• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.437-442
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• 1989

The cmc's of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/Triton X-100 surfactant mixtures were determined by surface tension measurement at various surfactant compositions. The cmc values were lower than those predicted from ideal mixture. The regular solution theory was applied to calculate the interaction parameter, micellar composition, and the activity coefficients of surfactants in the mixed micelle. The interaction parameter (${\beta}$) was - 2.1. The nonideality arised largely from decreased activity of SDS in the mixed micelle. The mean aggregation numbers (${\bar{n}}$) and micropolarity of hydrocarbon region of the mixed micelles were determined by luminescence probe techniques. The total aggregation number (${\bar{n}}_{SDS}+{\bar{n}}_{TX}$) in mixed micelles showed little dependency on the composition of the micelle. The apparent dielectric constant of the hydrocarbon region of the micelle vs micellar composition plot showed positive deviation from linearity. Emission and emission quenching of excited tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(Ⅱ) cation, $(Ru(bpy)_3^{2+})$, by methylviologen ($MV^{2+}$) were also investigated in the mixed micellar solutions. The quenching rate was lowest when the mole fraction of SDS in the surfactant mixtures (${\alpha}_{SDS}$) is about 0.25 and highest at ${\alpha}_{SDS}$ = 0.85. This was explained in terms of combined effects of binding of the cations with the micelle and mobility of the bound cations on the surface of the micelles.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5327-5332
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• 2012

In this review, we describe the patterns of known immunological components in breast milk and examine the relationship between breastfeeding and reduced risk of breast cancer. The top risk factors for breast cancer are a woman's age and family history, specifically having a first-degree relative with breast cancer. Women that have a history of breastfeeding have been shown to have reduced rates of breast cancer. Although the specific cause has not been elucidated, previous studies have suggested that breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer primarily through two mechanisms: the differentiation of breast tissue and reduction in the lifetime number of ovulatory cycles. In this context, one of the primary components of human milk that is postulated to affect cancer risk is alpha-lactalbumin. Tumour cell death can be induced by HAMLET (a human milk complex of alpha-lactalbumin and oleic acid). HAMLET induces apoptosis only in tumour cells, while normal differentiated cells are resistant to its effects. Therefore, HAMLET may provide safe and effective protection against the development of breast cancer. Mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their babies because the complex components of human milk secretion make it an ideal food source for babies and clinical evidence has shown that there is a lower risk of breast cancer in women who breastfed their babies.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2020

Objective: Endometrial fibrosis, the primary pathological feature of intrauterine adhesion, may lead to disruption of endometrial tissue structure, menstrual abnormalities, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy loss. At present, no ideal therapeutic strategy exists for this fibrotic disease. Eupatilin, a major pharmacologically active flavone from Artemisia, has been previously reported to act as a potent inducer of dedifferentiation of fibrotic tissue in the liver and lung. However, the effects of eupatilin on endometrial fibrosis have not yet been investigated. In this study, we present the first report on the impact of eupatilin treatment on transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced endometrial fibrosis. Methods: The efficacy of eupatilin on TGF-β-induced endometrial fibrosis was assessed by examining changes in morphology and the expression levels of fibrosis markers using immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Eupatilin treatment significantly reduced the fibrotic activity of TGF-β-induced endometrial fibrosis in Ishikawa cells, which displayed more circular shapes and formed more colonies. Additionally, the effects of eupatilin on fibrotic markers including alpha-smooth muscle actin, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, collagen type I alpha 1 chain, and matrix metalloproteinase-2, were evaluated in TGF-β-induced endometrial fibrosis. The expression of these markers was highly upregulated by TGF-β pretreatment and recovered to the levels of control cells in response to eupatilin treatment. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that suppression of TGF-β-induced signaling by eupatilin might be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endometrial fibrosis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1407-1414
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• 2011

This study is aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Cordycepin-enriched Cordyceps militaris (CM${\alpha}$) strain on orotic acid (OA)-induced fatty liver in rats. OA treatment induced the retardation of body weight gain and enlargement of the liver. The activities of liver marker enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Alk. phosphatase and Cholinesterase were increased when treated with OA, but these parameters were significantly decreased in the CM${\alpha}$ group. The current study observed significant elevations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels. However, among the OA groups, the CM${\alpha}$ group showed significantly low TBARS levels of hepatic homogenate. The OA group resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of plasma and hepatic glutathione, but these reductions were significantly increased in the CM${\alpha}$ group. These effects were more pronounced in the CM${\alpha}$ group than in the PJ or CM groups in Orotic acid treated rats. Accordingly, Cordycepin-enriched Cordyceps militaris (CM${\alpha}$) may be an ideal candidate for hepatoprotective effects in animal models.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.495-501
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• 2002

The critical micelle concentration(CMC) and the counterion binding constant(B) for the mixed micel-lization of sodium n-octanoate(SOC) with n-octylammonium chloride(OAC) were determined as a function of the overall mole fraction of $SOC({\alpha}_1).$ Various thermodynamic parameters($x_i$, $Y_i$, $C_i$, $${\alpha}_i^M$$, and $\Delta$$H_{mix}$) for the mixed micellization of the SOC/OAC systems have been calculated and analyzed by means of the equations derived from the nonideal mixed micellar model. The results show that there are great deviations from the ideal behavior for the mixed micellization of these systems. And other thermodynamic parameters(${\Delta}$$G^0_m$, ${\Delta}$$H^0_m$, and ${\Delta}$$S^0_m$) associated with the micellization of SOC,OAC, and their $mixture({\alpha}_1=0.5)$ have been also estimated from the temperature dependence of CMC and B values, and the significance of these parameters and their relation to the theory of the micelle formation have been considered and analyzed by comparing each other.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.103-113
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is calling attention to the silver town by analyse preference attributes diversely and suggest alterative plan. Also, offering basic data which needs for the establishment of comfortable and ideal old age residence culture by developing silver town which is appropriate for our circumstances and emotion. The survey population of this study focused on 40s and 50s' middle aged both genders living in the Seoul and national capital region, we used random sampling method. The analytical methods used in this study were frequency, mean, standard deviation, Factor Analysis, t-test, ANOVA, post-hoc estimation (Duncan test), multiple regression, To verify the reliability of each measure, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-3
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• 1987

The crystal structure of $K_5Na_2[SbW_6O_{24}]{\cdot}12H_2O$ has been determined. Final R = 0.081 for 890 observed independent reflections collected by diffractometry. Crystal data as follows; trigonal, space group R3m, a = 9.794(1) ${\AA},\;{\alpha}$ = 84.72$(1)^{\circ}$, Z = 1. The heteropolyanion has a structure with point symmetry $D_{3d}$ (3m), of the ideal Anderson-type heteropolyanion. The Sb-W and W-W distances are 3.259(2) and 3.259(3) ${\AA}$. Three types of W-O ($W-O_t,\;W-O_b\;and\;W-O_c$) distances are 1.73(2), 1.95(4) and 2.20(3) ${\AA}$. The Sb-O distance is 1.97(3) ${\AA}$.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.83-98
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to find out the orientations and characteristic in clothes buying of each age group of elderly women, based on the actual self-image and the ideal self-image of clothing. Grasping the diversity of their clothes' buying orientations will be helpful in making a better merchandise production planning for apparel, and in launching new brands into the market. The study will also provide useful data in developing sales strategies which enable to supply goods that meet consumers' needs and tastes in the quality market, and consequently will help to classify the market. Samples were 488 women of 55 and over, dwelling in Pusan Metropolitan City. The data was analysed by using MANOVA, ANOVA, and the Cronbach's $\alpha$ reliability was also applied. The conclusions based on the theoretical background and the result of questionnaire surveys were as follows: 1. The order of priority of buying orientations based on clothes's actual self-image was 'practicality', 'cautiousness' and 'economical effectiveness' without regard to age. The items that showed the significant differences in 50's were 'cautiousness', 'experimentation', 'fashion-consciousness' and ostentatiouness, and in 70's were 'economical effectiveness', 'experimentation', 'impulsiveness' and 'environmental friendliness', and none in 60's. 2. The order of priority based on clothes' ideal self-image was the same as that of actual one, and there was no significant difference between age groups.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2009

Many of the protective functions of saliva can be attributed to the biological, physical, structural, and rheological characteristics of salivary glycoproteins. Therefore, the development of ideal saliva substitutes requires understanding of the rheological as well as biological properties of human saliva. In the present study, we investigated the changes of salivary enzymatic activities by saliva substitutes and compared viscosity of saliva substitutes with human saliva. Five kinds of saliva substitutes such as Moi-Stir, Stoppers4, MouthKote, Saliva Orthana, and SNU were used. Lysozyme activity was determined by the turbidimetric method. Peroxidase activity was determined with an NbsSCN assay. $\alpha$-Amylase activity was determined using a chromogenic substrate, 2-chloro-p-nitrophenol linked with maltotriose. The pH values of saliva substitutes were measured and their viscosity values were measured with a cone-and-plate digital viscometer at six different shear rates. Various types of saliva substitutes affected the activities of salivary enzymes in different ways. Stoppers4 enhanced the enzymatic activities of hen egg-white lysozyme, bovine lactoperoxidase (bLP), and $\alpha$-amylase. Saliva Orthana and SNU inhibited bLP activity and enhanced $\alpha$-amylase activity. MouthKote inhibited $\alpha$-amylase activity. Moi-Stir inhibited the enzymatic activities of bLP and $\alpha$-amylase. The pH values were very different according to the types of saliva substitutes. Stoppers4, MouthKote, and Saliva Orthana showed lower values of viscosity at low shear rates and higher values of viscosity at high shear rates compared with unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva. Moi-Stir and SNU displayed much higher values of viscosity than those of natural whole saliva. Collectively, our results indicate that each saliva substitute has its own biological and rheological characteristics. Each saliva substitute affects the enzymatic activity of salivary enzyme and finally oral health in different ways.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.904-912
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• 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of cordycepin-increased Cordyceps militaris strain on carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=6) based on six dietary categories: normal (N), $CCl_4$ control (C), $CCl_4$ plus Paecilomyces japonica (CPJ) (3%, w/w), $CCl_4$ plus C. militaris (CCM) (3%, w/w), and $CCl_4$ plus cordycepin-increased C. militaris ($CCM{\alpha}$) (3%, w/w). The activities of the liver marker enzymes ALT, AST, and LDH and the levels of lipid peroxidation were increased in the $CCl_4$-treated groups, but these parameters were significantly decreased in the $CCM{\alpha}$ group. The TBARS content in the liver homogenate, microsome, and mitochondrial fractions of the C group was significantly elevated compared with the N group. However, in the $CCl_4$-treated groups, $CCM{\alpha}$ group was significantly lowered in the TBARS levels of hepatic homogenate and microsomal fractions. The C group showed a significant decrease in the levels of plasma and hepatic glutathione, whereas they were significantly increased in the $CCM{\alpha}$ group. Accordingly, cordycepin-increased C. militaris may be an ideal animal model for studying hepatoprotective effects.