• 한국진공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2008

휴대용 XRF(X-Ray Fluorescence) 장치에 적용하기 위하여 개발한 투과 양극형 x-ray tube를 이용하여 XRF 실험을 하고, x-ray tube가 XRF data에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. W-target tube와 Rh-target tube를 이용하여 측정한 XRF data는 알려진 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 35 kV와 관전압과 $40{\mu}A$의 관전류에서 W-target tube로 측정한 Fe $K_{\alpha}$-line의 FWHM은 약 180 eV로써, 이 값은 물질의 성분분석을 하기에 충분한 것으로 확인하였다. XRF data와 x-ray tube의 적분강도 곡선을 비교 분석해 본 결과, 휴대용 XRF 장치에는 W-Target tube보다는 Rh-Target tube를 사용하는 것이 더 유리함을 밝혀내었다.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.234-239
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• 2008

휴대용 XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) 장치에 적용할 수 있는 40 kV용 투과 양극형 W-Target tube와 Rh-Target tube를 개발하고 특성을 조사하였다. 특성 x-ray의 에너지와 연속 x-ray의 선량특성은 알려진 결과와 잘 일치함을 확인하였고, 최대 선량을 추출하기 위한 양극금속 박막의 최적 두께는 W-target tube의 경우 약 $2.6{\mu}m$, Rh-target tube의 경우 약 $2.7{\mu}m$ 임을 밝혀내었다. 또한 관전압 40 kV, 관전류 $60{\mu}A$로 30분 동안 연속적으로 작동시켰을 때 양극에서의 온도는 $50^{\circ}C$를 넘지 않아 휴대용 XRF장치에 적용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2001

This study was performed to compare the lead levels of 20 quality control standard samples(KOSHA:18-2000) and 72 field samples in lead-acid battery manufacturing plant between ICP and portable-XRF methods. 1. While the proficiencies of 20 quality control standard samples by ICP were 100%, those of analytic result values by XRF were 75%. 2. The correlation coefficient(r) between the reference values for quality control (REF) and the analytic result values by ICP (ICP) was 1.0(p<0.05), and simple linear regression equation and the coefficient(R2) were REF = -0.0009 + 1.016 ICP and 0.9997, respectively. 3. The correlation coefficient(r) between the analytic result values of quality control standard samples by ICP (ICP) and by XRF (XRF) was 0.975(p<0.05), and simple linear regression equation and the coefficient(R2) were ICP = -0.0003 + 1.002 XRF and 0.950, respectively. 4. The correlation coefficient(r) between the analytic result values for lead samples of a lead-acid battery manufacturing plant by ICP (ICP) and by XRF (XRF) was 0.993(p<0.05), and simple linear regression equation and the coefficient(R2) were ICP = -2.058 + 0.996 XRF and 0.987, respectively. 5. While the frequency distributions of XRF /ICP(Ratio) for each ICP concentration levels in a lead-acid battery manufacturing plant revealed high proportion in ratio range of 0.876-1.125 than in ration range of 1.126-1.375. Also, ICP concentration level in ration range of 0.786-1.125 was increased with increase of frequency distribution of XRF/ICP. 6. The limit of detection of XRF on lead was determined to be $6.11{\mu}g$/filter The data presented in this study indicated that relationship for lead level of quality control samples and field samples in a lead -acid battery manufacturing plant by ICP and portable-XRF methods was proved. The practicing industrial hygienist can use portable-XRF to produce a rapid on-site determination of lead exposure that can immediately becommunicated to workers and help identify appropriate levels of personal protection.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2010

An orchestrated attempt was made to analyze samples of bulk and individual particulate matters (PM) collected at the Gosan ground-based station on the west coast of Jeju, Korea. A two-stage filter pack sampler was operated to collect particles in both large (> $1.2\;{\mu}m$) and small size fractions (< $1.2\;{\mu}m$) between the Asian dust (hereafter called "AD") storm event and non-Asian dust period. Elemental components in bulk and individual particles were determined by PIXE and synchrotron XRF analysis systems, respectively. To assess the transport pathways of air parcels and to determine the spatial distribution of PM, the backward trajectories of the Meteorological Data Explorer (Center for Global Environmental Research, 2010) and the NOAA's HYSPLIT dispersion-trajectory models were applied. In line with general expectations, Si and other crustal elements in large size particles showed considerably higher mass loading on AD days in comparison with non-AD days. Computation of the crustal enrichment factors [(Z/Si)$_{particle}$/(Z/Si)$_{desert}$ sand] of elements in large size particles (> $1.2\;{\mu}m$) allowed us to estimate the source profile and chemical aging of AD particles as well as to classify the soil-origin elements. On the basis of a single particle analysis, individual AD particles are classified into three distinct groups (neutralized mineral particles, S-rich mineral particles, and imperfectly neutralized particles).

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 1992

The x-ray fluorescence(XRF) is one of the most convenient and widely used techniques for analyzing trace elements in ambient particulate matters. The objects of the study were to estimate the optimum exposure time using the XRF, to investigate the distributions of heavy metal levels in particulate matters, and finally to study seasonal variation for the concentrations of total suspended particulate matters(TSP) and size fractionated particulate matters. The suspended particulate matters had been collected by a cascade impactor having 9 size fragnated stages for 3 years(Dec. 1988 to Nov. 1991) in Kyung Hee University-Suwon Campus. The particulate matters were then collected on each stage by membrane filters. The weight concentrations were determined by the XRF system. Thus, seasonal variations and relationship between concentration and particle size could be investigated. Resulting distribution was bimodal with the coarse and the fine particle groups minimum occurring around 2.1 to 3.3 $\mu$m as an aerodynamic diameter. To determine optimum exposure time of the XRF for various trace inorganic elements, membrane filters and the NIST standard filters were extensively studied. Using a statistical technique, optimum exposure time was estimated for each trace element and overall elements. The time was then determined as 20 seconds for the XRF system. The concentration of TSP was 123.9$\mum/m^3$ on an arithmatic average. The levels of each inorganic metal were Si 2420.0ng/$m^3$, Fe 977.1ng/$m^3$, and so on. The Pb. Zn, and Cu abounded in the fine mode group, while Ca, Fe, Si, Al, and K in the coarse group. Marked seasonal variation of TSP and metal concentrations was observed. The concentration of heavy metals in the fine mode was highest in winter : on the other hand, that in the coarse mode was highest in spring.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.89-101
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• 2005

The bricks in Myung Dong Cathedral Church are now deteriorated by the weather such as temperature, humidity, and winds. Thus it is necessary to replace the old bricks to the restored bricks for the load bearing capacity as well as to prevent the penetrations of rains from outside. However the mortar composition is not well defined at this moment and there are literary about the mortar completions. Thus it is necessary to verify the mortar compactions between old bricks and results to bring the restoring the mortar for the replace of new bricks. The particles of mortar was collected from Myung Dong Cathedral Church and particle size was analyzed by the mortar and pestle and mechanicle floater. The X-ray diffraction and XRF of each particles are analyzed. The quartz and feldspar such as albite, kaolinite are observed in large particles(>1mm). However, the clicite was observed at lower than $43{\mu}m$ particles. In XRF analysis, the $SiO_2\;and\;K_2O$ are observed at large particles$(1mm-208{\mu}m)\;and\;CaCO_3$ is observed at small particles$(208-43{\mu}m)\;and\;CaCO_3$ is observed at small particles($208-43{\mu}m$). This is well coincide with XRD results. The optimum volume ratio of lime mortar would be 1: 2 ($CaO: SiO_2$).

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제15권
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• pp.66-77
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• 2014

국립중앙박물관에 소장되어 있는 은조사 구장복은 조선 말기에 고종이 착용하였던 것으로 기록된 구장문이 그려진 대례복의 하나이다. 이 장문은 왕이 나라를 통치함에 있어 필요한 덕목을 상징적으로 표현한 것으로, 적색·황색·청색·녹색, 회색의 안료로 채색되어 있다. XRF 분석 결과, 적색 안료는 진사/주, 황색 안료는 금·황동, 청색 안료는 청색 유기안료와 연백, 녹색 안료는 구리-비소로 구성된 합성안료인 양록, 회식 안료는 은으로 판단되었다. 또한 유사한 시기에 제작된 국립중앙박물관 소장 적의본과 폐슬본의 안료 성분을 비교 검토한 결과, 차이점과 유사점을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 분석 결과는 19세기 말 궁중에서 사용된 안료에 대한 기초적인 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 지질공학
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.411-421
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• 2014

이 연구의 목적은 2011년 경기도 용인시에서 발생한 산사태 지역을 대상으로 산사태 발생에 영향을 끼치는 팽창성 점토광물 및 지형분석을 통한 산사태 발생 원인을 분석하는 것이다. XRD, XRF, 분광분석 및 아스터(ASTER) 위성영상을 이용하여 점토광물 분석과 현장조사를 통한 산사태 발생원인과 취약지역을 분석하였다. 일라이트는 0.9와 $1.0{\mu}m$ 인근파장대역에서 $Fe^{2+}$와 $Fe^{3+}$의 흡수가 나타났으며 1.4와 $1.9{\mu}m$ 인근파장대역에서 OH와 $H_2O$의 강한 흡수 특성이 일어났다. 추가적으로 2.2, 2.3과 $2.4{\mu}m$ 인근파장대역에서 Al-hydroxyl이 나타났다. 흡수 특징은 아스터 위성영상의 밴드 5, 6, 7에서 일치하였고, $SWIR_{Illite}$ 밴드연산을 이용하여 일라이트 영상을 추출하였다. 분석 결과를 바탕으로 팽창성 점토광물에 의한 산사태 해석에 아스터 위성영상의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2000

Stamped Leadframe에 전해연마를 적용하여 가공면에 존재하는 버어(burr)의 제거와 그에따른 잔류응력 완화효과를 보았다. 또한 표면 청정화에 따른 은(Ag)도금면 및 리드프레임 표면 품질의 향상이 있었다. 인산 60% 전해연마액에 고정 전류값 5A와 극간거리 3.0 cm의 조건하에 Alloy42 원소재 리드프레임은 $70^{\circ}C$에서 120초간, C194 원소재 리드프레임은 $50^{\circ}C$에서 90초간 전해연마 하였다. XRD 반가폭(FWHM)을 이용한 잔류응력 측정결과 전해 연마 처리후의 잔류응력값이 스탬핑 이전상태로 회복되었으며, AFM를 이용하여 표면 거칠기 측정결과 Alloy42원소재 리드프레임은 0.079 $\mu\textrm{m}$, C-194원소재 리드프레임은 0.014 $\mu\textrm{m}$의 R$_{근}$값으로 거칠기의 향상이 있었다. XRF를 이용한 도금두께 측정 결과 0.4~0.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 정도 두께편차 균일성의 향상이 있었으며, wire bonding온도에서의 bake test결과 금선(gold wire) 과의 접합강도를 높일수 있는 적절한 크기로의 결정립 성장이 관찰되었다 3차원 자동측정 및 표면 경도 측정 통하여 전해연마로 인한 리드프레임 중요부위 치수변화의 신뢰성을 확인할수 있었다.다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2004

태백 도석은 주로 quartz와 함께 kaolinite가 포함되어 있다. 도석의 특성분석은 XRD, XRF, TG--DTA, SEM등을 이용하여 결정상과 화학성분 등을 분석하였다. 원석의 화학조성은 71.75wt%$SiO_2$, 22.10wt%$Al_2O_3$, 1.86wt%CaO, 2.97wt%$K_2O$, 0.62 wt%$Fe_2O_3$ 등이다. 3mm 크기의 도석을 $80^{\circ}C$의 10% 수산 농도에서 침출하면 탈철은 0.62wt%에서 0.24wt%로 감소하고 백색도가 증가하였다. 도석의 분쇄는 planetary ball mill을 이용하여 지르코니아 볼로 분쇄하였으며, 입도 크기는 25$\mu\textrm{m}$ 크기로 균일하게 분쇄되었다.