• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.186-193
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• 1981

Three fractions of carboxymethyl-cellulase (F-I, F-II, and F-III) and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ form Aspergillus niger were partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation. Sephadex G-150 and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The optimum conditions such as pH and temperature and thermal inactivation properties of the enzymes were investigated. Arrhenius plots of F-II and F-III appeared as straight lines, whereas that of F-I was biphasic. The Z-values of F-II and F-III were $8^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ respectively, while that of F-I was $4^{\circ}C$ over $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ and $383^{\circ}C$ over $70{\sim}98^{\circ}C$. Three fractions and the crude extract of carboxymethyl-cellulase exhibited a similar optimum pH 4.3 and temperature of $60^{\circ}C$, while Z-value of crude extract $(21.5^{\circ}C)$ was much higher than that of the purified enzyme. Maximum activity of both purified and crude extract of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ was shown at pH 4.7 and $60^{\circ}C$, and z-value of the enzyme was $7^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.981-986
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• 1996

We have conducted this study to examine effect of kimchi intake on the composition of human large intestinal bacteria. Two hundred grams of kimchi were administered to 10 healthy young volunteers (20-30 years old) every day for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of non-intake period. The non-intake-intake cycle was repeated for 10 weeks. Except antibiotics and materials which contain live bacteria, subjects were allowed to eat ad libitum. The composition of intestinal microflora (Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Staphylococcus, Clostridium perfringens) was examined a1 the last day of each period. $\beta-Glucosidase$ and $\beta-glucuronidase$ activities, pH and moisture content of the fecal samples were also measured. During the administration of kimchi, the cell counts of Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas those of other bacteria did not change significantly. The enzyme level of $\beta-glucosidase$ and $\beta-glucuronidase$ decreased during kimchi intake (p<0.05). Results indicate that a portion of lactic acid bacteria present in kimchi can pass human stomach and reside in the large intestinal tract.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.531-535
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• 2017

In this study, Leuconostoc mesenteroides CJNU0041 was isolated from Korean traditional food kimchi and antimicrobial activity of fermented broccoli with the isolate was tested against pathogenic Clostridium difficile. L. mesenteroides CJNU0041 showed higher glucosidase activity than other isolates. As the results of physiological properties such as pH and viable cell count during broccoli fermentation with L. mesenteroides CJNU0041, we confirmed that 48 hours was optimal fermentation time. As the results of metabolite analysis by HPLC, metabolites were changed during the fermentation. Especially, the growth of C. difficile was inhibited by the fermented broccoli. Therefore, L. mesenteroides CJNU0041 might be a candidate for improving the functionality of natural materials by lactic acid fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.369-376
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• 2013

We isolated the ${\beta}$-glucosidase producing bacteria (BGB) in ginseng root system (rhizosphere soil, rhizoplane, inside of root). Phylogenetic analysis of the 28 BGB based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, BGB from rhizosphere soil belong to genus Stenotrophomonas (3 strains), Bacillus (1 strain), and Pseudoxanthomonas (1 strain). BGB isolates from rhizoplane were Stenotrophomonas (16 strains), Streptomyces (1 strain) and Microbacterium (1 strain). BGB from inside of root were categorized into Stenotrophomonas (3 strains) and Lysobacter (2 strains). Especially, Stenotrophomonas comprised the largest portion (approximately 90%) of total isolates and Stenotrophomonas was a dominant group of the ${\beta}$-glucosidase producing bacteria. We selected strain 4KR4, which had high ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity (108.17 unit), could transform ginsenoside Rb1 into Rd, Rg3, and Rh2 ginsenosides. In determining its relationship on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence, 4KR4 strain was most closely related to Stenotrophomonas rhizophila e-$p10^T$ (AJ293463) (99.62%). Therefore, on the basis of these polyphasic taxonomic evidence, the ginsenoside Rb1 converting bacteria 4KR4 was identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. 4KR4 (=KACC 17635).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.172-176
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• 2002

A filamentous microorganism, strain FJ1, was isolated from completely rotten wood for the production of cellulolytic enzymes. For the production of the enzymes, cellulolsic wastes were used as carbon sources of strain FJ1 and rice straw showed higher enzyme activities than sawdust and pulp. The activities of CMCase, xylanase, $\beta$-glucosidase, and avicelase were 2.95, 5.89, 0.45, and 0.12 unit/ml by use of rice straw, respectively. To enhance production of the enzymes, the mixture substrate of rice straw and cellulosic materials were investigated as carbon sources. The highest activities of CMCase, $\beta$-glucosidase, and avicelase were found in the mixture of rice straw (0.5%, w/v) and avicel (0.5%, w/v), and the highest xylanase was obtained at the mixture ratio of 0.71%(w/v) and 0.29%(w/v). Addition of 0.1%(w/v) peptone showed enhanced production of the cellulolytic enzymes in which the activities of CMCase, xylanase, $\beta$-glucosidase, and avicelase were 19.23, 27.18, 1.28, and 0.53 unit/ml, respectively. The production of the enzymes using rice straw was efficiently induced in the presence of avicel and pulp containing cellulose. In particular, a medium composed of rice straw (0.5%, w/v) and pulp (0.5%, w/v) yielded larger cellulolytic enzymes: CMCase 24.3 unit/ml, xylanase 38.7 unit/ml, $\beta$-glucosidase 1.5 unit/ml, and avicelase 0.6 unit/ml. The filamentous microorganism, strain FJ1 utilized various cellulosic wastes as carbon sources and will be expected as a favorable candidate for biological saccharification of cellulosic wastes.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1250-1259
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• 2018

In this study, Momordica charantia (MC) fermented with Leuconostoc mesenteroides (MC-LM) were assessed for the antioxidant and the antidiabetic activities. Antioxidant activities of MC and MC-LM were evaluated using 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) radical. Although MC-treated groups showed little activity, 47% of activity was observed at $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration for MC-LM and increased significantly(p<0.05) as MC-LM concentration increased. MC-LM more effectively inhibited the oxidative damage of DNA by peroxyl radical than MC and the inhibition of the strand breakage increased significantly as MC-LM concentration increased(p<0.05). Measuring the inhibition of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ activity, which is closely related to the regulation of blood sugar, resulted in MC reduced the activity of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ by 30% at 8 mg/mL and MC-LM at the same concentration by 60%. In addition, the effect of MC-LM on the cell viability of alloxan-treated RIN-m5F resulted in a significant increase in cell survival(p<0.05) in the group treated with MC-LM and a 20% increase in the concentration of $1000{\mu}g/mL$. As a result of insulin secretion by alloxan-treated RIN-m5F cell, the level of insulin secretion tended to increase in all group treated with MC-LM. At the concentration of $1000{\mu}g/mL$, the insulin secretion was increased by 15% in MC-LM group than in MC group. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that fermented bitter gourd has antioxidant and antidiabetic effects.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.272-276
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• 1994

The dried cinnamon was extracted with enzymes, salts, sugars and additives in order to find the most effective extraction material. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cinnamon suspension with cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, ${\beta}-1.4-glucosidase$, tannase and lipase showed a little increase of their cinnamic aldehyde contents. Solid yield, antioxidant activity and degree of browning were increased in hemicellulase treatment. Acid and alkali extraction of cinnamon showed a some increase in solid yields and antioxidant activity was increased by addition of glucose and Na-ascorbate. Cinnamic aldehyde contents and degree of browning were increased in extraction with Na-citrate addition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of physico-chemical environmental factors on the changes of bacterial population from two sites used for drinking water and eight sites polluted with various pollutant in Seoul city. In all the stations except for two sites used for drinking water, the concentrations of nitrate- nitrogen and ammonia were in excess of the criteria of groundwater quality by the result of analysis of 40 variations including physicochemical environmental factors, heavy metals, and bacterial populations. The numbers of total bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria and functional groups of bacteria were ranged from 5.1 to 41.4${\times}$10$\^$5/cells/ml and from 0.01 to 29.6${\times}$10$^4$cfu/ml, respectively. The activities of extracellular enzymes showed the ranges of 0.005∼11.3${\mu}$M/l/hr and its order to lipase, phophatase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, cellulase, chitinase, amylase. The results of correspondence and multidimensional scaling analysis between bacterial populations and its physico-chemical environmental factors were explained the effects of physico-chemical environmental factors according to site characters and separated four group, which is accord with potential pollutants at wells.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4 s.100
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• pp.266-272
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• 2002

For analyzing function of a microbial ecosystem which was created under the artificial vegetation island (AVI) installed at Lake Paldang, zooplankton and bacterial numbers and exoenzyme activities (${\beta}$-glucosidase and phosphatase) were measured biweekly from 3 November 2()()1 to 20 April 2002 at AVI site and control site. Under the AVI, the water quality was worse than control site in term of comparing the environmental parameters. But, zooplankton number of AVI site was 25 times higher than that of control site. Respiratory active bacterial numbers were 3-8 times higher at AVI site. In addition, enzymatic activities were higher at AVI site than those of control site. These results suggest that the zooplankton-phytoplankton-bacteria relationships are closely coupled with each other and organic materials are eliminated by respiration of zooplankton and bacterial activities.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.124-135
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• 2018

This study investigated the nutritional properties and biological activities of Ganoderma lucidum (GL). The round type of GL contained higher carbohydrate content, while the Nokgak type of GL contained higher crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein content. The most abundant amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, and soluble vitamin observed were valine (round type: 11.90 mg/g and Nokgak type: 17.18 mg/g), linoleic acid (round type: 47.56% and Nokgak type: 75.68%), potassium (round type: 116.50 mg/100 g and Nokgak type: 184.36 mg/100 g), and vitamin B3 (round type: 1.78 mg/100 g and Nokgak type: 1.81 mg/100 g), respectively. In addition, the ${\beta}$-glucan content were 34.15 g/100 g (round type) and 30.07 g/100 g (Nokgak type). The GL 70% ethanol extract at $40^{\circ}C$ showed higher radical scavenging as well as carbohydrate and lipid enzyme inhibition than other conditions. At 1 mg/mL of treatment with the 70% ethanol extract at $40^{\circ}C$ of round type GL, the DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and pancreatic lipase inhibition activities obtained were approximately 92.85, 99.74, 58.09, 89.68, 44.68, and 67.56%, respectively.