• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.263-268
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• 1993

Seventeen strains were isolated from soil, cattle rumen, cereal sewage dregs, insect on agar plate containing insoluble glucan as a sole carbon source from immobilized Streptococcus mutans, which produced alpha-1,3 glucanase for lysis of dental plaque. Among these strains isolated from soil, SW-522 and SW-713 that had appeared to produce the high level of alpha-1,3 glucanase, degraded insoluble glucan from S. mutans 97.6% and 49.4%, respectively in 5 hours. The activity of crude alpha-1,3 glucanase from SW-522 was 1.3mg insoluble glucan/min.mg protein. This enzyme was entirely degraded insoluble glucan on glass tube which produced by S. mutans in TH medium with 5% sucrose.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.403-409
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• 1997

취반용 보리 종실 내 (1-3, 1-4)-$\beta$-glucan의 축적기작을 알아보기 위하여 개화 후 일정 간격으로 보리 종실을 채취하여 (1-3, 1-4)-$\beta$-glucan 함량, (1-3, 1-4)-$\beta$-glucanase 활성 및 전분함량과 $\alpha$-amylase 활성을 조사하였다. $\beta$-glucan 함량은 등숙 초기에 매우 낮았으나 개화 후 15~25일 사이에 급속히 증가하였고 개화 후 30일경에는 종실 건물중의 3.5~4%로 증가하였다. (1-3, 1-4)-$\beta$-glucanase 활성은 등숙 초기에 높았으며 등숙이 진전될수록 감소하였다. $\beta$-glucan 함량과 (1-3, 1-4)-$\beta$-glucanase 활성간에는 고도로 유의한 부의 상관관계가 인정되었으나 등숙 종실 중의(1-3, 1-4)-$\beta$-glucanase 활성이 매우 낮은 수준이므로 $\beta$-glucan 축적량에 크게 영향을 미치지 않을 것으로 추정되었다. 전분함량은 등숙이 진전됨에 따라 지속적으로 증가하였으며 개화 후 10~20일에 가장 뚜렷하게 증가하였다. 포도당함량은 등숙이 진전됨에 따라 현저히 감소하였으며, 등숙 초기와 중기에 감소 정도가 매우 컸다. $\alpha$-amylase의 활성도 등숙이 진전됨에 따라 현저히 감소하였으며, 감소 정도는 등숙 초기와 중기에 매우 컸다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.161-176
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• 2018

진균류 유래의 ${\beta}$-glucan은 pathogen-associated molecular patterns의 일종이기도 하며 면역촉진과 항암작용을 나타냄이 알려져 있지만 세포 내 신호전달에 관해서는 알려진 바가 많지 않다. 대식세포주인 RAW264.7 세포에 불로초에서 추출한 ${\beta}$-glucan을 처리하였을 때 세포막에서는 덱틴-1, toll-like receptor 2, 4, 6의 발현이 증가되었으며, 세포 내에서는 macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1a, MIP-$1{\beta}$, MIP-$1{\gamma}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ 그리고 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$의 발현이 증가되었다. 또한 대식세포주에 불로초의 ${\beta}$-glucan과 PI3K 또는 MEK1/MEK2 억제제를 각각 처리하였을 때에 세포 내의 MIP-1a, MIP-$1{\beta}$, MIP-$1{\gamma}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$의 발현이 감소되었다. 따라서 불로초의 ${\beta}$-glucan은 대식세포에서 MyD88의 경로인 PI3K/Akt를 경유할 뿐만 아니라 MEK 경로를 활성화시킴으로써 다양한 면역조절작용이 가능한 것으로 여겨진다.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2006년도 Proceedings of The Convention
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• pp.103-115
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• 2006

$\beta$-Glucan is a glucose polymer that has linkage of $\beta$-(1,3), -(1,4) and -(1,6). As exclusively found in fungal and bacterial cell wall, not in animal, $\beta$-glucans are recognized by innate immune system. Dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages possesses pattern recognition molecule (PRM) for binding $\beta$-glucan as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Recently $\beta$-glucan receptor was cloned from DC and named as dectin-l which belongs to type II C-type lectin family. Human dectin-1 is consisted of 7 exons and 6 introns. The polypeptide of dectin-1 has 247 amino acids and has cytoplasmic, transmembrane, stalk and carbohydrate recognition domains. Dectin-1 could recognize variety of beta-1,3 and/or beta-1,6 glucan linkages, but not alpha-glucans. In our macrophage cell line culture system, dectin-1 mRNA was detected in RA W264.7 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Dectin-1 was also detected in the murine organs of spleen, thymus, lung and intestines. Treatment of RA W264.7 cells with $\beta$-glucans of Ganoderma lucidum (GLG) resulted in increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ in the presence of LPS. However, GLG alone did not increase IL-6 nor TNF-$\alpha$. These results suggest that receptor dectin-1 cooperate with CD14 to activate signal transduction that is very critical in immunoresponse.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국약용작물학회 2006년도 Proceedings of The Convention of The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• pp.103-115
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• 2006

[ ${\beta}-Glucan$ ] is a glucose polymer that has linkage of ${\beta}-(1,3)$, -(1,4) and -(1,6). As exclusively found in fungal and bacterial cell wall, not in animal, ${\beta}-glucans$ are recognized by innate immune system. Dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages possesses pattern recognition molecule (PRM) for binding ${\beta}-glucans$ as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Recently ${\beta}-glucans$ receptor was cloned from DC and named as dectin-l which belongs to type II C-type lectin family. Human dectin-l is consisted of 7 exons and 6 introns. The polypeptide of dectin-l has 247 amino acids and has cytoplasmic, transmembrane, stalk and carbohydrate recognition domains. Dectin-l could recognize variety of beta-l,3 and/or beta-l,6 glucan linkages, but not alpha-glucans. In our macrophage cell line culture system, dectin-l mRNA was detected in RA W264.7 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Dectin-l was also detected in the murine organs of spleen, thymus, lung and intestines. Treatment of RA W264.7 cells with ${\beta}-glucans$ of Ganoderma lucidum (GLG) resulted in increased expression of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the presence of LPS. However, GLG alone did not increase IL-6 nor $TNF-{\alpha}$ These results suggest that receptor dectin-l cooperate with CD14 to activate signal transduction that is very critical in immunoresponse.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 1993

보리를 thermostable ${\alpha}-amylase$와 amyloglucosidase로 처리하여 ${\beta}-glucan$을 얻은 후 정제과정을 통해 순수한 ${\beta}-glucan$을 얻어 보리 ${\beta}-glucan$의 열적특성을 연구하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 보리${\beta}-glucan$의 DSC thermogram은 3개의 흡열곡선을 나타냈으며 1차 흡열곡선은 겔화상전이 현상을 나타냈다. 보리 ${\beta}-glucan$의 농도가 증가함에 따라 겔화 온도범위와 엔탈피가 최대값을 나타냈으며 4 g/dl ${\beta}-glucan$의 To, Tp 및 Tc는 각각 $48.8^{\circ}C,\;61.2^{\circ}C$ 및 $78.5^{\circ}C$였고 엔탈피는 0.23 ca1/g이었다. pH 의존성에서 pH 7일 때 겔화온도의 범위가 넓었고 엔탈피도 가장 컸으며 산성과 알칼리성이 강할수록 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 염농도 의존성에서는 염을 가하지 않았을 때 겔화 온도범위와 엔탈피가 높았고 염을 첨가했을 경우 엔탈피는 급격히 감소하였으며 Tp와 Tc는 저온으로 이동되었으나 염농도 증가에는 영향을 받지 않았다. 보리 ${\beta}-glucan$의 열적특성에서 urea는 겔형성을 촉진시키는 active-reagent이었고 glycerol은 inactive-reagent임이 확인되었다. 열분해 현상에서 보리 ${\beta}-glucan$의 "true melting" 온도는 $184^{\circ}C$ 였고 엔탈피는 34.6 cal/g이었으며 분해온도는 $316^{\circ}C{\sim}346^{\circ}C$ 범위로 열에 대해 매우 안정한 물질임을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.576-583
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• 2006

The alkali-soluble glucan of the yeast cell wall contains $\beta-(1,3)-$ and (1,6)-D-linkages and is known to systemically enhance the immune system. In the previous study [6], in order to isolate cell wall mutants, a wild-type strain was mutagenized by exposure to ultraviolet light, and the mutants were then selected via treatment with laminarinase $(endo-\beta-(1,3)-D-glucanase)$. The mass of alkali- and water-soluble glucans produced by the mutant was measured to be 33.8 mg/g of the dry mass of the yeast cell. Our results showed that the mutants generated the amount of alkali-soluble glucan 10-fold higher than that generated by the wild-type. Structural analysis showed that the alkali-soluble glucan from the mutants was associated with a higher degree of $\beta-(1,6)-D-linkage$ than was observed in conjunction with the wild-type. Yeast cell wall $\beta-glucan$ was shown to interact with macrophages via receptors, thereby inducing the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha $(TNF-\alpha)$ and nitric oxide. Alkali-soluble $\beta-glucans$, both from water-soluble and water-insoluble glucan, exhibited a higher degree of macrophage activity with regard to both the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha $(TNF-\alpha)$ and nitric oxide and direct phagocytosis, than did the positive control ($1{\mu}g$ of lipopolysaccharide).

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.776-782
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• 2005

생리활성이 우수한 귀리추출물 4개 분획인 A분획($55^{\circ}C$, 15%, pH 6), B분획($45^{\circ}C$, 15%, pH 6), C분획($50^{\circ}C$, 0%, pH 7) 및 D분획($50^{\circ}C$, 10%, pH 5)을 대상으로 산업적인 정제가능성을 조사하기 위하여, 식품용 전분 분해 효소$({\alpha}-amlyase)$를 사용하여 정제하면서 ${\beta}-glucan$의 특성변화를 조사하였다. 추출물 상등액에 $({\alpha}-amlyase)$를 가하고 $95^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 반응하는 과정을 3회 반복하여 각 시료당 3개의 하위분획을 얻었다. 최종 정제 후 81.4-88.2% 순도의 ${\beta}-glucan$을 얻었고, 단백질 및 회분 함량은 각각 4.1-6.3% 및 2.6-6.2% 범위였다. 점도는 정제 후 HMC의 점도와 유사해졌고, 구성당은 glucose만이 정량되었으나 xylose, arabinose 등이 TLC상에 소량 확인되었다. 평균분자량은 $2.0{\times}10^6-5.1{\times}10^6$ 범위에서 약간 감소하였으며. 열분석결과 ${\beta}-glucan$의 피크온도는 약 $130-140^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 정제도에 따라 증가 또는 감소하였으나 엔탈피는 증가하였다. ${\beta}-(1{\rightarrow}3)$에 대한 ${\beta}-(1{\rightarrow}4)$ 결합비는 1:2.20에서 정제 후에는 최대 1:5.50까지 증가였다. 이상의 결과로부터 본 정제조건에 의하여 점도의 변화가 없는 범위에서 ${\beta}-glucan$의 ${\beta}-(1{\rightarrow}3)$ 결합의 분해가 증가하면서 평균 분자량이 감소하는 특성을 가진 80% 이상의 ${\beta}-glucan$분획을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2003년도 Annual Meeting of KSAP : International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences on Obesity
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• pp.98-98
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• 2003

${\beta}$-(1,3)-D-Glucans have been known to exhibit antitumor and antimicrobial activities. The presence of dectin-1,${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$-glucan receptor of dendritic cell, on macrophage has been controvertial. RT-PCR analysis led to the detection of dectin-1${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ in murine macrophage Raw264.7 cell line. Among the various organs of mouse, dectin-1${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ were detected in the thymus, lung, spleen, stomach and intestine. To analyze gene expression modulated by ${\beta}$-glucan treated murine Raw264.7 macrophage, total mRNA was applied to cDNA microarray to interrogate the expression of 7,000 known genes. cDNA chip analysis showed that ${\beta}$-glucan of P. osteatus increased gene expressions of immunomodulating genes, membrane antigenic proteins, chemokine ligands, complements, cytokines, various kinases, lectin associated genes and oncogenes in Raw 264.7 cell line. When treated with ${\beta}$-glucan of P. osteatus and LPS, induction of gene expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-R1 was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Induction of TNF-R type II expression was confirmed by FACS analysis. IL-6 expression was abolished by EDTA in ${\beta}$-glucan and LPS treated Raw264.7 cell line, indicating that ${\beta}$-glucan binds to dectin-l in a Ca$\^$＋＋/ -dependent manner. To increase antitumor efficacy of ${\beta}$-glucan, ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) was co-treated with ${\beta}$-glucan in vivo and in vitro tests. IC$\sub$50/ values of GRh2 were 20 and 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in SNU-1 and B16 melanoma F10 cell line, respectively. Co-treatment with ${\beta}$-glucan and GRh2 showed synergistic antitumor activity with cisplatin and mitomycin C both in vitro and in vivo. Single or co-treatment with ${\beta}$-glucan and GRh2 increased tumor bearing mouse life span. Co-treatment with ${\beta}$-glucan and GRh2 showed more increased life span with mitomycin C than that with cisplatin. Antitumor activities were 67% and 72 % by co-injection with ${\beta}$-glucan and GRh2 in the absence or presence of mitomycin C, respectively.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.667-671
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• 2009

Extract of water-soluble polysaccharide (CFWx), showing inhibiting activity on ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, was prepared from the fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris by hot-water extraction, and ethanol precipitation. Chemical characteristics of CFWx were as follows: carbohydrate content 30% including 16% of uronic acid; 51% protein content; monosaccharide composition, Man:Glu:Gal (30:43:27); molecular weight $3-5{\times}10^4$. CFWx was further purified by ion-exchange, gel-permeation, and affinity chromatography and $CFWx-AH-{\alpha}$ fraction was isolated. Fundamental structure of $CFWx-AH-{\alpha}$ was deduced as ${\alpha}-(1{\to}4$)-D-glucan with ${\alpha}-(1{\to}3$)- and/or ${\alpha}-(1{\to}6$)-D-glycosidic side chains based on methylation analysis.