• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• v.3C no.3
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• pp.106-112
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• 2003

A combined discharge type ozonizer was designed and manufactured. The increase or decrease of temperature greatly influences the characteristics of ozone concentration ( $O_{3con}$), ozone generation ( $O_{3g}$) and ozone yield ( $O_{3Y}$) of a discharge type ozonizer. The characteristics of ozone concentration, ozone generation and ozone yield rate were investigated by varying the gas flow rate (Q), the discharge power ( $W_{d}$) and the temperature (T). At T=25[$^{\circ}C$] the values of $O_{3con}$ were found as 5632, 4200, 2500 and l800[ppm] at Q = 1, 2, 4 and 6[l/min] respectively. At the same temperature the corresponding values of $O_{3g}$ were found as 662, 988, 1176 and l270[mg/h] and those of $O_{3Y}$ were found as 67, 102, 119 and 135[g/kWh] respectively. When the temperature is decreased to -50[$^{\circ}C$], the values of $O_{3con}$ were found as 9000, 6700, 4000 and 2800[ppm] respectively at Q = 1, 2, 4 and 6[l/min]. At the same value of temperature the corresponding values of $O_{3g}$ were found as 1220, 1576, 1882 and 2050[mg/h] and those of $O_{3Y}$ were found as 120, 159, 188 and 202[g/kWh] respectively. Hence as the temperature was decreased from 25 to -50[$^{\circ}C$], the efficiencies of ozone generation were increased by 79, 55, 58 and 49[%] respectively at Q = 1, 2, 4 and 6[l/min].]. 6[l/min].].

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-48
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• 1985

In vitro effects of nitrofurantoin, an antimicrobial agent for acute and chronic urinary tract infection, on the lung microsomal lipid peroxidation and the generation of reactive oxygen radicals were investigated to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms of its in vivopulmonary toxicity. The interaction of nitrofurantoin with porcine lung microsome resulted in significant lipid peroxidation. In addition, nitrofurantoin stimulated the generation of reactive oxygen radicals, $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot},\;H_2O_2$ as well as a highly reactive secondary oxygen species, $OH{\cdot}$. The stimulation of lipid peroxidation was inhibited not only by superoxide dismutase and catalase, but also by hydroxyl radical scavengers, mannitol and thiourea. Neither singlet oxygen $({^1}O_{2})$ was detected during the incubation of microsome with nitrofurantoin, nor lipid peroxidation was inhibited by singlet oxygen scavengers. When incubated anaerobically under the nitrogen atmosphere, the ability of nitrofurantoin to stimulatle lipid peroxidation was abolished. It appears that NADPH-dependent metaboliam of nitrofurantoin in pulmonary microsome under aerobic condition is accompanied by the stimulation of lipid peroxidation through the mediation of reactive oxygen radicals, particularly hydroxyl radical. It is strongly suggested from these results that the stimulation of pulmonary microsomal lipid peroxidation by the reactive oxygen radical may be a in vivo mechanism of pulmonary toxicity caused by nitrofurantoin.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2017

Three types of piezoelectric single crystals [PMN-PT (Generation I $[Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-PbTiO_3]$), PMN-PZT (Generation II $[Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-Pb(Zr,Ti)O_3]$), PMN-PZT-Mn (Generation III)] were grown by the solid-state single crystal growth (SSCG) method, and their dielectric and piezoelectric properties were measured and compared. Compared to (001) PMN-PT and PMN-PZT single crystals, the (001) PMN-PZT-Mn single crystals exhibited a higher transition temperature between the rhombohedral and tetragonal phases ($T_{RT}=144^{\circ}C$), as well as a higher coercive electric field ($E_C=6.3kV/cm$) and internal bias field ($E_I=1.6kV/cm$). The (011) PMN-PZT-Mn single crystals showed the highest coercive electric field ($E_C=7.0kV/cm$), and the highest stability of $E_C$ and $E_I$ during 60 cycles of polarization measurement. These results demonstrate that both Mn doping (for higher electromechanical quality factor ($Q_m$)) and a (011) crystallographic orientation (for higher coercive electric field and stability) are necessary for high power transducer applications of these piezoelectric single crystals. Specifically, the (011) PMN-PZT-Mn single crystal (Gen. III) had the highest potential for application in the fields of SONAR transducers, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), ultrasonic motors, and others.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2004

The chemical heat pump based on the Dehydration/Hydration process with a MgO/$H_2O$ system has been researched. The reactor bed could be expected to store the heat around 200∼37$0^{\circ}C$ by the dehydration reaction and to release the heat around 100∼16$0^{\circ}C$ by the hydration reaction under the heat amplification mode operation. The heat output rate of the heat pump system was evaluated using the experimentally determined parameters. The results show that 6∼50 W/kg of heat output and 0.5∼0.8 of heat recovery ratio are attainable. The heat pump will be applicable for a load leveling in a co-generation system by chemical storage of surplus heat at low heat demand and by supplying heat in the peak load period.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.181-186
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• 2008

2,5-Di-(2'-hydroxyethoxy)-4'-nitrostilbene (3) was prepared and polycondensed with terephthaloyl chloride, adipoyl chloride, and sebacoyl chloride to yield novel T-type polyesters (4-6) containing the NLO-chromophores dioxynitrostilbenyl groups, which constituted parts of the polymer backbones. Polymers 4-6 are soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide. They showed thermal stability up to 260 oC in thermogravimetric analysis with glass-transition temperatures obtained from differential scanning calorimetry in the range 90-95 oC. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients (d33) of poled polymer films at the 1064 nm fundamental wavelength were around 1.42 ´ 10-9 esu. The dipole alignment exhibited high thermal stability up to 5 oC higher than glass-transition temperature (Tg), and there was no SHG decay below 100 oC due to the partial main-chain character of polymer structure, which is acceptable for NLO device applications.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.104-108
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• 2014

To improve emission efficiency of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), we fabricated the tandem OLED of ITO / 2-TNATA / NPB / SH-1: 3 vol.% BD-2 / Bphen / Liq / Al / $MoO_x$ (X nm) / 2-TNATA / NPB / SH-1: 3 vol.% BD-2 / Bphen / Liq / Al structure. And emission properties of single OLED and tandem OLED with $MoO_x$ thickness as charge generation layer (CGL) were measured. The current emission efficiency and quantum efficiency of tandem OLED with $MoO_x$ of 3 nm thickness were improved compare with single OLED from 7.46 cd/A and 5.39% to 22.57 cd/A and 11.76%, respectively. In case of thicker or thinner than $MoO_x$ of 3~5 nm, the current emission efficiency and quantum efficiency were decreased, because balance of electron and hole in emission layer was not matching. The driving voltage was increased from 8 V of single OLED to 15 V of tandem OLED by thickness increase of OLED. As a result, it was possible to improve the emission efficiency of OLEDs by optimized $MoO_x$ thickness.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.550-556
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• 2019

This study was carried out to improve the photocatalytic reaction of TiO₂ photocatalyst. During the photocatalytic reaction, OH radicals are generated and they have an excellent oxidation capability for wastewater treatment. To evaluate the OH radicals generated according to crystallographic structure of TiO₂ nanotubes photocatalyst, a probe compound, 4-Chlorobenzoic acid was monitored to evaluate OH radical. Ultraviolet light was applied for photocatalytic reaction of TiO₂. The 4-Chlorobenzoic acid solution was prepared at laboratory. TiO₂ nanotube was grown on titanium plate by using anodization method. The annealing temperature for TiO₂ nanotube was varied from 400 to 900 ℃ and the crystal forms of the TiO₂ nanotube was analyzed. Depending on annealing temperature, TiO₂ nanotubes have shown different crystal forms; 100% anatase (0 % rutile), 18.4 % rutile (81.6 % anatase), 36.6 % rutile (63.4 % anatase) and 98.6% rutile (1.4% anatase). As the annealing temperature increases, the rutile ratio increases. OH radical generation from 18.4 % rutile TiO₂ nanotube plate was about 3.8 times higher than before annealing and 1.4 times higher than only 100 % anatase-TiO₂ nanotube. The efficiency of the 18.4% rutile TiO₂ nanotube was the best in comparison to TiO₂ nanotube with 18.4 %, 36.6 % and 98.6 % rutile. As a result, photocatalytic ability of 18.4 % rutile-TiO₂ nanotube plate was higher than 100 % anatase-TiO₂ nanotube plate.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.93-100
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• 2008

The one and two pair of oxide modules for high temperature thermoelectric power generation were fabricated with $Ca_{2.7}Bi_{0.3}Co_4O_9$(p-type) and $Ca_{0.96}Bi_{0.04}Mn_{0.96}Nb_{0.04}O_3$(n-type) on $Al_2O_3$ substrate. For the optimizing of the design process, contact resistance was derived from the results of the one pair modules, and then the resistance of two pair modules were calculated to use the derived data. Those values were compared with the measured values for the optimizing of this design process. The resistance of calculated and measured two pairs modules was 0.956 $\Omega$ and 1.110 Q $\Omega$ $T_h$=833 K, respectively, the difference of resistance was about 0.15 $\Omega$. From the result, proposed design process is effective for high temperature thermoelectric oxide modules fabrication.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• v.12C no.4
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• pp.201-207
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• 2002

A Pin-Cylinder discharge type ozonizer was designed and manufactured. The increase or decrease of temperature greatly influences on the characteristics of ozone generation of a discharge type ozonizer. The characteristics of ozone concentration ( $O_{3con}$), ozone generation ($_{3g}$) and ozone yield .ate ($_{3Y}$) of the ozonizer were investigated by varying the gas flow rate (Q), the discharge power ($_{Wd}$ ) and the temperature (T). At T = 20($^{\circ}C$), the values of ( $O_{3con}$) were found as 7800,5300,3000 and 2300(ppm) at Q=1,2,4 and 6(1/min) respectively. The corresponding values of ( $O_{3g}$) were found as 917, l247,1411 and 1623(mg/h) and those of ( $O_{3Y}$) were 93,126,143 and 164(g/kWh) respectively. When the temperature is decreased to -50($^{\circ}C$), the values of ( $O_{3con}$) became 12000,8000,5200 and 3600(ppm) at Q=1,2,4 and 6(1/min) respectively. The corresponding values of 0,9 were obtained as 1411,1882,2446 and 2600(mg/h) and those of ($O_{3Y}$) were 143,190,247 and 2631g/kWh] respectively. Hence as the temperature was decreased from 20 to -50[。C], the efficiencies of ozone generation were increased by 54,51,73 and 60[%] at Q=1,2,4 and 6(1/min) respectively.ctively.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was aimed to verify the cytoprotective function, antioxidative effect and inflammation genes inhibitory effects of Lycium chinense Milie. Therefore the generation of superoxide anion radical ( $O_2\;^-$), peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ $(PGE_2)$ was investigated in the renal epithelial cells of mouse. Effects of Lycium chinense Milie on the expression of inflammation-related proteins, $IKK-{\alpha}$. $p-IKK-\alpha\beta$, $p-I{\kappa}B-\alpha$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ (p50, p65), COX-2 and iNOS, were examined by western blotting. Methods : For this study, the fluorescent probes were used, namely dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123), 4.5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2) and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA). Western blotting was performed using anti-$IKK-\alpha$, anti-phospho $IKK-\alpha\beta$, anti-phospho $I{\kappa}B-\alpha$, anti-$NF-{\kappa}B$ (p50, p65), anti-COX-2 and anti-iNOS, respectively. Results : Lyciutn chinense Milie reduced $H_{2}O_{2}$-induced cell death dose-dependently. It inhibited the generation of $O_2\;^-$, $ONOO^-$, NO and $PGE_2$ in the $H_{2}O_{2}$-treated renal epithelial cells of mouse in vitro. Lycium chinense Milie inhibited the expression of $IKK-\alpha$, $p-IKK-\alpha\beta,\;p-I{\kappa}B-\alpha$, COX-2 and iNOS genes by means of decreasing activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$. Conclusions : According to above results. Lycium chinense Milie recommended to be applied in treatment for the inflammatory process and inflammation-related diseases.