• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.747-758
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• 2002

The skin displays a highly active metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Dietary deficiency of linoleic acid (LA), an 18-carbon (n-6) PUFA, results in characteristic scaly skin disorder and excessive epidermal water loss. Although arachidonic acid (AA), a 20-carbon (n6) PUFA, is metabolized via cyclooxygenase pathway into predominantly prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$, the metabolism of AA via the 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) pathway, which is very active in skin epidermis and catalyzes the transformation of M into predominantly 15S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15S-HETE). Additionally, the 15-LOX also metabolizes the 18-carbon LA into 13S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13S-HODE), respectively. Interestingly, 15-LOX catalyzes the transformation of $dihomo-{\gamma}-linolenic$ acid (DGLA), derived from dietary gamma-linolenic acid, to 15S-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (15S-HETrE). These monohydroxy fatty acids are incorporated into the membrane inositol phospholipids which undergo hydrolytic cleavage to yield substituted-diacylglycerols such as 13S-HODE-DAG from 13S-HODE and 15S-HETrE-DAG from 15S-HETrE. These substituted-monohydroxy fatty acids seemingly exert anti-inflammatory/antiproliferative effects via the modulation of selective protein kinase C as well as on the upstream/down-stream nuclear MAP-kinase/AP-1/apoptotic signaling events.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.552-562
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• 1994

The study was designed to observe the effect of different dietary fats on the incidence of colorectal tumor and in vivo cell proliferation in colon carcinogenesis. Male Sprague Dawley rats were intrarectally infused with chemical carcinogen(methylnitrosourea, MNU) and fed 16%(w/w) fat diet containing one of dietary fats(beef tallow, corn oil, perilla oil) for 30 weeks. To measure in vivo cell proliferation, the incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine(BrdU) into DNA was localized using the monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody. Large number of tumors were found in the distal colon and tumor incidence was increased in the order of perilla oil(57.7%)$\alpha$-linolenic acid rich in perilla oil could have a protective effect against colon cancer compared to saturated fatty acid or n-6 linoleic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 1988

In order to investigate the amino acid and fatty acid content in Thuja biotae water extract treated with alkaline, it was performed. There are 16 kinds of different amino acid and 20 kinds of different fatty acid in Thuja biotae water extract. An aspartic acid was contained 52％ and proline was contained 10％, particulary, r-aminobutyric acid was analysed. Essential fatty acids; linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were cotained a lot amount. There are 11 different unknown materials which were identified by GC-MS spectrum, such as N-[($4{\alpha},5{\alpha}$)-cholestan-4-yl]-acetamide; 22,26-Epithio-furost-5-en-3-ol; 2-Methyl-6-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-4-heptanone; 3,12,14-Tris(acetyloxy)-pregnane-15,20-dione;22-Methyl-26-thio-furost-5-en-3-ol; 7-Ethenyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydro-1,4a,7-trimethyl-1-phenanthrene carboxyaldehyde; Methoxyiminopro-panedioic acid; 13-Methyl-13-${\beta}$-Methyl-13-vinyl-dodecaarp-7-en-3-3-ol; 22-Methyl-26-thio-furost-6-methyl-3-ol; $5{\alpha}-Androstane-2$,11-dione; 9-Methyl-heptadecanoic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1817-1826
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• 2014

This study investigated lipid profiles and antioxidant capacities of seven Korean rapeseed cultivars (Naehan, Tamla, Mokpo111, Yeongsan, Tammi, Hanla, and Mokpo68). The rapeseeds contained 29.3~33.2% of extracted lipid and major fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids was 2.20~3.68 with the highest in Hanla and lowest in Naehan. Glycolipid ranged from 0.21 g/100 g to 0.47 g/100 g. Phospholipid content was 0.55~1.15 g/100 g with the highest in Tammi and the lowest in Mokpo68, and the most common phospholipid was phosphatidylcholine. Tocopherol content was 9.45~15.11 mg/100 g in the order of ${\gamma}$ > ${\alpha}$ > ${\beta}$ > ${\delta}$-tocopherol, and Naehan contained the highest amount of tocopherols (P<0.05). Total phenol content (TPC) of rapeseed was 314.64~577.08 mg SAE/100 g. Tamla contained the highest TPC, and showed the highest antioxidant activity determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 1990

This studies were conducted to find out the possibility of utilizing red pepper seed as resources of food fats, the research method was designed to make a comparison between crude and refined oil, and the results of the studies are as follows : The red pepper seed contained 28% of crude fat and 21% of crude protein. The main fatty acids of red pepper seed oil were linoleic acid(72.10~72.31%), palmitic acid(12.81~13.28%) and oleic acid(9.47~10.48%). The linolenic acid content was so small that is will not influence the autoxidation of the red pepper seed oil. The major triglyceride type of crude and refined oil of red pepper seeds were C52 and C54. The other types were found in a small quantity. The sterol composition of crude oil was $\beta$-sitosterol, campasterol, stigmasteral and brassicasterol,in the quantity order. after refining, brassicasterol was not detected, and the content was decreased by one six and one eight. The toropherol composition of crude and refined oil, tocopherol analog was composed of three kinds $\alpha$-, ${\gamma}$-, $\delta$-, but no $\beta$-form. the quantity of ${\gamma}$-, $\alpha$- and $\delta$-tocopherol were 162.91, 83.72, 43.98mg% respectively. The Quantity of and capsaicin in crude oil was 1,296 ppm, and it was reduced consicerably by refining and removed completely after the process of redeodorization.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.87-91
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• 2001

Extracts from Geum japonicum (Bammu in Korean) were analyzed for their antioxidative activities and scavenging effects on free radicals. The ethyl acetate fraction of G. japonicum methanol extract (EFGJ) showed a remarkable scavenging activity on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. EFGJ also showed excellent antioxidative activity on linoleic acid during long-period storage and on rat liver microsome peroxidation system, and good anti-peroxidation effect on lipid in Rancimat system using lard, palm oil, and perilla oil, as compared with BHT and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Varying effects of antioxidative activity of the EFGJ on various fatty acids were observed. The prevention of linoleic acid and linolenic acid peroxidation was superior to ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, but inferior to BHT. The methanol extract of G. japonicum did not show mutagenicity as revealed through SOS chromotest. Based on the results, the extracts of G. japonicum may be useful source as natural antioxidants.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.330-334
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• 2006

Chemical composition of the Eucommia ulmoides bark, including extractives, proximate, mineral, fatty acid and monosaccharide compositions, was studied The most abundant mineral was calcium (533.17 mg/l00 g). $\alpha-linolenic$ acid (24.7%) and linoleic acid (24.3%), showed higher contents among the fatty acids. Major monosaccharides of E. ulmoides balk were arabinose (13.94 mg/g), xylose (18.91 mg/g) and glucose (119.7 mg/g). From the bark of E ulmoides, four compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated as caffeic acid (I), kaempferol (II), quercetin (III) and isoquercitrin (IV) by spectroscopic analysis such as NMR and MS, including cellulose TLC and other chemical evidence such as hydrolyzation and acetylation. The antioxidant activities of four isolated compounds were evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging, hydroxyl scavenging and reducing power assays. The results indicated that all the isolated compounds showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than $\alpha-tocopherol$ and BHT that were used as positive controls and these four compounds exhibited considerable reducing power and hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging activity. Considering from the results above, it suggests that the E. ulmoides bark is a potential natural source of antioxidant material.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.987-994
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of n-3 fatty acids on breast cancer, MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells were cultured in the presence of $\alpha$-linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic(EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at a concentration of 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in serum -free IMM medium. Cell growth was monitored and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), $\alpha$-tocopherol contents, and oncogene expression were measured. To compare the effects of n-3 fatty acids with other types of fatty acid, steraic (STA), olieic(OA). linoleic acid(LA) were used. After one day , cell growth was retarded most highly when DHA was in the medium. Cellular TBARS level measured after three days of culture was the highest with DHA in the medium and was also increased by LNA and EPA, compared with STA, OA and LA. Alpha-tocoopherol contents of cells were decreased by DHA but only modestly. There was non significant difference in $\alpha$-tocopherol contents in cells cultured in the presence of the other fatty acids. northern blot hybridization carried out with cells cultured during 24 hours showed that levels of erbB-2 mRNA were not altered by six different fatty acids in the medium but those of c-myc were transiently decreased in the early period by both n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The level of tumor suppressor gen p53 mRNA , however, was increased by DHA with time. It is concluded that the cytotoxicity of lipid peroxide and increased expression of tumor suppressor gene p53 are at least partly responsible for the inhibitory effect of DHA on growth of breast cancer cells.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 1991

Various sterols and uncommon fatty acids have been isolated from the three species of Korean marine sponges. Odd-numbered pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic methyl ester and branched 12-methyltetradecanoic, 14-methylpentadecanoic, 15-methylhexadecanoic and 14-methylhexadecanoic methyl ester were isolated along with common tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic methyl ester from Heteropiidae sponge Vosmaeropsis japonica Hozawa collected from Sohuksan island of the Korea sea. Futher elution with more polar solvent gave 5${\alpha}$-cholestan-3${\beta}$-ol along with minor amount of ergost-25-ene-3${\beta}$,5${\alpha}$,6${\beta}$-triol. On the other hand, marine sponge Hymeniacidon sinapium collected from Yesu Dolsan island of the Korea sea was shown to contain 5${\alpha}$-cholestan-3${\beta}$-ol, along with minor amount of cholesterol, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, stearic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid ethyl ester. Unknown marin sponge collected from the same region was shown to contain large amount of tetradecanoic tetradecyl and hexadecyl ester and cholesteryl acetic and fatty acid ester.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a composite feed additive (CFA) consisting of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and choline on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-two late fattening steers were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups, control (commercial concentrate + rice straw) and treatment (commercial concentrate + rice straw + 50 g of CFA). Average daily gain (ADG) was 4.0% higher in treatment than that in control; however, there was no statistically significant difference. The supplementation of CFA had no effect on overall yield or quality traits of carcass. CFA had no effect on chemical composition, water holding capacity, shear force, cooking loss, or myoglobin values in longissimus muscle; however, the content of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was increased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The contents of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid and n-3 fatty acids were higher in treatment group than in control (p < 0.01). The ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was decreased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The supplementation of CFA had no effect on pH or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in longissimus muscle (raw); however, TBARS (cooked) values were lower in treatment group than in control during refrigerated storage (p < 0.01). Thus, the results indicate that the supplementation of CFA (vitamin C + vitamin E + selenium + choline) had some positive effects on the increase in ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and n-3 fatty in longissimus muscle, without any negative effect on growth performance or carcass characteristics of late fattening Hanwoo steers.