• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.922-928
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• 2000

The effects of animal species and supplements on rumen fluid characteristics, plasma urea-N (PUN) concentration, plasma urea-N pool size, urea-N degradation in the gut and urea-N net flux (urea-N synthesis rate) were studied in goats and sheep, with some minor differences detected. The animals were fed either chopped rice straw ad libitum+200 g soybean meal (SBM), or chopped rice straw ad libitum+190 g soybean meal+300 g sago meal (SBM+SM) for 14 days. The supplements were isonitrogenous (80 g crude protein/animal/d). [$^{14}C$]-urea was used as the marker for urea metabolism studies. Two animals from each species were fed either supplement in a cross-over design in two periods. The results showed that rumen pH was significantly (p<0.001) lower in animals fed SBM+SM than those fed SBM supplement. The ammonia concentrations of rumen fluid were significantly (p<0.01) higher in sheep (382.9 mg N/L) than goats (363.1 mg N/L) when fed SBM supplement but lower (282.5 mg N/L) than that of goats (311.0 mg N/L) when fed SBM+SM supplement. Total VFA concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in animals fed SBM+SM supplement than those fed SBM supplement. Goats had significantly (p<0.01) higher molar proportions of acetate (79.1, 77.7%, respectively) than sheep (75.8, 74.0%, respectively) in both supplements. The molar proportion of acetate was significantly (p<0.05) higher, while that of butyrate lower in animals fed SBM supplement than those fed SBM+SM supplement. In animals fed SBM supplement, the molar proportion of propionate was significantly (p<0.01) higher in sheep (18.0%) than in goats (15.6%), but in animals fed SBM+SM, the molar proportion of butyrate was significantly (p<0.01) higher (9.6%) in sheep than in goats (7.2%). Plasma urea-N concentration, plasma urea-N pool size, urea-N degradation in the gut, urea-N net flux and the fraction of urea-C from the blood entering the rumen were not significantly different between goats and sheep fed either supplement. However, PUN concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lower in animals fed SBM+SM supplement (average of 13.8 mg N/100 ml) than in those fed SBM supplement (average of 16.5 mg N/100 ml). The urea net flux was significantly (p<0.05) higher in goats (average of 14.5 g N/d) than sheep (average of 12.9 g N/d), and animals fed SBM supplement showed higher (average of 14.9 g N/d) urea net flux than animals fed SBM+SM supplement (average of 12.9 g N/d). A significant (p<0.05) positive correlation was observed between urea-N net flux and urea-N degradation; urea-N net flux and pool size; urea-N net flux and urea excretion in the urine; and PUN and rumen ammonia in goats. While in sheep, significant (p<0.05) positive correlation was observed between urea-N net flux and urea excretion in the urine; and PUN and rumen ammonia.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

The morphological and skeletal development and larvae and juvenile of Sebastes koreanus were studied. The Sebastes koreanus were caught at Yeosu-si, Jeolla-namdo from March in 2014. Larvae beared at water temperature of $13.5{\sim}15.5^{\circ}C$ (mean $14.5{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$). The just beared larvae were 6.38~6.43mm(mean $6.40{\pm}0.02mm$, n=5) in total length and their mouth and anus were already opened. They began to eat rotifer and transformed to postlarva stage. 5 days after bearing postlarvae was measured 6.45~6.49 mm (mean $6.47{\pm}0.02mm$) in total length. 15 days after bearing postlarvae was measured 6.55~6.72mm(mean $6.64{\pm}0.08mm$) in total length. 60 days after bearing juvenile was measured 15.5~20.0 mm (mean $17.7{\pm}2.25mm$) in total length with dorsal fin rays X IV-12~13; anal fin rays III-7; caudal fin rays 16.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 2009

We examined physiological and histological responses related to the survival, oxygen consumption, excretion, and O/N ratio of the ark shell, Scapharca subcrenata, as a result of salinity changes. The 20-day $LS_{50}$ (median lethal salinity) at $15^{\circ}C$ was 13.87 practical salinity units (psu; confidence limits 10.30-18.74 psu), whereas the 14-day $LS_{50}$ at $25^{\circ}C$ was 12.59 psu (confidence limits 8.03-18.16 psu). In conditions of decreasing salinity, the osmolarity of individuals acclimated within 5 h above 26.4 psu but required more than 60 h below 13.2 psu. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates varied irregularly as salinity decreased. The O/N ratio was 19 and 27 at water temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, but decreased to 1-10 as salinity declined. The effects of decreasing salinity were observed in the histological changes to each organ of S. subcrenata. As salinity decreased, cilia fell off, the epithelial layer underwent necrosis and vacuolation, the connective tissue layers of the mantle and visceral mass were destroyed, and hemocytes increased in the gills. The results of this study could prove important in investigating causes of mass mortality and managing shellfish aquaculture farms.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1977

Domestic Anyang feldspar was treated in autoclave with 1N sodium hydroxide solution for 1-6 hrs at 100-20$0^{\circ}C$ By X-ray diffraction patterns and cation exchange capacity, the products were examined. The following concecutive reaction was valid. AlbitelongrightarrowAmorphous aluminosilicatelongrightarrowAnalcime The reaction rate constants, k1 and k2, were 0.20 and 0.15(1/hr) at 20$0^{\circ}C$ respectively. The activiation energy from albite to amorphous aluminosilicate was 10 kcal/mol, and from amorphous aluminosilicate to analcine 13 kcal/mol. The analcime obtained was excellent in cation exchange capacity, amounting to 210meq./100g.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 1983

Direct production of biomass from starch using amylolytic yeast, Sporobolomyces holsaticus FRI Y-5 was studied with varying the ratios between carbon and other nutrient sources in the medium. It was investigated under condition of constant C/P and C/S ratio to influence the initial concentration of starch $(S_o)$ and C/N ratio on its growth which is described as the specific growth rate $({\mu})$, cell yield (Y), the maximum concentration of cell $(X_m)$, and productivity (P). They were very dependent on both $S_o$ and C/N ratio. The form of the relationship between and ${\mu}$ and $S_o$ was observed to be similar to saturation kinetics at C/N = 100 but presented substrate inhibition at other C/N ratios. As $S_o$ was changed from 22.5 to 90 g/l, Y was observed to vary with C/N ratios but seemed to decrease as a wholes. $X_m$ was linearly related to $S_o$ at more than C/N = 50 but at less than C/N = 10 substrate inhibition was presented. P increased suddenly to $S_o$ = 45 g/l and then changed decreasingly at less than C/N = 50, but at more than C/N = 100 it changed increasingly. The effect of C/P ratio and C/S ratio on the yeast growth was also investigated at constant $S_o$ and C/N ratio. ${\mu}$ was dependent on C/P and C/S ratios, but Y, independent on them. But $X_m$ was reliant upon C/P ratio but not upon C/S ratio.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.424-429
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• 2010

To solve the problems with excessive accumulation of soil inorganic N and resulting saline soils from overuse of nitrogen fertilizer, the effect of sucrose application on decrease of soil inorganic N content and electrical conductivity (EC) was studied. Sucrose treatment greatly reduced ${NH_4}^+$-N content in soil. The amount of reduction was greater as the amount of sucrose treatment was increased. When ${NH_4}^+$-N content was reached the lowest point (about 10 mg $kg^{-1}$or lower), the C/N ratio, which determines the amount of sucrose treatment, was around 10 regardless of initial ${NH_4}^+$-N content. For the rate of ${NH_4}^+$-N reduction 15~36 hours was required to reduce the initial ${NH_4}^+$-N content to half, and 36~69 hours to lower ${NH_4}^+$-N content to the lowest point (about 10 mg $kg^{-1}$or lower). In addition, sucrose treatment greatly lowered ${NO_3}^-$-N content. In case of C/N ratio above 10, initial ${NO_3}^-$-N content of 348 mg $kg^{-1}$ was reduced to the lowest of 14~21 mg $kg^{-1}$. As for the rate of ${NO_3}^-$-N reduction by sucrose treatment, it took 36~60 hours for ${NO_3}^-$-N content to reach the lowest point for C/N ratio of 10 or higher, and it took 3 weeks, comparably longer time, for C/N ratio of 5. Lowering soil EC from sucrose treatment showed the same trend as ${NO_3}^-$-N content. As an important energy and carbon source for humankind, sugar should not be wasted and must be carefully applied to soil. In principle, the best way of preventing salt accumulation in soil is to optimize the fertilizer input. However, when over-fertilization should be dealt with, the sucrose treatment would be a possible and effective counter-measure to reduce overdosed nitrogen sources in soil.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1983

Sik-hae is a traditional Korean fermented fish product which is made from flat-fish, garlic, salt, red pepper and millet. The changes in chemical composition, pH, acidity and the contents of Amino-N, VBN, TMA and organic acids were investigated during the fermentation of Sik-hae. The changes in the microflora, enzyme activity and the sensory quality including textural characteristics were also evaluated. The changes in the contents of crude protein, crude fat and moisture during Sik-hae fermentation were negligible. The pH of the product tended to decrease in the course of fermentation and it showed the minimum value of 4.5 after 7 days of fermentation. On the other hand the acidity continued to increase up to 2300mg % by 4 weeks of fermentation. Lactic acid was the major organic acid. The content of Amino-N in sik-hae gradually increased up to 673.6mg % by 2 weeks of fermentation, and then slightly decreased. The content of VBN increased rapidly during the first 2 weeks of fermentation, while little changes in TMA content was observed. The number of proteolytic bacteria increased slightly for the first 2 weeks and then rapidly decreased. The number of yeast and acid forming bacteria increased rapidly from the 4th day to the 14th day of fermentation and then decreased. Both lipase and protease activities showed the maximum at the 11th day of fermentation. The texture softening of the fish occurred after 1 week of fermentation and the adhesiveness appeared after 2 weeks of fermentation. Summarizing these results, the optimum fermentation time for Sik-hae from flat fish were 2 weeks at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and the quality of the product could be kept for up to 4 weeks in refrigerator.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.282-292
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• 2021

Objective: To quantitatively analyze the effect of nicotine on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and bone remodeling in rats using micro-computed tomography and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase immunostaining. Methods: Thirty-nine adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: group A, 0.5 mL normal saline (n = 9, 3 per 3, 7, and 14 days); group B, 0.83 mg/kg nicotine (n = 15, 5 per 3, 7, and 14 days); and group C, 1.67 mg/kg nicotine (n = 15, 5 per 3, 7, and 14 days). Each animal received daily intraperitoneal injections of nicotine/saline from the day of insertion of identical 30-g orthodontic force delivery systems. A 5-mm nickel-titanium closed-coil spring was applied between the left maxillary first molar (M1) and the two splinted incisors. The rate of OTM and volumetric bone changes were measured using micro-computed tomography. Osteoclasts were counted on the mesial alveolar bone surface of the distobuccal root of M1. Six dependent outcome variables, including the intermolar distance, bone volume fraction, bone mineral density, trabecular thickness, trabecular volume, and osteoclast number, were summarized using simple descriptive statistics. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate differences among groups at 3, 7, and 14 days of OTM. Results: All six dependent outcome variables showed no statistically significant among group-differences at 3, 7, and 14 days. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that nicotine does not affect OTM and bone remodeling, although fluctuations during the different stages of OTM in the nicotine groups should be elucidated in further prospective studies.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2015

In view of the growing medicinal importance of chromene and its derivatives, the single crystal X-ray diffraction study was carried out for the potential active 4,6-dimethyl-9-phenyl-8,12-dioxa-4,6-diazatetracyclo [8.8.0.02,7.013,18]octadeca-2(7),13,15,17-tetraene-3,5,11-trione-2-ethoxyphenyl (2E)-but-2-enoate ($C_{18}H_{20}N_2O_5$). In the title compound are two molecules exist in the asymmetric unit. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group $P2_1/c$ with unit cell dimension a=14.608(3) ${\AA}$, b=12.845(3) and c= 17.781(4) [alpha & gamma=$90^{\circ}$ beta=$91.233(5)^{\circ}$]. Both pyran and pyran ring of the chromene moiety adopts sofa conformation in the molecule A & B. The crystal structure is stabilized by intramolecular C-H...O hydrogen bond interaction.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.32 no.3_4
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• pp.465-474
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• 2014

Many mathematicians have studied various relations beween Euler number $E_n$, Bernoulli number $B_n$ and Genocchi number $G_n$ (see [1-18]). They have found numerous important applications in number theory. Howard, T.Agoh, S.-H.Rim have studied Genocchi numbers, Bernoulli numbers, Euler numbers and polynomials of these numbers [1,5,9,15]. T.Kim, M.Cenkci, C.S.Ryoo, L. Jang have studied the q-extension of Euler and Genocchi numbers and polynomials [6,8,10,11,14,17]. In this paper, our aim is introducing and investigating an extension term of generalized Euler polynomials. We also obtain some identities and relations involving the Euler numbers and the Euler polynomials, the Genocchi numbers and Genocchi polynomials.