• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.17-41
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• 1999

Manuka oil sometime named New Zealand's tea tree oil is soluble in oil and come from nature. The $\alpha$-pinene extracted from Manuka oil and R-limonene which is one of the component of extracted Citrex from Grapefruit were used to estimate the antimicrobial activity and to improve the capability of antiseptic. Disk diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to measure the antimicrobial activity Escherichia coli which is gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus which is gram-positive bacteria were used as strain. The antimicrobial activity of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus is similar when the concentration of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene is 10${mu}ell$. However, Antimicrobial activity of Manuka oil for EscherEchta coli, Staphylococcus aureus is better than that of $\alpha$-pinene when the concentration of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene is low. Antimicrobial activity of Citrex is superior to that of R-limonene. The proper ratio of Maunka oil and Citrex can Improve the antimicrobial activity. The proper ratio obtained from studies was 75% of Maunka oil and 25% Citrex for Escherichia coli, 25% of Maunka oil and 75% Citrex for Staphylococcus aureus.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 1989

Volatile terpenes responsible for allelopathic activity in four weed species were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. Artemisia asiatica Nakai contained 26 volatile terpenes, consisting of 16 monoterpenes and 10 sesquiterpenes, whereas there were only four terpenes in Trifolium repens L. and three terpenes each in Portulaca oleracea L. and Capsella bursa-pastoris (L,) Medik. Suspected allelochemics were ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, borneol, selinene, and caryophyllene in A. asiatica, ${\alpha}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-caryophyllene in T. repens, and ${\alpha}$-pinene in C. bursapastoris. No these compounds were found in P. oleracea.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 1986

Fourteen volatile components including eight allypyrocatechol analogs were isolated and identified from the essential oil and ether soluble fraction of Philippine Piper bettle leaves (Piperaceae). The major constituents of Philippine Piper betle oil were chavibetol and chavibetol acetate. Capilary GC analysis of the oil showed chavibetol (53.1%), chavibetol acetate (15.5%), caryophyllene (3.79%), allypyrocatechol diacetate (0.71%), campene (0.48), chavibetol methylether (=methyl eugenol, 0.48%), eugenol (0/32%), $\alpha$-pinene(0.21%), $\beta$-pinene(0.21%), $\alpha$-limonene(0.14%), safrole (0.11%), 1.8-cineol(0.04%), and allylpyrocatechol monoacetate. The major component of the ether soluble fraction was allylpyrocatechol (2.38% of the leaves).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.536-540
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• 1997

Volatile terpenoids of carrots were measured by the direct headspace sampling method(DHS) with gas chromatography as a study for the breeding of high quality carrots. Using this method, 7 terpenoids such as ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-pinene$, ${\beta}-myrcene$, ${\alpha}-terpinene$, limonene, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, and terpinolene were clearly separated. However ${\alpha}-phellandrene$ was not clearly separated from ${\beta}-myrcene$. In addition to this, higher boiling point compounds such as terpinen-4-ol, bornyl acetate, and ${\alpha}-bisbolol$ were not found. The coefficients of $determination(r^2)$ for the 7 terpenoids were higher than 0.99 and the standard curves were highly significant. Four replicated samples using this method demonstrated great reproducibility; the coefficidnt of variation (C.V.) for ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-pinene$, ${\beta}-myrcene$, limonene, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, terpinolene, and total terpenoids were 6.8, 6.8, 8.4, 7.1, 3.8, 10.1, 7.1%. Sixty five carrot cultivars breeded worldwide were evaluated for the 7 terpenoids and total terpenoids; the range for ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-pinene$, ${\beta}-myrcene$, ${\alpha}-terpinene$, limonene, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, terpinolene, and total terpenoids were $0.28{\sim}2.48\;ppm$, $0.35{\sim}1.87\;ppm$, $0.56{\sim}1.51\;ppm$, 0 ppm, $0.59{\sim}1.84\;ppm$, $0.87{\sim}3.33\;ppm$, $5.15{\sim}35.81\;ppm$, and $9.07{\sim}42.30\;ppm$, respectively. Big differences in each terpenoid and total terpenoids were found among cultivars. On the total terpenoids of the 65 cultivars, 5 cultivars(7.7%) contained less than 10 ppm, 15 cultivars (23.1%) $10{\sim}11.99\;ppm$, 14 cultivars(21.5%) $12{\sim}13.99\;ppm$, 9 cultivars(13.8%) $14{\sim}15.99\;ppm$, 10 cultivars(15.4%) $16{\sim}17.99\;ppm$, 4 cultivars(6.2%) $18{\sim}19.99\;ppm$, 5 cultivars(7.7%) $20{\sim}29.99\;ppm$, and 3 cultivars(4.6%) were higher than 30 ppm. Generally, cultivars developed in Japan contained less total terpenoids than cultivars developed in Europe and America.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 1980

Monoterpenes, phenolic substances, growth substances and total nitrogen from normal needles and infested needles attacked by Thecodiplosis japonensis were compared for Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. Major monoterpene components in P. densiflora needles were ${\beta}$-phellandrene, ${\alpha}$-pinene and those in P. rigida needles were ${\beta}$-pinene and ${\alpha}$-pinene. In P. rigida resistant to this insect, infested needles showed higher ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene and myrcene but lower camphene, limonene and ${\beta}$-phellandrene than normal needles. 2. Orcinol, catechol ferulic acid, salicylic acid and five unknowns were detected in P. rigida needles whereas orcinol, catechol, ferulic acid and four unknowns in P. densiflora needles. 3. Tryptophan, a precursor of IAA, was detected in larvae and also in gall tissues of both P. densiflora and P. thunbergii needles. This fact shows that growth substances may involve in gall formation by Thecodiplosis japonensis. 4. Total nitrogen contents per unit needle weight were neither significantly different between P. densiflora and P. rigida, nor between normal and infested needles.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2003

Volatile components in the leaves and fruits of Z. schinjfolium and Z. piperitum were analyzed by Headspace SPME(Solid phase Microextraction). Fifty two and 48 components in the leaves and fruits, repectively, were identified in Z. schinifolium. (E)-2-hexenal, ${\alpha}-pinene$, (Z)-ocimene+limonene, estragole, germacrene-d were detected at common components in the leaves and estragole in the fruits of Z. schinjfolium. Regardless of collection sites hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, n-hexanol were appeared in the leaves while undecanone in the fruits. Thirty and 27 components in the leaves and fruits, respectively, were identified in Z. piperitum. ${\alpha}-pinene,\;{\beta}-phellandrene$, 1,8-cineole, citronellal and myrcene, (Z)-ocimene+limonene, ${\beta}-phellandrene$ were appeared as common components in the leaves and fruits collected from Baeck-yang-sa and Nae-jang-sa. (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, ${\alpha}-pinene\;myrcene\;and\;{\beta}-phellandrene$, citronellal, geranyl acetate were major components in the leaves and fruits from Tong-do-sa.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2002

A field study was conducted to estimate the emission rate of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from pine trees. In addition, the influences of meteological variables on their distribution characteristics have been investigated. A vegetation enclosure chamber was designed and constructed of Tedlar bag and acril. Sorbent tubes made up of Tenax TA and Carbotrap were used to collect biogenic VOCs emitted from each individual tree. Analysis of BVOCs was performed using a GC-FID system. The fundamental analytical parameters including linearity, retention time, recovery efficiency, and breakthrough volume were examined and verified for the determination of monoterpene emission rates. Total average concentration of each component is found to be $\alpha$-pinene (16.5), $\beta$-pinene (4.61) from pine trees, and $\alpha$-pinene (42.4), $\beta$-pinene (18.7 ng(gdw)$^{-1}$ hr$^{-1}$ ) from Korean pine trees. On the basis of our study, $\alpha$-pinene was found to be the major monoterpene emitted from both pine and Korean pine trees which were accompanied by $\beta$-pinene, camphene, and limonene. In ambient air, variable monoterpene compositions of emissions from pine trees were similar to Korean pine trees. Emission rates of monoterpene from each tree were found to depend on such parameters as temperature and solar radiation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.55-58
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• 2003

The ambient concentrations of benzene, toluene, and $\alpha$-/$\beta$-pinene were measured from July, 2002 to August, 2002 at the Gumsung mountain site in Jeonnam province. The mean concentration of benzene for this study was $62.6{\pm}43.9$ pptv (Min. 20.4 ~ Max. 151.2 pptv) , and that of toluene was 619.8 ${\pm}$ 330.2pptv (264.8~1, 386pptv). It was observed that the concentrations of $\alpha$ -pinene and $\beta$ -pinene were $169.0{\pm}97.7$ pptv (72.9~396.1pptv) and $11.2{\pm}27.9$pptv (7.5 ~95.9 pptv) , respectively. The ambient concentrations of aromatic and natural VOCs were found at the pptv level. In this study, the toluenelbenzene ratios were $13.9{\pm}11.2$ , but they were a little higher than those found in the domestic study and approximately 5 times greater than the values in the foreign study. The $\beta$ -/ $\alpha$ -pinene ratios ranged between 0.05 and 0.55, and this range was found to be similar in the foreign study.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.696-700
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• 2010

Thirty-one units of pure rosemary essential oil (EO) in domestic and foreign distribution markets were collected. Aromatic components of these samples were analyzed and antioxidant activity was measured. As the result, major aromatic components were identified such as ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, ${\beta}$-pinene, 1.8-cineole, verbenone and borneol. Major components of rosemary EO were different according to countries. Essential oil from France had good quality. Essential oil cultivated and extracted in South Korea had more content than the collected essential oil in components of ${\alpha}$-pinene and camphene. Only 16% of the total 31 unit samples satisfied the content of 9 ingredients presented by ISO. The quality of EDA was shown as 4.8-96.0%, remarkable differences per specimen. A total of 31 units, only 13% of EO showed more than 60% antioxidant activity. Difference of antioxidant activity did not correspond with specific component. Essential oil from Swiss had high antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 1976

Employing 7-15 resistant and 8-15 susceptible Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) trees to pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) as samples, needle monoterpenes were analysed by GLC in January and June, and observation was made on the oviposition preference. Following results were obtained. 1. In January, the resistant trees showed higher contents of myrcene, limonene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene and terpinolene but lower contents of ${\alpha}$-and ${\beta}$-pinene and camphene compared to the susceptible trees. But in June, ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, limonene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene and terpinolene were higher and the content of ${\beta}$-pinene and myrcene were lower in the resistant trees than the susceptible trees. 2. The content of limonene was higher by the 6.8 percent and the content of ${\beta}$-pinene was lower by the 9.2 percent in the resistant trees than in the susceptible trees in June. 3. No preference for oviposition was found between resistant and susceptible trees. But in the resistant trees gall formation rate was quite lower than the susceptible trees. It was considered, therefore, that limonene and ${\beta}$-pinene content in the needle might be used as an indicator of the resistant Japanese black pine to the pine gall midge regardless of season.