the Bi nanowires grown by the spontaneous growth method are the highest-quality single crystalline in the literatures ever reported. We find that temperature dependence of Fermi energy ($E_F$) and band overlap (${\triangle}_0$) leads to the imbalance between electron concentration ($n_e$) and hole concentration ($n_h$) in the Bi nanowire, which is good agreement with the calculated $n_e\;and\;n_h$ from the respective density of states, N(E), for electrons and holes. We also find that the imbalance of $n_e\;and\;n_h$ plays a crucial role in determining magnetoresistance (MR) at T<75 K for $R_T$ and at T<205 K for $R_L$, while mean-free path is responsible for MR at T>75 K for $R_T$ and T>205 K for $R_L$.