• 대한수학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.1191-1204
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• 2001

The paper is devoted to the study of fractional integration and differentiation on a finite interval [a, b] of the real axis in the frame of Hadamard setting. The constructions under consideration generalize the modified integration $\int_{a}^{x}(t/x)^{\mu}f(t)dt/t$ and the modified differentiation ${\delta}+{\mu}({\delta}=xD,D=d/dx)$ with real $\mu$, being taken n times. Conditions are given for such a Hadamard-type fractional integration operator to be bounded in the space $X^{p}_{c}$(a, b) of Lebesgue measurable functions f on $R_{+}=(0,{\infty})$ such that for c${\in}R=(-{\infty}{\infty})$, in particular in the space $L^{p}(0,{\infty})\;(1{\le}{\le}{\infty})$. The existence almost every where is established for the coorresponding Hadamard-type fractional derivative for a function g(x) such that $x^{p}$g(x) have $\delta$ derivatives up to order n-1 on [a, b] and ${\delta}^{n-1}[x^{\mu}$g(x)] is absolutely continuous on [a, b]. Semigroup and reciprocal properties for the above operators are proved.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.285-300
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• 2019

This research focuses on the characterization of an ordered semigroups (OS) in the frame work of generalized bipolar fuzzy interior ideals (BFII). Different classes namely regular, intra-regular, simple and semi-simple ordered semigroups were characterized in term of $({\alpha},{\beta})$-BFII (resp $({\alpha},{\beta})$-bipolar fuzzy ideals (BFI)). It has been proved that the notion of $({\in},{\in}{\gamma}q)$-BFII and $({\in},{\in}{\gamma}q)$-BFI overlap in semi-simple, regular and intra-regular ordered semigroups. The upper and lower part of $({\in},{\in}{\gamma}q)$-BFII are discussed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.144-150
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• 2017

Background: The presence of gross deletions in the human immunodeficiency virus nef gene ($g{\Delta}nef$) is associated with long-term nonprogression of infected patients. Here, we investigated how quickly genetic defects in the nef gene are associated with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) intakein 10 long-term slow progressors. Methods: This study was divided into three phases over a 20-yr period; baseline, KRG intake alone, and KRG plus highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART). nef gene amplicons were obtained using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR from 10 long-term slow progressors (n = 1,396), and nested PCR from 36 control patients (n = 198), and 28 ART patients (n = 157), and these were then sequenced. The proportion of $g{\Delta}nef$, premature stop codons, and not in-frame insertion or deletion of a nucleotide was compared between three phases, control, and ART patients. Results: The proportion of defective nef genes was significantly higher in on-KRG patients (15.6%) than in baseline (5.7%), control (5.6%), on-KRG plus ART phase (7.8%), and on-ART patients (6.6%; p < 0.01). Small in-frame deletions or insertions were significantly more frequent among patients treated with KRG alone compared with controls (p < 0.01). Significantly fewer instances of genetic defects were detected in samples taken during the KRG plus ART phase (7.8%; p < 0.01). The earliest defects detected were $g{\Delta}nef$ and small in-frame deletions after 7 mo and 67 mo of KRG intake, respectively. Conclusion: KRG treatment might induce genetic defects in the nef gene. This report provides new insight into the importance of genetic defects in the pathogenesis of AIDS.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.389-410
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• 2004

In this study, theoretical and experimental results are presented which were obtained during an investigation of the influence of the $P-{\Delta}$ effect that was caused by the simultaneous changing of the axial load P of the column and the lateral displacement ${\Delta}$ in the external beam-column joints. The increase or decrease of ${\Delta}$ was simultaneous with the increase or decrease of the axial compression load P and caused an additional influence on the aseismic mechanical properties of the joint. A total of 12 reinforced concrete exterior beam-column subassemblies were examined. A new model, which predicts the beam-column joint ultimate shear strength, was used in order to predict the seismic behaviour of beam-column joints subjected to earthquake-type loading plus variable axial load and $P-{\Delta}$ effect. Test data and analytical research demonstrated that axial load changes and $P-{\Delta}$ effect during an earthquake cause significant deterioration in the earthquake-resistance of these structural elements. It was demonstrated that inclined bars in the joint region were effective for reducing the unfavourable impact of the $P-{\Delta}$ effect and axial load changes in these structural elements.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.383-393
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• 2018

In this study, seismic performance of low and medium-rise RC buildings with wide-beam and ribbed-slab were evaluated numerically. Moment resisting systems consisting of moment and dual frame were selected as structural system of the buildings. Sufficiency of moment resisting wide-beam frames designed with high ductility requirements were evaluated. Upon necessity frames were stiffen with shear-walls. The buildings were designed in accordance with the Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC 2007) and were evaluated by using the strain-based nonlinear static method specified in TEC. Second order (P-delta) effects on the lateral load capacity of the buildings were also assessed in the study. The results indicated that the predicted seismic performances were achieved for the low-rise (4-story) building with the high ductility requirements. However, the moment resisting frame with high ductility was not adequate for the medium-rise building. Addition of sufficient amount of shear-walls to the system proved to be efficient way of providing the target performance of structure.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.453-469
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• 2004

In this article, a genetic algorithm based optimum design method is presented for non-linear steel frames with semi-rigid connections. The design algorithm obtains the minimum weight frame by selecting suitable sections from a standard set of steel sections such as European wide flange beams (i.e., HE sections). A genetic algorithm is employed as optimization method which utilizes reproduction, crossover and mutation operators. Displacement and stress constraints of Turkish Building Code for Steel Structures (TS 648, 1980) are imposed on the frame. The algorithm requires a large number of non-linear analyses of frames. The analyses cover both the non-linear behaviour of beam-to-column connection and $P-{\Delta}$ effects of beam-column members. The Frye and Morris polynomial model is used for modelling of semi-rigid connections. Two design examples with various type of connections are presented to demonstrate the application of the algorithm. The semi-rigid connection modelling results in more economical solutions than rigid connection modelling, but it increases frame drift.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제15권4호통권65호
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• pp.457-466
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 실험적 방법을 통하여 P-${\Delta}$ 효과를 고려한 기둥항복형 강구조 골조의 안정성을 고찰하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 3개의 1층 1스팬 기둥항복형 강구조 비가새 골조에 대한 가력실험을 실시하였다. 실험의 변수로는 기둥의 강성과 축력비를 적용하였다. 실험결과 기둥의 강성 감소는 P-${\Delta}$효과를 증가시켜 골조의 안정성에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 보항복형 골조와 비교하여 최대내력 도달 이후의 내력자하 현상이 다소 급격하게 나타났다. 이것은 기둥의 강성이 낮은 기둥항복형 골조의 경우 P-${\Delta}$효과의 영향이 골조의 안정성에 미치는 영향이 증가되어 나타난 현상으로 사료된다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2001

본 연구의 목적은 보항복형 비가새 골조의 $P-{\Delta}$영향을 실험적 방법을 통하여 조사하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 4개의 1층 1스팬의 보항복형 비가새 골조에 대한 가력실험을 실시하였다. 실험의 변수로는 기둥의 강성과 축력비를 적용하였다. 실험결과 저축력 상태의 보항복형 비가새 골조에서는 축력의 정량적인 크기가 $P-{\Delta}$효과로서 골조의 안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 최대수평하중은 기둥의 강성과 지점 회전강성에 비례하여 증가하며 저축력상태의 보항복형 비가새 골조는 붕괴가구 형성이 비교적 안정적인 상태에서 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 한계상태설계기준의 $B_2$ 계수는 골조의 비탄성거동시 $P-\Delta$효과를 적절히 고려하지 못하는 것으로 판단된다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2021

This work presents a low-power CMOS image sensor (CIS) with a multi-column-parallel (MCP) readout structure while focusing on improving its performance compared to previous works. A delta readout scheme that utilizes the image characteristics is optimized for the MCP readout structure. By simply alternating the MCP readout direction for each row selection, additional memory for the row-to-row delta readout is not required, resulting in a reduced area of occupation compared to the previous work. In addition, the bias current of a pre-amplifier in a successive approximate register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) changes according to the operating period to improve the power efficiency. The prototype CIS chip was fabricated using a 0.18-㎛ CMOS process. A 160 × 120 pixel array with 4.4 ㎛ pitch was implemented with a 10-bit SAR ADC. The prototype CIS demonstrated a frame rate of 120 fps with a total power consumption of 1.92 mW.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1098-1102
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• 2009

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3 ${\Delta}^{6,9,12}$) is synthesized by a delta-6 fatty acid desaturase using linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 ${\Delta}^{9,12}$) as a substrate. To enable the production of GLA in the conventional yeast Pichia pastoris, we have isolated a cDNA encoding the delta-6 fatty acid desaturase from Cunninghamella echinulata MIAN6 and confirmed its function by heterogeneous expression in P. pastoris. Sequence analysis indicated that this cDNA sequence has an open reading frame of 1,404 bp, which encodes a 52 kDa peptide of 468 amino acids. This sequence has 64% identity to the previously reported delta-6 fatty acid desaturase from Rhizopus oryzae. The polypeptide has a cytochrome b5 domain at the N-terminus including the HPGG motif in the heme-binding region, as reported for other delta-6 fatty acid desaturases. In addition, this enzyme differs from other desaturases by the presence of three possible N-linked glycosylation sites. Analysis of the fatty acid composition demonstrated the accumulation of GLA to the level of 3.1% of the total fatty acids. Notably, the amounts of ginkgolic acid (C17:1) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were increased from 1.3% to 29.6% and from 15% to 33%, respectively. These results reveal that the modification of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway by genetic manipulation in order to produce specific polyunsaturated fatty acids in P. pastoris is a promising technique.