• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1428-1435
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to investigate the melanogenic effect of Oenanthe javanica ethanolic extracts (OJE) containing quercetin and kaempferol in melanoma cells (B16F1). In order to determine whether OJE inhibits melanin synthesis at the cellular level, the melanoma cells were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of OJE. In the present study, the antioxidant effects of OJE on DPPH radical scavenging, power reduction, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidation were evaluated in a cell free system. Furthermore, the effect of OJE on the production of melanin was determined by dopaquinone (DOPA) assay and tyrosinase activity. In addition, the protein expression of tyrosinase, as well as antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, SOD-2 and glutathione reductase (GSH), were examined using Western blot analysis. In this study, it was observed that OJE exhibited an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation and blocked the DNA oxidation induced by the hydroxyl radical produced by Fenton's reagent. OJE increased melanin synthesis above 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ and tyrosinase activity was detected above 50 ${\mu}g/ml$. In Western blot analysis, OJE increased the expression levels of tyrosinase, SOD-1, SOD-2, and GSH in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that OJE with antioxidant activity can regulate the tyrosinase activity and melanin production in melanocyte, suggesting that it could promote the development of black hair as well as protect skin from oxidative stress.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.654-660
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• 1998

In preparing PSZT powder by hydrothermal synthesis, effects of reaction temperature, concentration of raw materials and mineralizer on crystallinity, particle size distribution, and dielectric constant were investigated. By varying the concentration of mineralizer and the ratio of Pb to Sr or Zr to Ti, crystalline PSZT powder, having the mean particle size of $0.3{\sim}15{\mu}m$, was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis in the temperature range of $120{\sim}200^{\circ}C$ for a 2h reaction. PSZT ceramics, having dielectric constant of 1000~3000, were prepared at $1150^{\circ}C$ for a 2h sintering reaction of the PSZT powders. Experimental results showed that the weight mean particle size of $0.5{\mu}m$ was obtained when the concentration of KOH in the solution was 10 wt % and the ratio of Pb to Sr was 0.95/0.05, that of Zr to Ti was 0.52/0.48. It also showed that the ceramics of dielectric constant of 2900 were prepared through sintering of this PSZT powder. Size of PSZT particles became smaller with its narrow distribution as the concentration of KOH increased up to 10 wt %. However, it came to be larger at this concentration and above. By adding small amount of Sr that would not affect that crystallinity of particles we can improve dielectric property of sintered materials. Addition of Zr may shift the major crystal phase of synthetic PSZT powder from tetragonal to rhombohedral phase.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.1 s.44
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• pp.17-35
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• 1994

Vanadium is an essential trace element but has not been identified with a specific biogical role. To study the direct effects of vanadium on osteoblast, we incubated murin osteoblast-like (MC3T3-El) cells with various corcentration of vanadium oxide & sodium orthovanadate. This study was designed to investigate the effect of vanadium on DNA synthesis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, cAMP formation responsive to parathormone(PTH) and type I $\alpha$ 2 collagen ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level in murin osteoblast-like (MC3T3-El) cells. The cells were cultured in $\alpha-minimal$ essential medium$(\alpha-MEM)$ supplemented with $10\%$ fetal bovine serum (FBS) and then changed to $0.1\%$ FBS with various concenoation of vanadium oxide & sodium orthovanadate. Quiescent cultured MC3T3-El cells incubated for 24 hours with 2,5,10,15,20 ${\mu}M$ vanadium oxide incorporated $[^3H]Thymidine;$ every concentration showed increases in $[^3H]Thymidine$ incorporations dose dependant manner, the greatest response occurred at $20{\mu}M$. Quiescent cultured MC3T3-E1 cells incubated for 3days with 2,5,10,15,20 ${\mu}M$ vanadium oxide, for 2days with sodium orthovanadate and alkaline phosphatase was assayed with disodium phenyl phosphate as substrate. Vanadium oxide increased the alkaline phosphatase content in MC3T3-El cells at $2{\mu}M\;&\;6{\mu}M$ ; the greatest response occurred at $2{\mu}M$. But decreased at other content sodium orthovanadate increased alkaline phosphatase content in MC3T3-El cells at all concenoation ; the greatest response occurred at $4{\mu}M$. Quiescent cultured MC3T3-El cells incubated for 3days with $5,10{\mu}M$ vanadium oxide , with $5,8{\mu}M$ sodium orthovanadate and cAMP formation was measured by Radioimmunoassay(RIA). Vanadium oxide & sodium orthovanadate showed the tendency of inhibitory effects on cAMP responsiveness to PTH in MC3T3-El cells. Quiescent cultured MC3T3-El cells incubated for 24hours with $10,20{\mu}M$ vanadium oxide, with $5,10{\mu}M$ sodium orthovanadate and Type I $\alpha$ 2 collagen ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression was studied by Nothern blot analysis. Northern blot analysis of vanadium oxide treated cells showed decreasing effects 0& sodium orthovanadate revealed increasing effects in type I $\alpha$ 2 collagen ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2015

N,N'-Diferuloyl-putrescine (DFP) present in plants such as Sophora japonica has been reported to have skin depigmentative and antioxidative activities. In this study, DFP, usually presents in nature a very little amount and its derivative (DFP-D) were synthesized in a large quantity for the use as functional cosmetical materials. The antioxidative activities of synthesized DFP and DFP-D were evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, chemiluminescence assay, and cell protective effect induced by $^1O_2$, stress. DFP and DFP-D showed DPPH radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) at $61.25{\pm}2.25{\mu}M$ and $12.92{\pm}0.72{\mu}M$, respectively. ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) in the $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system of DFP and DFP-D were 2 times ($1.84{\pm}0.12{\mu}M$) and 13 times ($0.174{\pm}0.01{\mu}M$), respectively higher than that of L-ascorbic acid. $^1O_2$, one of ROS playing a key role in the skin photo-aging, induces cellular membrane damages. DFP-D ($50{\mu}M$) showed good cell protective effects (${\tau}_{50}=80.2min$) about 2 times more than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}=43.6min$). These results suggest that the great antioxidative activities of DFP and DFP-D could be applied to cosmetic industries as functional cosmetic materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1492-1498
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• 2009

In the dermis, fibroblast plays an important role in the turnover of the dermal extracellular matrix. Collagen I and III, which are the most important dermal proteins of the extracellular matrix, function as a stabilizing scaffold of dermal connective tissues, as well as a regulator of differentiation and migration of dermal cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of various nutrients, such as ascorbic acid, silicon, Fe, lysine and proline which function as cofactors or building blocks on collagen synthesis. When the physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid (0-100 ${\mu}M$), silicon (0-50 ${\mu}M$), Fe (0-50 ${\mu}M$), lysine (0-150 ${\mu}M$) and proline (0-300 ${\mu}M$) were treated at HS27 for either 3 or 5 days, 5 day treatment of ascorbic acid at the low concentration (5-10 ${\mu}M$) increased the expression of collagen I and III protein by 115-1300% without increasing cell proliferation. 3 or 5 days treatment of Fe increased the expression of collagen I and III proteins up to 323% in parallel with cell proliferation by 164%. However, cell proliferation and expression of collagen I and III protein in silicon treated HS27 did not differ. Proline and lysine only increased cell proliferation up to 247.9%. Taken together, we demonstrate that the physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid and Fe enhance the expression of collagen I and III protein for treatment of 3 or 5 days.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2015

Herbal plant extracts are good resources to find functional compounds for cosmetic ingredient. In this study, the extract of Areca semen (A. semen) was studied for melanogenesis inhibition and antioxidant activity. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of A. semen contained phenolic contents, $301.35{\pm}0.88{\mu}g/mg$, and exhibited potent antioxidant activity with $IC_{50}$ value of $1.02{\pm}0.07{\mu}g/mg$. Further, FRAP value exhibited potent antioxidant activity with $9.07{\pm}0.36mM$. Disk diffusion assay was performed for antibacterial activity. Ethyl acetate fraction of A. semen showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) at $80{\mu}g/mL$, whereas it showed no significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results of cell viability indicated that ethyl acetate fraction did not show cytotoxicity to B16/F1 cells at $80{\mu}g/mL$ and showed significant cytotoxicity at $100{\mu}g/mL$ of concentration and showed inhibition of melanin synthesis inhibitory, $29.78{\pm}0.31%$ at $80{\mu}g/mL$. Furthermore, mRNA expressions of tyrosinase and MITF were decreased after treatment with ethyl acetate fraction in a dose-dependent manner. As a result, the ethyl acetate fraction of A. semen could be considered as potential as whitening agents.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the anti-aging effect of Rosa damascena extract containing low molecular glycoprotein (RELG) converted from the high molecular glycoprotein by bioconversion. Free radical scavenging activities were performed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Antioxidant activities ($IC_{50}$) of RELG and the positive control ascorbic acid were $22.6{\mu}g/mL$ and $21.1{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. For skin cells, $15{\mu}g/mL$ RELG showed 28% antioxidant activity by inhibiting the production of active oxygen species induced by ultraviolet ray and hydrogen peroxide. $15{\mu}g/mL$ RELG prevented 10% the cell death caused by stress in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HDPC) and reduced 90% the production of active oxygen species. In addition, the glycoprotein showed not only anti-wrinkle effect but also moisturizing effect by 48% inhibition of matrix metallo proteinase-1 (MMP-1) production by ultraviolet stress and $10{\mu}g/mL$ RELG enhanced 10% neutral lipid synthesis with 44% aquaporin 3 (AQP3) expression, which is moisture factor. In conclusion, the RELG can be used as an anti-aging cosmetic material.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.3 s.62
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• pp.503-513
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of oxygen tension on the activity and function of the cells derived from human periodontal ligament by measuring cell activity, total protein synthesis, collagen synthesis, $IL-1{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$ Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were collected from premolars extracted for orthodontic treatment and incubated in the environment of $37^{\circ}C,\;5\%\;CO_2,\100\%$ humidity. After the fifth to sixth passage they were used for the experiment. Gaspack system to which $0.2{\mu}m$ Millipore filter was attached was connected to mixed-gas tanks. The mixed gases were composed of $10\%\;O_2,\;5\%\;CO_2,\;85\%\;N_2$ in hyoxic group or $90\%\;O_2,\;5\%\;CO_2,\;5\%\;N_2$ in hyperoxic group and $5\%\;CO_2,\;95\%$ air for control. After incubation in $37^{\circ}C$ for 2, 4, 6 days, cell activity was determined by tetrazolium(MTT) assay and total protein synthesis was assayed using sulforhodamine B(SRB). And measurement of 4-hydroxyproline was performed to assess collagen synthesis md $IL-1{\beta},\;IL-6,\;and\;TNF-{\alpha}$ were measured by enzymeimmunoassay. The results were as follows. 1. The cell activity and total protein synthesis in hypoxic group were a little higher than or almost the same with those in control group. 2. In hyperoxic group, the cell activity was lower than that in control group and total protein synthesis was decreased. 3. Collagen synthesis was significantly decreased initially in both hypoxic and hyperoxic group and increased nearly to the level of control group as the duration of cell incubation was longer 4. As a result of enzymeimmunoassay, the amount of cytokines was $IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}\;and\;IL-1{\beta}$ in order. 5. $IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}\;and\;IL-1{\beta}$ were increased more rapidly in both hypoxic and hyperoxic group than in control group as the duration of cell incubation was longer. 6. There were more $IL-6\;and\;TNF-{\alpha}$ in hyperoxic group than in control group after 6 days, and there were more $IL-6\;and\;TNF-{\alpha}$ after 6 days than after 2 or 4 days in hyperoxic group. These results suggested that oxygen tension might modulate the production of extracellular matrix and cytokines in the cells derived from human periodontal ligament.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effect of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) derived from aged garlic. Rat hepotocytes and HepG2 cells were used to determine the short-term effects of SAMC on [$^{14}C$] acetate incorporation into cholesterol, and several enzymatic steps. The cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and treated with 20, 40, 60 and 80 ${\mu}g/ml$ of SAMC. At concentration of 20~40 ${\mu}g/ml$, no significant cells viability effect was noted during those incubation periods. However, at a concentration 60 ${\mu}g/ml$, cell viability decreased approximately 50% compared with the control. The treatment of cells with 5, 10, 15, and 20 ${\mu}g/ml$ of SAMC resulted in a marked of [$^{14}C$]-acetate incorporation into cholesterol. At concentration of 15 ${\mu}g/ml$, the cholesterol synthesis was inhibited 79% in cells. The activities of lipogenic enzymes, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) were measured in culture hepatocytes treated with the inhibitors. The activity of FAS in cells treated with 0.95 nmol SAMC was 19% lower than that of nontreated cells, and no affected G6PDH activity, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co A activity was decreased at concentration dependant manner. The present study demonstrates that SAMC is effective in inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1158-1163
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• 2017

This study investigated the antioxidative activity and whitening efficacy of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge fruit 70% ethanol extract (CFE). The total polyphenol contents of CFE was 61.31 mg/g, and the total flavonoid contents was 25.42 mg/g. The electron donating ability of CFE at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ was 85.80%. The ABTS radical scavenging activity, and reducing power of CFE at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 17.3% and 0.31, relatively. The maximum permissible levels of CFE in melanoma cells were $100{\mu}g/mL$. CFE at $50{\mu}g/mL$ reduced melanin contents by 8.5%. CFE at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ reduced intracellular tyrosinase activity by 46.83%. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that CFE effectively inhibited tyrosinase activity, whereas melanin synthesis was weak. These results suggest that Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge fruit could be used as a whitening agent and antioxidant resources for functional foodstuffs, cosmetics, and beauty industrial materials.