• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1292-1300
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• 2020

Objective: To explore feed resources capable of replacing regular poor-quality fodder, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of mulberry leaves silage. Methods: The mulberry leaves were ensiled either untreated (control) or treated with 1×10⁶ cfu/g fresh matter Lactobacillus plantarum (L), 1% glucose (G), 3% molasses (M), a combination of 1% glucose and Lactobacillus plantarum (L+G), and a combination of 3% molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum (L+M). The fermentation quality and chemical composition were analyzed after 7, 14, 30, and 60 d, respectively. The 60-d silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test and fermented with buffered rumen fluid to measure the digestibility. Results: Inoculating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) resulted in more rapid increase in lactic acid concentrations and decline in pH of mulberry leaves silage as compared control. Higher acetic acid and lower ethanol and ammonia nitrogen concentrations (p<0.05) were observed in the LAB-inoculated silages as opposed to control during ensiling. The LAB-inoculated silages contained lower water-soluble carbohydrates compared with control during the first 14 d of ensiling, and lower neutral detergent fibre (p<0.05) concentrations as compared with non-LAB inoculated silages. Adding molasses alone increased (p<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter (DM). The aerobic stability of mulberry leaves silage was increased by LAB inoculation, whereas decreased by adding glucose or molasses. Conclusion: The LAB inoculation improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of mulberry leaves silage, while adding glucose or molasses failed to affect the fermentation and impaired the aerobic stability. Inoculating LAB alone is recommended for mulberry leaves especially when ensiled at a relatively high DM.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.28-29
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 MEH-PPV와 DFPP의 폴리머 물질을 이용하여 photovoltaic device가 제작되었고, 그림 1에 두 물질의 분자 구조가 보여진다. Photovoltaic cell의 전기-광학적 특성은 활성층의 폴리머 물질에 의해 결정된다. 이러한 특성을 알아보기 위해서 홉수 스펙트럼이 측정되었다. DFPP는 chloroform, chlorobenzen, THF, acetone에 잘 녹았으며, 본 논문에서는 chloroform이 용매로 사용되었다. 제작 공정은 다음과 같다. 인듐 주석 산화물 (ITO)이 증착된 유리기판은 photolithography 공정을 거친 후, 왕수(HNO$_{3}$ + HCL)로 식각됨으로서 전극의 패턴이 제작되었다. 그리고 ITO 전극 패턴 된 유리기판 위에 PEDOT (CH8000, Baytron)이 코팅된 후 Ar이 주입되는 Convection Oven을 이용하여 120$^{\circ}$C에서 2시간 동안 열처리되어 수분이 제거되었다. 활성층에는 MEH-PPV와 DFPP가 9:1과 2.33:1로 혼합된 폴리머가 사용되었고, 이것은 0.3 %w.t.가 되도록 chloroform에 넣어 5시간 동안 스핀바를 돌려서 용해되었다. 이 용액은 ITO 전극 패턴이 형성된 글라스 위에 3000 rpm으로 45 초간 스핀코팅 되었다. 이 때 얻어진 유기물 박막층은 80$^{\circ}$C의 Ar이 주입되는 convection oven에서 3시간 동안 경화되었다. 경화된 단층 유기물 박막층 위에 Li-Al이 1000 ${\AA}$의 두께로 증착되어 전극이 형성되었고, 이후 질소가 채워진 globe box에서 소자는 encapsulation되어 산소와 수분에 대한 영향으로부터 차단되었다. 상기의 공정으로 제작된 소자의 박막구조는 그림 2에서 보여진다. 그림 3은 MEH-PPV와 DFPP를 혼합했을 때의 흡수 스펙트럼이다. 최대 흡수 파장은 511 nm였다. 그리고 photovoltaic cell의 V-I 특성 결과가 그림 4와 같이 측정되었다. 측정에서는 300${\sim}$700 nm의 파장대를 갖는 태양광 모사계가 사용되었고, 셀의 면적은 10 mm$^{2}$였다. 그림 5의 I-V 특성으로부터 MEH-PPV와 DFPP가 9:1 로 혼합했을 때보다 2.33:1 로 혼합했을 때, photovoltaic device의 효율이 향상됨을 확인할 수 있다. 빛이 75 mW/cm$^{2}$ 의 세기로 조사될 때 9:1과 2.33:1로 혼합된 소자의 open circuit voltage (V$_{oc}$)는 비슷하지만, short circuit current Density (J$_{sc}$)는 각각 -1.39 ${\mu}$A/cm$^{2}$ 와 -3.72${\mu}$A/cm$^{2}$ 로 약 2.7배 정도 증가되었음을 볼 수 있다. 이러한 결과를 통해 electron acceptor인 DFPP의 비율이 높아질수록 photovoltaic cell의 conversion efficiency가 더 크게 됨을 확인할 수 있다. 그러므로 효율이 최대가 되는 두 폴리머의 혼합 비율이 최적화되는 조건을 찾는 것은 매우 중요한 연구가 될 것이다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.626-635
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• 2005

Liposome as a carrier of topotecan (TPT), a promising anticancer drug, has been reported in attempt to improve the stability and antitumor activity of TPT. However, the biodistr ibution pattern of TPT liposome in vivo and PEG-modified liposome containing TPT have not been studied systemically. In this paper, the in vitro stability and in vivo biodistribution behavior of several liposomes containing TPT with different lipid compositions and PEG-modification were studied. Compared with the 'fluid' liposome (S-Lip) composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), the 'solid' liposome (H-Lip) composed of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine HSPC decreased the leaking efficiency of TPT from liposome and enhanced the stability of liposome in fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human blood plasma (HBP). The results of biodistribution studies in S$_{180}$ tumor-bearing mice showed that liposomal encapsulation increased the concentrations of total TPT and the ratio of lactone form in plasma. Compared with free TPT, S-Lip and H-Lip resulted in 5- and 19- fold increase in the area under the curve (AUC$_{0\rightarrow\propto}$), respectively. PEG- modified H-Lip (H-PEG) showed 3.7-fold increase in AUC$_{0\rightarrow\propto}$ compared with H-Lip, but there was no significant increase in t$_{1/2}$ and AUC$_{0\rightarrow\propto}$ for PEG-modified S-Lip (S-PEG) compared with S-Lip. Moreover, the liposomal encapsulation changed the biodistribution behavior, and H-Lip and H-PEG dramatically increased the accumulation of TPT in tumor, and the relative tumor uptake ratios were 3.4 and 4.3 compared with free drug, respectively. There was also a marked increase in the distribution of TPT in lung when the drug was encapsulated into H-Lip and H-PEG. Moreover, H-PEG decreased the accumulation of TPT in bore marrow compared with unmodified H-Lip. All these results indicated that the membrane fluidity of liposome has an important effect on in vitro stability and in vivo biodistribution pattern of liposomes containing TPT, and PEG-modified 'solid' liposome may be an efficient carrier of TPT.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.505-512
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• 2014

A new donor-accepter-donor-accepter-donor (D-A-D-A-D) type 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-thiophene-based acceptor unit 2,5-di(4-(5-bromo-4-octylthiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-7-yl)thiophene ($DTBTTBr_2$) was synthesized. Copolymerized with fluorene and indeno[1,2-b]fluorene electron-rich moieties, two alternating narrow band gap (NBG) copolymers PF-DTBTT and PIF-DTBTT were prepared. And two copolymers exhibit broad and strong absorption in the range of 300-700 nm with optical band gap of about 1.75 eV. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels vary between -5.43 and -5.52 eV and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels range from -3.64 to -3.77 eV. Potential applications of the copolymers as electron donor material and $PC_{71}BM$ ([6,6]-phenyl-$C_{71}$ butyric acid methyl ester) as electron acceptors were investigated for photovoltaic solar cells (PSCs). Photovoltaic performances based on the blend of PF-DTBTT/$PC_{71}BM$ (w:w; 1:2) and PIF-DTBTT/$PC_{71}BM$ (w:w; 1:2) with devices configuration as ITO/PEDOT: PSS/blend/Ca/Al, show an incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 2.34% and 2.56% with the open circuit voltage ($V_{oc}$) of 0.87 V and 0.90 V, short circuit current density ($J_{sc}$) of $6.02mA/cm^2$ and $6.12mA/cm^2$ under an AM1.5 simulator ($100mA/cm^2$). The photocurrent responses exhibit the onset wavelength extending up to 720 nm. These results indicate that the resulted narrow band gap copolymers are viable electron donor materials for polymer solar cells.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2005

One of the endoglucanases, F-I-III, was purified from the culture filtrate of T. sp. C-4 through procedures including chromatography on Sephacryl S-200, DEAE-Sepharose A-50, and Chromatofocusing on Mono-P (FPLC). The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be about 56,000 Da by SDS-PAGE, and pI of 4.9 by analytical isoelectric focusing. F-I-III showed the highest enzyme activity at $55^{\circ}C$, and the pH optimum of the enzyme was 5.0. There was no loss of activity when the enzyme was incubated at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The specific activity of the enzyme F-I-III toward the CMC was 315.4 U/mg. The Km value for $PNPG_2$ of F-I-III was 2.69 mM. N-terminal sequence of F-I-III was analyzed to be QPGTSTPEVHPKKLTTYK. It showed $95\%$ of homology to that of EGI from T. reesei. The presence of some metal ions (1 mM) had only a little effect on CMCase activity. The treatment of the reducing agents resulted in the increase of endoglucanase activity.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.511-523
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• 2019

A new Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) airborne measurement platform has been established for regular observations for scientific purpose over South Korea since late 2017. CRDS G-2401m analyzer mounted on the King Air 350HW was used to continuous measurement of CO₂, CH₄ and CO mole fraction. The total uncertainty of measurements was estimated to be 0.07 ppm for CO₂, 0.5 ppb for CH₄, and 4.2 ppb for CO by combination of instrument precision, repeatability test simulated in-flight condition and water vapor correction uncertainty. The airborne vertical profile measurements were performed at a regional Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Anmyeon-do (AMY) station that belongs to the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and provides concurrent observations to the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) overpasses. The vertical profile of CO₂ shows clear altitude gradient, while the CH₄ shows non-homogenous pattern in the free troposphere over Anmyeon-do. Vertically averaged CO₂ at the altitude between 1.5 and 8.0km are lower than AMY surface background value about 7 ppm but higher than that observed in free troposphere of western pacific region about 4 ppm, respectively. CH₄ shows lower level than those from ground GAW stations, comparable with flask airborne data that was taken in the western pacific region. Furthermore, this study shows that the combination of CH₄ distribution in free troposphere and trajectory analysis, taking account of convective mixing, is a useful tool in investigating CH₄ transport processes from tropical region to Korean region in winter season.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.177-185
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• 2006

Objectives : To observe the effect of acupuncture treatment and western medical treatment on frozen shoulder patients. Methods : 39 voluntary patients were randomly assigned to the Eastern treatment group(E group, n=22) and the Western treatment group(W group, n=17). The E group received acupuncture treatment on LI15, TE14, GB21 and Master Dong's acupuncture points, Shin-gwan and Gyun-joong, twice a week for 4 weeks. The W group received suprascapular nerve block, subacromial injection and trigger point injection, twice a week for 4 weeks. Both groups were instructed to practice self exercise during their daily lives. Evaluations were made before treatment and after treatment using Constant Shoulder Assessment(CSA), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index(SPADI) and the patient's satisfaction concerning the treatment was measured by Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). The obtained data were analyzed and compared. Results : The E group showed significant improvement(p<0.05) according to the CSA and SPADI. The patient's satisfaction scored 5.67 on a scale of 10. The W group showed significant improvement(p<0.05) according to the CSA and SPADI. The patient's satisfaction scored 7.73. But the difference between the two groups were insignificant according to CSA and SPADI. Conclusion : Both acupuncture and nerve block treatment significantly improved frozen shoulder. But the difference of the two treatments was insignificant.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.7C
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• pp.726-734
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• 2005

Traditional watermarking technologies are symmetric method which embedding and detection keys are the same. Although the symmetric watermarking method is easy to detect the watermark, this method has weakness against to malicious attacks remove or modify the watermark information when the symmetric key is disclosure. Recently, the asymmetric watermarking method that has different keys to embed and detect is watched by several researchers as a next generation watermarking technology. In this paper, hybrid asymmetric watermarking algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is composed of correlation detection method and critical criteria method. Each method can be individually used to detect watermark from a watermarked content. Hybrid asymmetric detection is complement between two methods, and more feasible than when each method is used respectively, Private key and public key are generated by secure linear transformation and specific matrix. As a result, we have proved the proposed algorithm is secured than symmetric watermarking algorithms. This algorithm can expand to multi bits embedding watermark system and is robust to JPEG and JPEG2000 compression.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.725-743
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• 2000

This study was intended to investigate the contents associated with the neuropsychosis in the medical books published in the times of Chinese dynasty of Jin and Yuan. As a result, the following findings were drawn. 1. As for palpitation from fright and severe palpitation, the medical schools in the times of Chinese Jin and Yuan dynasties viewed their causes as heart-fire, shuiqichengxin, blood vacuity, phlegm and so on and presented a prescription for each cause for them. 2. As for psychosis, medical books published in the times of Chinese Jin and Yuan dynasties accurately divided and discussed epilepsy and viewed their causes largely as Yangming heat, phlegm of chest and heart-fire. And a number of medical schools made use of such therapeutics as sweating, vomiting and diarrhea therapies. 3. As for headache, medical books published in the times of Chinese Jin and Yuan dynasties presented their causes as fire and heat, phlegm heat, phlegm and so on and classified the aspect of headache in detail. As for vacuity rexation and dysphoria, medical books at that time saw their causes as fire and heat, heart-fire, blood vacuity and so forth and presented a prescription for them accordingly. 4. Liu Wan Su was the Hanliang school. He viewed the etiological cause for psychopathy as fire and heat and prescribed largely the medication of cold nature for it. 5. Zhang Cong Zheng belonged to the Gongxia School. He viewed the etiological cause for psychopathy as fire, phlegm and so forth and made use of sweating, vomiting and diarrhea therapies. Especially, he used the 'Jingzhepingzhe' therapy as a method to treat the symptom of fright. 6. Li Gao did not any specific mention of psychopathy and divided headache due to internal injury and headache due to external contraction. 7. Zhu Zhen Heng viewed most of the etiological causes for psychopathy as phlegm, fire and deficiency of blood and attached importance to such its therapeutics as resolving phlegm, cleaning away fire and nourishing Yin. 8. Wang Hao Gu did not present the specifically common etiological cause and prescription for psychopathy but described the cause and prescription for headache, dysphoria, maniac speech, palpitation and so forth. Luo Tian Yi presented the process of psychosis due to abnormal therapy for cold demage and prescription of it. 9. Wang Lu made a detailed explanation about the therapeutics of five types of stagnated syndrome and said that stagnated syndrome became the major cause for them in the occurrence of such psychopathy. Wei Yi Lin presented the prescription and medication for comparatively diverse mental diseases such zhong-qi, severe palpitation, palpitation for fright, impaired memory, vacuity rexation, headache, psychosis.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.79-82
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• 2015

The physical and chemical properties of prestellar cores, especially massive ones, are still far from being well understood due to the lack of a large sample. The low dust temperature (< 14 K) of Planck cold clumps makes them promising candidates for prestellar objects or for sources at the very initial stages of protostellar collapse. We have been conducting a series of observations toward Planck cold clumps (PCCs) with ground-based radio telescopes. In general, when compared with other star forming samples (e.g. infrared dark clouds), PCCs are more quiescent, suggesting that most of them may be in the earliest phase of star formation. However, some PCCs are associated with protostars and molecular outflows, indicating that not all PCCs are in a prestellar phase. We have identified hundreds of starless dense clumps from a mapping survey with the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO) 13.7-m telescope. Follow-up observations suggest that these dense clumps are ideal targets to search for prestellar objects.