• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.800-811
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• 2022

The integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics may elucidate the correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic patterns in organisms. In equine physiology, various metabolite levels vary during exercise, which may be correlated with a modified gene expression pattern of related genes. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic studies in horses have not been conducted to date. The objective of this study was to detect the effect of moderate exercise on the metabolomic and transcriptomic levels in horses. In this study, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we analyzed the concentrations of metabolites in muscle and plasma; we also determined the gene expression patterns of branched chain (alpha) keto acid dehydrogenase kinase complex (BCKDK), which encodes the key regulatory enzymes in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism, in two breeds of horses, Thoroughbred and Jeju, at different time intervals. The concentrations of metabolites in muscle and plasma were measured by ¹H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, and the relative metabolite levels before and after exercise in the two samples were compared. Subsequently, multivariate data analysis based on the metabolic profiles was performed using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and variable important plots and t-test were used for basic statistical analysis. The stress-induced expression patterns of BCKDK genes in horse muscle-derived cells were examined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to gain insight into the role of transcript in response to exercise stress. In this study, we found higher concentrations of aspartate, leucine, isoleucine, and lysine in the skeletal muscle of Jeju horses than in Thoroughbred horses. In plasma, compared with Jeju horses, Thoroughbred horses had higher levels of alanine and methionine before exercise; whereas post-exercise, lysine levels were increased. Gene expression analysis revealed a decreased expression level of BCKDK in the post-exercise period in Thoroughbred horses.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

Objectives : DojukSan is known to be effective for treating a urinary diseases and stomatitis. However, there has been a lack of studies regarding the effects of Dojuksan on the inflammatory activities and effector inflammatory disease mechanism about macrophage before is not known. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of Dojuksan water extract (DJS) on pharmacological and biochemical actions in inflammation, we examined the effect of DJS on pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Methods : In the present study, pro-inflammatory cytokine production was determined by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis to measure the activation of MAPKs. Cells were treated with 200 ng/mL of LPS 1 h prior to the addition of DJS. Cell viability was measured by MTS assay. The investigation focused on whether DJS inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) productions, as well as the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Results : We found that DJS inhibited LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$ and IL-6 productions as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Furthermore, DJS suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH2-protein kinase (JNK). Conclusions : These results suggest that DJS has inhibitory effects on LPS-induced $PGE_2$, NO, and IL-6 production, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in the murine macrophage. These inhibitory effects occur through blockades on the MAPKs phosphorylation.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2022

Earthing, caused by direct skin contact with the Earth's surface, is used to reduce the symptoms of inflammation (fever, fever, swelling and pain). However, there is little evidence to support the anti-inflammatory effects of earthing mattresses. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate whether anti-inflammatory effect of earthing mattress using an in vivo animal model. The anti - inflammatory effect was evaluated by measuring ear thickness and foot volume in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) - induced ear edema and carrageenan - induced paw edema model, respectively. Balb/c mouse in carrageenan paw edema model showed significant anti - inflammatory effect in the group treated with earthing mattress for 4 hours or 24 hours for 3 days. For females, the anti-inflammatory effect was greater when the earthing mattress was added to the mattress than the mattress alone treatment. From the above results, it was found that the female responds more to the effect of the earthing as well as the mattress effect. In addition, when the male and female Balb/c mice were exposed to mattresses and earthing mattresses for 24 h for 3 days, respectively, the mattress and earthing mattresses showed significant inhibition of IL (Interleukin)-1β levels compared to the control. In the TPA ear edema model, Balb/c mouse showed significant anti - inflammatory effect in the group treated with the earthing mattress for 4 hours or 24 hours for 3 days. Both males and females showed more anti-inflammatory effects when they were exposed to earthing mattresses with mattresses added to the mattresses. From the above results, it was found that both male and female respond to the effect of earthing as well as the mattress effect in the TPA ear edema model. In conclusion, in this study, we have verified that earthing mattress shows inhibitory effects on TPA and carrageenan-induced inflammation. From these results, it is suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect can be expected by applying the earthing mattress to patients suffering from inflammatory diseases. However, there is a need to pinpoint exactly how the earthing mattress relieves inflammation, and further research is needed to investigate the mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

3종류의 국내산 대나무의 생재 및 기건재를 3종류의 탄화로에서 탄화시키고 얻어진 죽초액에 대하여 그 특성을 검토하였다. 기계식 전용탄화로의 경우, 대부분 1단 회수 죽초액의 비중, 유기산 및 용해 타르 함량이 높았으나 2단 이상에서 감소하여 3단 이후에 일정해지는 경향을 나타내었으며 전체적으로는 기건재가 생재에 비해 이들 물성이 높게 나타났다. pH의 경우 맹종죽 기건재를 제외하고 생재가 기건재보다 높게 나타났다. 3성분합계는 비중, 유기산, 용해타르 함량과 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 개량탄화로의 경우, 수종에 따라 전체 물성이 다양하게 나타났다. 간이탄화로에서 탄화시켜 연통온도 80℃로 얻어진 기건 죽초액의 경우 그 이상의 온도에서 얻어진 죽초액보다 비중, 용해타르 함량 및 3성분 합계가 높게 나타났다. 간이, 개량 및 기계식 전용탄화로에서 얻어진 죽초액의 비중은 온도, 수분함유 상태에 상관없이 유기산과 용해타르 함량의 합계와 0.90 정도의 높은 상관관계를 나타내어 앞으로 죽초액 품질 결정에 중요한 지표로 사용될 가능성이 시사되었다. 죽초액의 구성 유기성분의 경우 초산이 주성분이었으며, 리그닌의 열분해에 의하여 생성되는 guaiacyl 및 syringyl골격의 페놀류가 다량 검출되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.422-430
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• 2022

본 연구는 통밀가루에 다량 함유되어 있는 미네랄의 체내 이용률을 높여 기능성 소재로의 응용가능성을 조사하고자 phytase와 cellulase를 처리한 통밀가루 미네랄의 체내이용률에 대하여 연구하였다. 이에 통밀가루의 최적 효소 처리 조건을 확립하기 위하여 효소농도별에 따른 이화학적 특성과 phytate 및 식이섬유소의 함량을 분석하였으며, 미네랄 강화 소재로의 이용 가능성을 확인하기 위해 머핀을 제조 후 품질특성 및 미네랄의 체내 이용률을 확인하였다. 통밀가루 건중량의 2, 10 및 20%로 2시간 동안 반응시킨 phytase와 cellulase 단일 효소처리한 시료와 20%의 cellulase/phytase를 5:5 비율로 복합 처리한 시료를 제조하였다. 효소 처리 통밀가루의 총 식이섬유소의 함량은 효소 농도에 따라 감소하였고 특히, 복합 처리군에서 가장 크게 감소하였다. 더불어 phytate 함량은 모든 효소에서 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 효소처리 농도가 증가할수록 철분, 칼슘, 아연의 체내 이용률이 증가하였는데 특히, 철분의 체내 이용률은 cellulase를 처리하였을 때 약 3.3배로 가장 크게 증가하였고, 칼슘은 cellulase와 phytase를 복합으로 처리하였을 때 약 5.1배로 가장 증가하였고, 아연은 phytase를 처리하였을 때 약 2.8배로 가장 크게 증가하였다. 미네랄의 이용률이 가장 높았던 20% phytase, cellulase, cellulase/phytase 처리한 통밀가루를 이용하여 대체 비율(0, 25, 50, 75 및 100%)에 따른 머핀의 품질특성 및 미네랄 체내 이용률을 확인한 결과, 효소 처리 통밀가루로 제조한 머핀의 부피는 무처리군으로 제조한 머핀보다 대체율이 높을수록 증가하였으며, 조직감의 경우 hardness는 감소하였고, springiness와 cohesiveness는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 효소처리 통밀가루로 제조한 머핀에서 대체 비율이 증가할수록 철분, 칼슘, 아연의 체내 이용률은 무처리군 머핀보다 증가하였는데, Cellulase 처리군의 철분 체내 이용률은 2.3배, cellulase/phytase 복합 처리군에서 칼슘은 3.7배, phytase 처리군에서 아연은 2.3배로 가장 크게 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 통밀가루에 phytase와 cellulase를 처리한 후 미네랄의 이용률이 증가함을 확인하였고, 효소처리 통밀가루로 제조한 머핀의 품질의 특성이 향상되어 미네랄 이용률 증진 소재로 응용이 가능함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.84-96
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• 2022

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of calcium-enriched fatty acid supplementation on the growth performance, blood metabolites, intestinal morphology, carcass traits, and nutrient digestibility of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. A total of 210 one-day-old broiler chicks (40.12 ± 0.25 g) were randomly allocated to one of five dietary treatments, to obtain six replicates per treatment. Broilers were subjected to chronic heat stress from day 21 to day 35, post-hatching, at 34℃ for 9 h per day. The body weight (BW) and feed intake of the experimental broilers were recorded weekly, and the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated accordingly. Rectal temperature was measured to compare the basal body temperatures between individuals, and blood samples were collected on days 21 and 35 to evaluate basal body temperature, serum total cholesterol, and the triglyceride content of the broilers. On days 21 and 35, one broiler from each cage (n=6) was euthanized to measure carcass trait parameters, nutrient digestibility in digesta, and intestinal morphology. On days 14, 28, and 35, the broilers fed 2.0% calcium-enriched fatty acids had higher BW (p < 0.05) than those fed the other diets. However, no differences (p > 0.05) were found in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) between dietary treatments over the 35 experimental days. On the other hand, on day 21, post-hatching, the broilers fed the 2.0% calcium-enriched fatty acid diet had improved (p < 0.05) dietary feed efficiencies compared to the other treatments. On day 28, the broilers fed the 5.0% of calcium-enriched fatty acid diet also had higher (p < 0.05) dietary feed efficiencies than those fed with the other dietary treatments. No effects (p > 0.05) on carcass weight, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, or blood parameters were found between broilers fed with dietary treatments. This study demonstrated that the inclusion of an additive, containing 2.0% calcium-enriched fatty acid, to broiler diet could ameliorate the negative growth performance of broilers; and no interaction (p > 0.05) was observed between the calcium-enriched fatty acid and nutrient digestibility, digestive anatomy, blood metabolism, and carcass traits of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress conditions for 35 days post-hatching.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.353-364
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• 2022

The present study aimed to assess the feasibility of increasing the slaughter weight (SW) of non-lean finishing pigs to improve their meat quality. A total of 36 (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc gilts and barrows were slaughtered at 115 (Av), 125 (Hi), or 135 (XHi) kg, followed by physicochemical analyses and sensory evaluation on their longissimus dorsi (LD) and Semimembranosus (SM) muscles. Backfat thickness was greater (p < 0.05) for the XHi (31.2 mm) and Hi (29.3 mm) groups than for Av (25.0 mm). Dressing percentage and yield of the belly per whole carcass were also slightly greater for XHi and Hi vs. Av. The intramuscular fat (IMF) content of SM was greater for XHi (2.64%) than for Av (1.83%) and Hi (2.04%) and also was correlated with SW (r = 0.55). The pH value, lightness, redness, drip loss, shear force, and moisture and protein contents of LD and SM, as well as IMF content of LD, were unaffected by SW. Percentages of 14:0, 16:0, and total saturated fatty acids (FA) were less for Hi and XHi vs. Av in SM, those of total unsaturated FA, 18:2, 20:4, and n-6 being opposite; FA composition of LM was not influenced by SW except for a reduced 18:0 percentage for XHi vs. Av. The sensory score was less for XHi vs. Av for odor in fresh LD and SM, and less for Hi and XHi vs. Av for aroma in fresh LM; scores for color, drip loss, marbling, and acceptability were unaffected by SW. As for cooked muscles, none of the scores for color, aroma, flavor, juiciness, tenderness, and acceptability was affected by SW, except for a greater LD color score for Hi and XHi vs. Av. Collectively, the results suggested that the increased yield of the carcass and belly due to increased SW is outbalanced negatively by excessive backfat deposition in production efficiency, whereas the SW increase exerts little influence on overall sensory quality of fresh or cooked meat. Production of non-lean market pigs overweighing 115 kg therefore will be uneconomical unless consumers pay a substantial premium for the over-fattened pork.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.305-309
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• 1983

간척지에서의 제염에 따른 식생의 변화와 수도의 근모형성에 대한 염해의 영향을 알기 위하여 강화도, 남양 및 계화도 간척지를 중심으로 1982년 여름에 본 조사를 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 간척후, 저습지에서는 퉁퉁마디와 칠면초가 최초로 우점종을 형성하는 고등식물이었으며, 제염이 됨에 따라 버들명아주가 출현했고, 또 이것에 이어 매자기와 갈대가 우점종의 자리를 차지하게 되며 매자기와 갈대가 우점종이 되는 염도의 토양에서는 수도재배에 대한 염해의 영향은 문제화되지 않았다. 2. 습지에서는 퉁퉁마디와 칠면초에 이어 사철쑥과 갯개미취가 우점종을 형성하게 되고, 이때에는 단자엽 화본료 잡초들의 이입이 시작되었다. 3. 건조지에서는 나문재와 해홍나물이 최초의 우점 고등식물로 등장하게 되고, 또 갯능쟁이도 있었지만 군락을 형성하지는 않았다. 4. 건조지에의 식물이입은 습지를 중심으로 이미 이입된 식물들이 제염이 진행됨에 따라 서서히 일어나게 된다. 5. 토양염도의 근모형성에 대한 형향은 고염도토양에서 생육된 것일수록 저염도 토양에서 생육된 것에 비하여 근모형성율은 낮추고, 또 근모장도 짧게 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2003년도 춘계학술발표강연 및 논문개요집
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• pp.81-81
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• 2003

The stochiometric mixture of evaporating materials for the CuGaSe$_2$ single crystal thin films were prepared from horizontal furnace. Using extrapolation method of X-ray diffraction patterns for the polycrystal CuGaSe$_2$, it was found tetragonal structure whose lattice constant no and co were 5.615$\AA$ and 11.025$\AA$, respectively. To obtains the single crystal thin films, CuGaSe$_2$ mixed crystal was deposited on throughly etched GaAs(100) by the Hot Wall Epitaxy(HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were 61$0^{\circ}C$ and 45$0^{\circ}C$ respectively, and the growth rate of the single crystal thin films was about 0.5${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/h. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the double crystal X-ray diffraction(DCXD). Hall effect on this sample was measured by the method of van der pauw and studied on carrier density and mobility depending on temperature. From Hall data, the mobility was likely to be decreased by pizoelectric scattering in the temperature range 30K to 150K and by polar optical scattering in the temperature range 150K to 293K. The optical energy gaps were found to be 1.68eV for CuGaSe$_2$ single crystal thin films at room temperature. The temperature dependence of the photocurrent peak energy is well explained by the Varshni equation then the constants in the Varshni equation are given by a=9.615$\times$ 10$^{-4}$ eV/K, and $\beta$=335K. From the photocurrent spectra by illumination of polarized light of the CuGaSe$_2$ single crystal thin films. We have found that values of spin orbit coupling ΔSo and crystal field splitting ΔCr was 0.0900eV and 0.2498eV, respectively. From the PL spectra at 20K, the peaks corresponding to free bound excitons and D-A pair and a broad emission band due to SA is identified. The binding energy of the free excitons are determined to be 0.0626eV and the dissipation energy of the acceptor-bound exciton and donor-bound exciton to be 0.0352eV, 0.0932eV, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제66권5호
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• pp.582-590
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• 2023

Objective : Trauma is a leading causes of death and disability in all ages. The aim of this study was to describe the demography and characteristics of paediatric head trauma in our institution and examine the predictors of outcome and incidence of injury related mortality. Methods : We examined our institutional Trauma Registry over a 2 year period. Results : A total of 1100 trauma patients were seen over the study period. Of the 579 patients who had head injury 99 were in the paediatric age group. Of the paediatric head trauma patients 79 had documented Glasgow coma score (GCS), 38 (48.1%), 17 (21.5%) and 24 (30.4%) had mild, moderate and severe head injury respectively. The percentage mortality of head injury in the paediatric age group was 6.06% (6/99). There is an association between mortality and GCS (p=0.008), necessity for intensive care unit (ICU) admission (p=0.0001), associated burns (p=0.0001) and complications such as aspiration pneumonia (p=0.0001). The significant predictors of outcome are aspiration (p=0.004), the need for ICU admission (p=0.0001) and associated burns (p=0.005) using logistic binary regression. During the study period 46 children underwent surgical intervention with extradural haematoma 16 (34.8%), depressed skull fracture 14 (30.4%) and chronic subdural haematoma five (10.9%) being the commonest indication for surgeries. Conclusion : Paediatric head injury accounted for 9.0% (99/1100) of all trauma admissions. Majority of patients had mild or moderate injuries. Burns, aspiration pneumonitis and the need for ICU admission were important predictors of outcome in children with traumatic brain injury.