• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.557-560
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• 2011

It has been known that Δ-desaturase (TAD5) in the biosynthetic pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of Thraustochytrium aureumis responsible for the conversion of di-homo-${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (C20：4) into arachidonic acid (C20：4). The genetic sequence analysis on TAD5 of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC34304 used in this study showed that it has two amino acid changes when compared to that of Thraustochytrium aureum TAD5 first reported in 2003. Accordingly, Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC34304 TAD5 was named TAD5_1. TAD5_1-inserted methylotropic Pichia pastoris was prepared and then cultured with a precursor fatty acid, di-homo-${\gamma}$-linolenic acid. GC analysis confirmed that a certain amount of the precursor fatty acid was converted into arachidonic acid. In this study, not only a recombinant Pichia pastoris with the typical activity of ${\Delta}5$-desaturase which plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of LCPUFAs was successfully made but also the preparationpotential of a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain which may synthesize eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that are important in maintaining and improving human's brain function was proposed.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.554-557
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• 2008

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces gene silencing in a sequence-specific manner by a process known as RNA interference (RNAi). The RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) is a multi-subunit ribonucleoprotein complex that plays a key role in RNAi. VIG (Vasa intronic gene) has been identified as a component of Drosophila RISC; however, the role VIG plays in regulating RNAi is poorly understood. Here, we examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of VIG-1, the C. elegans ortholog of Drosophila VIG, using a vig-1::gfp fusion construct. This construct contains the 908-bp region immediately upstream of vig-1 gene translation initiation site. Analysis by confocal microscopy demonstrated GFP-VIG-1 expression in a number of tissues including the pharynx, body wall muscle, hypodermis, intestine, reproductive system, and nervous system at the larval and adult stages. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that VIG-1 is present in each developmental stage examined. To investigate regulatory sequences for vig-1 gene expression, we generated constructs containing deletions in the upstream region. It was determined that the GFP expression pattern of a deletion construct (${\Delta}-908$ to -597) was generally similar to that of the non-deletion construct. In contrast, removal of a larger segment (${\Delta}-908$ to -191) resulted in the loss of GFP expression in most cell types. Collectively, these results indicate that the 406-bp upstream region (-596 to -191) contains essential regulatory sequences required for VIG-1 expression.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.280-289
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• 2010

H.264/AVC 표준은 영상간의 시간적 중복성(Temporal Redundancy)을 줄여 부호화 효율을 높이는 인터예측 방법을 사용한다. 하지만, 영상에서 발생할 수 있는 지역적인 밝기 변화를 효율적으로 부호화 할 수 없기 때문에, 화질의 열화가 발생하여 부호화 효율이 떨어지는 문제점을 지니고 있다. 본 논문은 지역적인 밝기 변화를 인접화소 및 움직임벡터 재조정을 이용하여 효율적으로 부호화 할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은, H.264/AVC와 비교하여 0.01 ~ 0.21dB의 BD-PSNR (Bj$\o$ntegaard Delta Peak Signal-to-noise) 이득을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2010

Drought, salinity and flooding are three important abiotic factors limiting soybean production worldwide. Irrigation, soil reclamation, and drainage systems are not generally available or economically feasible for soybean production. Therefore, productive soybean varieties with tolerance are a cost effective means for reducing yield losses due to these factors. Genetic variability for higher tolerance to drought, salt and flooding is important. However, only a small portion of nearly 200,000 world soybean accessions have been screened to find genotypes with tolerance for use in breeding programs. Evaluation for tolerance to drought, salinity and flooding is difficult due to lack of faster, cost effective, repeatable screening methods. Soybean strains with higher tolerance to the above stresses have been identified. Crosses with lines with drought, salt and flooding tolerance through conventional breeding has made a significant contribution to improving tolerance to abiotic stress in soybean. Molecular markers associated with tolerance to drought, salt and flooding will allow faster, reliable screening for these traits. Germplasm resources, genome sequence information and various genomic tools are available for soybean. Integration of genomic tools coupled with well-designed breeding strategies and effective uses of these resources will help to develop soybean varieties with higher tolerance to drought, salt and flooding.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.526-534
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• 2010

Genomes of clusters of related eukaryotes are now being sequenced at an increasing rate. In this paper, we developed an accurate, low-cost method for annotation of gene prediction and exon-intron structure. The gene prediction was adapted for delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-synthetase (p5cs) gene from China wild-type of the halophytic Leymus chinensis (Trin.), naturally adapted to highly-alkali soils. Due to complex adaptive mechanisms in halophytes, more attentions are being paid on the regulatory elements of stress adaptation in halophytes. P5CS encodes delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-synthetase, a key regulatory enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proline, that has direct correlation with proline accumulation in vivo and positive relationship with stress tolerance. Using analysis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and PCR, and direct sequencing, 1076 base pairs (bp) of cDNA in length and 2396 bp of genomic DNA in length were obtained from direct sequencing results. Through gene prediction and exon-intron structure verification, the full-length of cDNA sequence was divided into eight parts, with seven parts of intron insertion. The average lengths of determinated coding regions and non-coding regions were 154.17 bp and 188.57 bp, respectively. Nearly all splice sites displayed GT as the donor sites at the 5' end of intron region, and 71.43% displayed AG as the acceptor sites at the 3' end of intron region. We conclude that this method is a cost-effective way for obtaining an experimentally verified genome annotation.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 인식 단위로서의 개개의 은닉 마코프 모델 (HMM: Hidden Markvo Model)에 대응하는 가중치를 도입하여 HMM출력 스코어는 HMM출력 확률과 HMM 가중치의 곱으로 표현된다고 가정하고 기존의 최소 분류 오류 훈련 방법과 유사하게 HMM 가중치를 반복적으로 훈련하는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법은 오인식 척도에 대해 차분 (delta) 계수를 정의하고 이를 이용하여 HMM 가중치를 반복하여 훈련하는 방법이다. 이러한 방법은 HMM 가중치의 합을 HMM 개수의 총합으로 제한함으로써 기존의 파라미터 추정 방법과 비터비 (Viterbi) 알고리즘에 큰 변화 없이 음성 인식에 효과적으로 적용될 수 있다. 제안된 방법은 기존의 분할 (segmental) 최소 분류 오류훈련 방법과 비교하여 추정하는 파라미터의 개수가 감소되었으며 훈련 모델의 최적 상태열을 이용한 경도 계산 과정이 포함되지 않음으로써 계산량을 효과적으로 단축할 수 있다. HMM가중치를 이용한 HMM기반의 음성 인식기의 성능 평가를 위해서 단독 숫자음 인식 실험을 실시하였다. 실험적 결과들은 HMM 확률 보정을 이용한 음성 인식 시스템이 베이스라인 시스템보다 음성 인식 성능이 더 우수함을 보여준다. 제안된 방법은 기존의 최소 분류 오류 훈련 방법에 비하여 구현하기 간편한 반면에 더욱 우수한 음성 인식 성능 향상을 보여준다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.458-468
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• 2007

To tolerate environmentally adverse conditions such as cold, drought, and salinity, plants often synthesize and accumulate proline in cells as compatible osmolytes. ${\Delta}^1$-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase(P5CS) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of proline biosynthesis from glutamate. Two complete genes, MtP5CS1 and MtP5CS2, were isolated from the model legume Medicago truncatula by cDNA cloning and bacterial artificial chromosome library screening. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that both genes consisted of 20 exons and 19 introns. Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences revealed high similarities with P5CS proteins from other plant species. The two MtP5CS genes were expressed in response to high salt and low temperature treatments. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that MtP5CS1 was expressed earlier than MtP5CS2, indicating differential regulation of the two genes. To evaluate the reverse genetic effects of nucleotide changes on MtP5CS function, a Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes approach was taken. Three mutants each were isolated for MtP5CS1 and MtP5CS2, of which a P5CS2 nonsense mutant carrying a codon change from arginine to stop was expected to bring translation to premature termination. These provide a valuable genetic resource with which to determine the function of the P5CS genes in environmental stress responses of legume crops.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.144-150
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• 2017

Background: The presence of gross deletions in the human immunodeficiency virus nef gene ($g{\Delta}nef$) is associated with long-term nonprogression of infected patients. Here, we investigated how quickly genetic defects in the nef gene are associated with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) intakein 10 long-term slow progressors. Methods: This study was divided into three phases over a 20-yr period; baseline, KRG intake alone, and KRG plus highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART). nef gene amplicons were obtained using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR from 10 long-term slow progressors (n = 1,396), and nested PCR from 36 control patients (n = 198), and 28 ART patients (n = 157), and these were then sequenced. The proportion of $g{\Delta}nef$, premature stop codons, and not in-frame insertion or deletion of a nucleotide was compared between three phases, control, and ART patients. Results: The proportion of defective nef genes was significantly higher in on-KRG patients (15.6%) than in baseline (5.7%), control (5.6%), on-KRG plus ART phase (7.8%), and on-ART patients (6.6%; p < 0.01). Small in-frame deletions or insertions were significantly more frequent among patients treated with KRG alone compared with controls (p < 0.01). Significantly fewer instances of genetic defects were detected in samples taken during the KRG plus ART phase (7.8%; p < 0.01). The earliest defects detected were $g{\Delta}nef$ and small in-frame deletions after 7 mo and 67 mo of KRG intake, respectively. Conclusion: KRG treatment might induce genetic defects in the nef gene. This report provides new insight into the importance of genetic defects in the pathogenesis of AIDS.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 음성 합성을 위한 오픈소스 시스템인 Merlin 툴킷을 이용하여 한국어 TTS 시스템을 구성한다. TTS 시스템에서 HMM 기반의 통계적 음성 합성 방식이 널리 사용되고 있는데, 이 방식에서 문맥 요인을 포함시키는 음향 모델링 구성의 한계로 합성 음성의 품질이 저하된다고 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 여러 분야에서 우수한 성능을 보여 주는 심층 신경망 기법을 적용하는 음향 모델링 아키텍처를 제안한다. 이 구조에는 전연결 심층 피드포워드 신경망, 순환 신경망, 게이트 순환 신경망, 단방향 장단기 기억 신경망, 양방향 장단기 기억 신경망 등이 포함되어 있다. 실험 결과, 문맥을 고려하는 시퀀스 모델을 아키텍처에 포함하는 것이 성능 개선에 유리하다는 것을 알 수 있고, 장단기 기억 신경망을 적용한 아키텍처가 가장 좋은 성능을 보여주었다. 그리고 음향 특징 파라미터에 델타와 델타-델타 성분을 포함하는 것이 성능 개선에 유리하다는 결과가 도출되었다.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.209-219
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• 1993

Al/Pd계에서 이온선 혼합에 의한 초기 상형성 및 상전이를 연구하기 위하여 Al(500 ${\AA}$)/glass 이중박막을 제작하여 여러가지 이온선량으로 80 keV의 에너지를 가진 $Ar^+$을 주입시켰다. RBS, TEM 등을 이용하여 이온선에 의한 혼합양상 및 상분석을 행하였다. 상온에서 이온선 혼합법에 의해 초기에 형성된 $Al_3Pd_2$는 이온선량이 증가함에 따라 $Al_3Pd_2$ 뿐만 아니라 AlPd상이 형성됨을 알 수 있었다. 유효생성열(${\Delta}$H') 개념을 이온선 혼합에 의한 상형성 및 전이에 도입하여 초기 $Al_3Pd_2$ 금속/금속계 뿐만 아니라 금속/실리콘계에 대해서 이온선 혼합에 의한 초기 상형성 및 상전이에 관한 연구 및 실험이 현재 진행 중에 있다.