• 천문학논총
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.491-494
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• 2015

We present 12CO (2-1) data for four spiral galaxies (NGC 4330, NGC 4402, NGC 4522, NGC 4569) in the Virgo cluster that are undergoing different ram pressure stages. The goal is to probe the detailed molecular gas properties under strong intra-cluster medium (ICM) pressure using high-resolution millimeter data taken with the Submillimeter Array (SMA). Combining this with Institut de RadioAstronomie $Millim{\acute{e}}trique$ (IRAM) data, we also study spatially resolved temperature and density distributions of the molecular gas. Comparing with multi-wavelength data (optical, $H\small{I}$, UV, $H{\alpha}$), we discuss how molecular gas properties and star formation activity change when a galaxy experiences $H\small{I}$ stripping. This study suggests that ICM pressure can modify the physical and chemical properties of the molecular gas significantly even if stripping does not take place. We discuss how this affects the star formation rate and galaxy evolution in the cluster environment.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2021

Plexiform fibromyxoma (PF) of the stomach is a very rare mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. We report the first case of PF with 2 different growth patterns pathologically confirmed after surgical resection. The tumor was characterized microscopically as infiltrative; it demonstrated diffuse growth into the smooth muscle bundles of the muscularis propria and was also multinodular and plexiform within the myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the tumor cells were positive or weakly positive for smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and H-caldesmon and negative for desmin, CD117, CD34, CK-20, Pan-CK, Dog1, S100, ER, PR, and CD10. No mutations of C-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha were detected. No genetic disruption of glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The final diagnosis of PF was mainly based on the morphological and immunohistochemical findings.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.113.3-114
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• 2003

The increased deposition of extracellular matrix by hepatic stellate cells following liver injury in a process known as activation is considered a key mechanism for increased collagen content of liver during the development of liver fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of an aqueous extract from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae), Changkil (CK), on hepatic fibrosis in hepatic stellate cells. We report that CK reduces the accumulation of collagen in acetaldehyde-induced hepatic stellate cells. (omitted)

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.144-153
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• 2017

It was demonstrated that Gangjihwan (DF), which is the herbal composition composed of Ephedra intermedia, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and Rheum palmatum, inhibits obesity and hepatic steatosis in high fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of DF on visceral obesity, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and the mechanism of actions involved in this process using in vivo and in vitro approaches. DF was extracted with water (DF-FW), 30% grain alcohol (DF-GA30), and 70% grain alcohol (DF-GA70). Administration of DF to HFD-fed control mice decreased visceral tissue mass and visceral adipocyte size without adverse effects. Visceral fat mass was decreased by DF-GA30 and DF-GA70, and visceral adipocyte size by all three DF extracts compared with obese control mice. Histological analysis revealed that three kinds of DF extracts reduced toluidine blue-stained mast cells and collagen accumulation in the liver, the extents of which were most eminent in DF-GA70-treated mice. DF-GA70 decreased the mRNA levels of the inflammation ($TNF{\alpha}$ and VCAM-1), fibrosis (${\alpha}-SMA$), and apoptosis (caspase 3) genes, but increasing the anti-apoptosis gene (Bcl-2) mRNA levels in the liver of obese control mice. Consistent with the in vivo data, GA-70 also altered the expression of inflammation genes ($TNF{\alpha}$ and MCP-1) in HepG2 cells. These results indicate that DF not only inhibits visceral obesity, but also ameliorates visceral obesity-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and that this process may be mediated by regulating the hepatic expression of inflammatory and fibrogenic genes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.605-610
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• 2014

Chronic liver diseases, including cancer, are characterized by inflammation and elevated serum ferritin (SF). However, the causal-relationship remains unclear. This study used primary rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC) as a model to investigate effects of physiological SF concentrations (10, 100 and 1000 pM) because HSCs play a central role in the development and progression of liver fibrosis. Physiological concentrations of SF, either horse SF or human serum, induced pro-inflammatory cytokine $IL1{\beta}$, IL6 and $TNF{\alpha}$ secretion in rat activated HSCs (all p<0.05). By contrast, treatment did not alter activation marker ${\alpha}SMA$ expression. The presence of SF markedly enhanced expression of Grp78 mRNA (p<0.01). Furthermore, transient knock down of Grp78 by endotoxin EGF-SubA abolished SF-induced $IL1{\beta}$ and $TNF{\alpha}$ secretion in activated HSCs (all p<0.05). In conclusion, our results showed that at physiological concentrations SF functions as a pro-inflammatory mediator in primary rat HSCs. We also provide a molecular basis for the action of SF and identified Grp78-associated ER stress pathways as a novel potential therapeutic target for resolution of fibrosis and possible prevention of liver cancer.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.40-50
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate anti-inflammatory effects of Kyungheechunggan-tang (KHCGT) on LPS- induced RAW 264.7 cells and LX-2 cells and anti-fibrotic effects of KHCGT on LX-2 cells. Materials and Methods: Three types of KHCGTs (KHCGT-A, -B, and -C) by narrowing down the number of constituent herbs from 9 (KHCGT-A) to 5 (KHCGT-B) and to 3 (KHCGT-C) were developed. To understand pharmacological effects of KHCGT, three types of KHCGTs were treated on RAW 264.7 cells and LX-2 cells. Anti-inflammatory activities of KHCGT were evaluated by ELISA assay for pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-10, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and for IL-6 production in LPS-induced LX-2 cells. In addition, anti-fibrotic effects of KHCGT were determined by quantitative real-time PCR assay for fibrosis-related genes, ${\alpha}-SMA$, collagen1A1, TIMP1, MMP-2, in LX-2 cells. Results: KHCGT-A and KHCGT-C showed inhibitory effects on secretion of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and LX-2 cells. KHCGT-B and KHCGT-C exhibited inhibitory effects on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-10 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The mRNA expression levels of collagen1A1 and MMP-2 were significantly reduced by KHCGT-C whereas TIMP-1 was suppressed by KHCGT-A and KHCGT-B in LX-2 cells. Among three different formulas, KHCGT-C demonstrated the most remarkable effects on inflammation and fibrosis. Conclusions: In this study, KHCGT showed both anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects which make it to be a prospective agent for chronic liver diseases with inflammation and fibrosis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.341-354
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• 1998

GMI (Fibrel${(R)}$) is one of the dermal filling substances which have been successfully used for the treatment of depressed cutaneous scar and wrinkles. It's major components are; Gelatin powder, which provides a framework for the clot to form and remains stable under the scar, and ${\varepsilon}$-aminocaproic acid, which inhibits the production of fibrinolysin, and Plasma, which provides the necessary ingredients for collagen synthesis. GMI has advantages of low immunogenicity and increased longevity. It has been known to induce fibroblast activity and promote new collagen synthesis. We used 34 Sprague-Dawley rats which were bred under the same condition and duration. 18 of experimental animals were undergone cardiac puncture, and their blood were collected, centrifugated, and stored in freezer. Out of 16 animals, control group were injected with 2ml plasma into the subcutaneous tissue of Lt. scapular, while experimental group were implanted of 2 ml GMI into the Rt. same area. Experimental animals were sacrificed at the 3rd day, 5th day, 1st week and 2nd week respectively after implantation of GMI. To observe the histopathologic change of GMI and surrounding tissue reaction of GMI, we had examined with H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining with vimentin, ${\alpha}$-SMA, S-100 under LM and SEM. The obtained results were as follows ; 1. In LM study, the inflammatory cell infiltrations and granulation tissue formation were observed, and muscle tissues were well attached with adipose tissues in the control group. In the experimental group, inflammatory cell infiltrations had been observed by the 2nd week and irregular adipiose tissues and well differentiated mesenchymal tissues were examined. 2. In immunohistochemical study, the experimental group of ${\alpha}$-SMA study, there were a prominent positive response on endothelial development of granulation tissues and mesenchymal tissues compare with the control group. In vimentin study, positive response on mescenchymal fibroblast continued to 2nd week, but negative in the control group. In S-100 study, both groups were positively responded on irregular adipose tissues. 3. In SEM study, collagen fibers were embedded by the plasma by the 5th day in the control group, and in the 3rd day experiment GMI were resorved but communited with collagen fiber till the 1st week. Collagen fibers were infilt-rated into GMI at the 2nd week and the infilltrated GMI were conglomerated with the mature adipose cells and the collagen fibers. From the above results, GMI implantation in the subcutaneous tissue of Sprague-Dawley rat, the mild infiltration of inflammatory cells were showed till 2nd week and the granulation tissues were observed. GMI were nearly resorbed till 2nd week, but well attached with adipose tissue and collagen fibers. The endothelium and fibroblasts were actively proliferated. Adipose tissues and mesenchymal tissue cells were observed. As already expressed, GMI showed resorptive change in course of time without any early immune reaction, and seemed to induce fibroblast activity and promote new collagen synthesis.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.414-417
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• 2008

본 증례는 4년령의 암컷 비글종에서 발생한 것으로 점진적인 안구돌출증을 비롯하여 왼쪽 하안구 부속기에 발생한 직경 1.4 cm 의 종양을 가지고 있었다. 종양의 병리조직학적 검경에서 증생된 종양 세포들이 소엽 및 섬유성 격벽으로 구분되는 관통상의 구조를 나타내고 있었다. 잘 분화된 피지선은 다양한 크기의 소엽을 형성하고 있으며 비만세포 및 단핵 염증세포의 침윤이 관찰되었다. 관강 내에는 이러한 관성구조의 정점부위에서 탈락되어 나온 호염성 불질이 관찰되었으며 일부 관성구조는 경도의 화생을 나타내고 있었다. 조직면역염색에서 세포집단은 ${\alpha}-SMA$와 vimentin에 양성 반응을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 원발성 종양은 안검에서 발생한 내검판선 및 외검판선 유래의 선암종으로 진단되었으며 침윤되고 있는 안구내 종양은 악성 혼합종으로 진단되었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2023

Renal fibrosis is the final manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD) regardless of etiology. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α) is an important regulator of chronic hypoxia, and the late-stage renal tubular HIF-2α activation exerts protective effects against renal fibrosis. However, its specific role in progressive renal fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of the long-term tubular activation of HIF-2α on renal function and fibrosis, using in vivo and in vitro models of renal fibrosis. Progressive renal fibrosis was induced in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) of tetracycline-controlled HIF-2α transgenic (Tg) mice and wild-type (WT) controls through a 6-week adenine diet. Tg mice were maintained on doxycycline (DOX) for the diet period to induce Tg HIF-2α expression. Primary TECs isolated from Tg mice were treated with DOX (5 ㎍/ml), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (10 ng/ml), and a combination of both for 24, 48, and 72 hr. Blood was collected to analyze creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Pathological changes in the kidney tissues were observed using hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Sirius Red staining. Meanwhile, the expression of fibronectin, E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was observed using western blotting. Our data showed that serum Cr and BUN levels were significantly lower in Tg mice than in WT mice following the adenine diet. Moreover, the protein levels of fibronectin and E-cadherin and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK were markedly reduced in the kidneys of adenine-fed Tg mice. These results were accompanied by attenuated fibrosis in Tg mice following adenine administration. Consistent with these findings, HIF-2α overexpression significantly decreased the expression of fibronectin in TECs, whereas an increase in α-SMA protein levels was observed after TGF-β1 stimulation for 72 hr. Taken together, these results indicate that long-term HIF-2α activation in CKD may inhibit the progression of renal fibrosis and improve renal function, suggesting that long-term renal HIF-2α activation may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CKD.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2010

Hepatic fibrosis represents the main complication of most chronic liver disorders and, regardless of its etiology, is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. In this study, we examined that 1-O-Hexyl-2,3,5-Trimethylhydroquinone (HTHQ), a potent anti-oxidative agent, could prevent experimental hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in male SD rats. Except for vehicle control group, other groups were induced hepatic fibrosis by intraperitoneal injection with DMN (10 mg/ml/kg) on 3 consecutive days weekly for 4 weeks. During the same 4 weeks, control and DMN groups were given vehicle and HTHQ 50, 100 and 200 groups were orally administered HTHQ (50, 100, 200 mg/kg respectively). In HTHQ 100 and 200 groups, relative liver weight and serum chemistry level improved significantly. HTHQ reduced hydroxyproline (p < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (p < 0.05) level in the liver. Histopathological examination of H&E, Masson's trichrome stain showed the reduced fibrotic septa in HTHQ 100 and 200 groups. HTHQ administration showed reduced mRNA level of PDGF (Platelet-derived growth factor), $\alpha$-SMA ($\alpha$-smooth muscle actin) and TGF-$\beta$ (transforming growth factor-$\beta$) than DMN-induced hepetic fibrosis animals in the liver tissue. In this study, we showed that HTHQ improves against DMN-induced liver fibrosis in male SD rats.