• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.552-556
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• 1994

It was aimed to study the chemical characteristics and volatile compounds of juices extracted by press (PE) and centrifugal extractors (CE). Citrons cut up cross direction were used as samples in PE. Proportion ratio of peel, flesh, and seed of citron were 43.9, 39.4 and 16.7%, respectively. Yield of juice increased with weight to 120g of citron fruit. pH, brix, pulp, oily materials, amino nitrogen and yield of juice extracted by CE were higher than those of juice by PE. Acidity and transmittance of juice extracted by PE were higher than those of juice by CE. Free sugars of citron juice were consisted of fructose, glucose and sucrose. Free sugar contents of juice by CE were twice as much as those of PE. Major volatile compounds of total steam distillation matters of citron juice extracted by PE were dl-limonene, ${\gamma}-terpinene\;{\beta}-farnesene$, sabinene, linalool, ${\beta}-myrcene$ and terpinolene, while those by CE were dl-limonene, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, sabinene, ${\beta}-myrcene,\;{\alpha}-pinene$, linalool and terpinolene. dl-Limonene and ${\gamma}-terpinene$ consisted of $73{\sim}83%$ of total volatile compounds. dl-Limonene of juice by CE increased about 6% that of juice by PE. ${\beta}-Farnesene$ were observed trace in juice by CE but presented in 7% in juice by PE. The results would suggested that chemical characteristics and volatile compounds of citron juice seemed to depend on extraction methods.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.25 no.4 s.34
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• pp.17-41
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• 1999

Manuka oil sometime named New Zealand's tea tree oil is soluble in oil and come from nature. The $\alpha$-pinene extracted from Manuka oil and R-limonene which is one of the component of extracted Citrex from Grapefruit were used to estimate the antimicrobial activity and to improve the capability of antiseptic. Disk diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to measure the antimicrobial activity. Escherichia coli which is gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus which is gram-positive bacteria were used as strain. The antimicrobial activity of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus is similar when the concentration of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene is $10{\mu}l$. However, Antimicrobial activity of Manuka oil for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus is better than that of $\alpha$-pinene when the concentration of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene is low. Antimicrobial activity of Citrex is superior to that of R-limonene. The proper ratio of Maunka oil and Citrex can improve the antimicrobial activity. The proper ratio obtained from studies was 75% of Maunka oil and 25% Citrex for Escherichia coli, 25% of Maunka oil and 75% Citrex for Staphylococcus aureus.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.17-41
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• 1999

Manuka oil sometime named New Zealand's tea tree oil is soluble in oil and come from nature. The $\alpha$-pinene extracted from Manuka oil and R-limonene which is one of the component of extracted Citrex from Grapefruit were used to estimate the antimicrobial activity and to improve the capability of antiseptic. Disk diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to measure the antimicrobial activity Escherichia coli which is gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus which is gram-positive bacteria were used as strain. The antimicrobial activity of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus is similar when the concentration of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene is 10${mu}ell$. However, Antimicrobial activity of Manuka oil for EscherEchta coli, Staphylococcus aureus is better than that of $\alpha$-pinene when the concentration of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene is low. Antimicrobial activity of Citrex is superior to that of R-limonene. The proper ratio of Maunka oil and Citrex can Improve the antimicrobial activity. The proper ratio obtained from studies was 75% of Maunka oil and 25% Citrex for Escherichia coli, 25% of Maunka oil and 75% Citrex for Staphylococcus aureus.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.394-405
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• 2017

This study was conducted to confirm the usefulness of essential oil components in yuzu and kumquat cultivated in Korea for comparison with those in lemon and lime. The volatile flavor compounds in citrus fruits (yuzu, kumquat, lemon and lime) were extracted for 3 h with 100 mL redistilled n-pentane/diethylether (1:1, v/v) mixture, using a simultaneous steam distillation and extraction apparatus (SDE). The volatile flavor compositions of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The aroma compounds analyzed were 104 (3,713.02 mg/kg) in yuzu, 87 (621.71 mg/kg) in kumquat 103 (3,024.69 mg/kg) in lemon and 106 (2,209.16 mg/kg) in lime. Limonene was a major volatile flavor compound in four citrus fruits. The peak area of limonene was 35.03% in yuzu, 63.82% in kumquat, 40.35% in lemon, and 25.06% in lime. In addition to limonene, the major volatile flavor compounds were ${\gamma}$-terpinene, linalool, ${\beta}$-myrcene, (E)-${\beta}$-farnesene, ${\alpha}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-pinene in yuzu, and ${\beta}$-myrcene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, (Z)-limonene oxide, (E)-limonene oxide, geranyl acetate and limonen-10-yl acetate in kumquat. Furthermore, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-myrcene, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate and (Z)-${\beta}$-bisabolene in lemon and ${\gamma}$-terpinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, (Z)-${\beta}$-bisabolene, neral, geranial and neryl acetate in lime were also detected. As a result, it was confirmed that the composition of volatile flavor compounds in four citrus fruits was different. Also, yuzu and kumquat are judged to be worthy of use alternatives for lemon and lime widely used in the fragrance industry.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2010

The volatile aroma of fresh leaves is one of main factor in taste of all the edible green plants. The volatile aroma in almost edible green leaves are suggested as essential oil compounds. Ligularia fischeri, Synurus deltoides, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis and Aster scaber are one of the favourable edible green plants in Korea. In this study, volatile aroma compounds from Ligularia fischeri and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis species were analyzed by the SPME/GC/MSD method. Ligularia fischeri had 78 volatile aroma compounds such as D-limonene(20.28%), ${\alpha}$-pinene(dextro, 14.15%), L-${\beta}$-pinene(12.85%), 3-carene, ${\beta}$-cubebene(10.39%), etc. Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis had 83 volatile aroma compounds such as D-limonene(36.97%), ${\beta}$-cubebene(13.95%), L-${\beta}$-pinene(13.38%), ${\alpha}$-pinene(dextro, 4.76%), caryophylle-ne(3.33%) etc. Conclusively, the commom volatile aroma compounds in Ligularia fischeri and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis leaves were D-limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, L-${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-cubebene, Caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-farnesene, terpinolen. However, the composition and amount of volatile aroma compounds were very different between the two species.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.977-988
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• 2016

The volatile flavor compounds in five Jeju citrus fruit varieties (Cheonhyehyang, Hallabong, Jinjihyang, Hwanggeum hyang and Redhyang) were extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) using solvent mixture of n-pentane and diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The number of aroma compounds were identified with : 104 (4,939.77 mg/kg) in Cheonhyehyang, 98 (3,286.38 mg/kg) in Hallabong, 105 (3,317.56 mg/kg) in Jinjihyang, 102 (4,293.39 mg/kg) in Hwanggeumhyang, and 108 (4,049.94 mg/kg) in Redhyang. The detected main volatile compounds were; limonene, sabinene, ${\beta}$-myrcene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, linalool, 4-terpineol, ${\alpha}$-terpineol, (E)-${\beta}$-ocimene and ${\gamma}$-terpinene. Among the identified volatiles compounds, ethyl-benzene, nonanol, 1-p-menthen-9-al, (E)-isocarveol, methyl salicylate, ${\alpha}$-terpinen-7-al, perilla alcohol, and ethyl-dodecanoate were detected in Cheonhyehyang. only Furthermore, ${\beta}$-chamigrene and ${\alpha}$-selinene were in Hallabong only; 3-hydroxybutanal, (E)-2-nonenal, isoborneol, octyl acetate, (E)-2-undecenal, ${\beta}$-ylangene and guaia-6,9-diene in Jinjihyang. ${\rho}$-Cymenene, ${\beta}$-thujone, selina-4,11-diene and (E,E)-2,6-farnesol in Hwanggeumhyang only; and ${\rho}$-cymen-8-ol, bornyl acetate, carvacrol, bicycloelemene, ${\alpha}$-cubebene and 7-epi-${\alpha}$-selinene in Redhyang only. This study confirmed the differences in composition and content of volatile aroma components in five varieties of Jeju citrus fruits.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.372-377
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• 2009

The chemical compositions and antibacterial and antifungal activities of essential oils extracted from Abies holophylla and A. koreana were investigated. GC-MS analysis revealed that 38 compounds comprised 95.88% of the A. holophylla essential oil, with the main components being bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol(28.05%), ${\delta}3$-carene(13.85%), $\alpha$-pinene(11.68%), camphene(10.41%), dl-limonene(7.61%), $\beta$-myrcene(7.11%), trans-caryophyllene(5.36%), and $\alpha$-bisabolol(3.67%). In the essential oil from A. koreana, 36 compounds comprised 98.67% of the oil, and the main compounds were bornyl ester(41.79%), camphene(15.31%), $\alpha$-pinene(11.19%), dl-limonene(8.58%), fenchyl acetate(5.55%), and $\alpha$-terpinene(2.29%). Both essential oils showed great potential of antibacterial activity against several bacteria tested, in the range of 2.2-$8.8{\mu}g$ per disc by the agar disc diffusion method, and minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) values of 5.5-21.8 mg/ml by the microdilution method. Both oils showed very effective antifungal activities toward all pathogenic strains tested, including Candida glabrata, with MIC values in the range of 0.5-2.2 mg/ml. As a whole, A. koreana oil showed better antibacterial and antifungal properties than A. holophylla oil.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1989

In continuation of our studies on essential oils of Angelica genus(Umbelliferae), We report on the components of essential oils obtained from the root of Angelica tenuissima Nakai(藁子). Oils were obtained from the dried roots by steam distillation and fractionated by column chromatography. Each isolate or fraction was identified by GC, GC-MS and spectral analysis. Essential oils of the root of A. tenuissima(Gaoben) were found to contain $\alpha-pinene,\;camphene,\;\beta-pinene,\;myrcene,\;\alpha-phellandrene,\;\Delta-3-carene,\;p-cymene,\;limonene,\;\gamma-terpinene,\;terpinolene,\;4-vinylguauacol,\;\gamma-elemene$, one aromatic compound, three unidentified sesquiterpene alcohols, butylidenephthalide, senkyunolide and Z-ligustilide which was the most abundant compound comprising 75% of the whole oil. Also butylphthalide and hydroxybutylidenephalide were tentatively identified.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2012

Three-season field study was conducted to investigate the distribution of monoterpene(10) and air anion in ambient air at five forests. ${\alpha}$-Pinene, camphene, sabinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, terpinolene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, linalool, and camphor were quantified in the samples collected. The highest 4-hour mean concentration of total monoterpene were ${\beta}$-pinene+myrcene as 958 pptv at Juknokwon dominated by bamboo and ${\alpha}$-pinene (524 pptv), limonene (445 pptv) at Wood Land and Suncheon Bay, respectively. The seasonal means were observed to peak during spring with their maximum at Wood Land and Seonam Temple and during summer at Juknokwon and Suncheon Bay. The 24 hour concentration mean of atmosphere standards were found with much lower values than those by law. The highest concentrations of air anion were measured $400{\sim}3,000ea{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ through the sites. There is no significant correlation between the concentration of monoterpene and air anion.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.397-403
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• 1997

The monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are analysed in the leaf and stem of Chrysanthemum boreale using gas chromaltography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total amount of sesquiterpenes are always higher than monoterpenes in both leaf (2.0-3.4 times) and stem (1.6-8.3 times). The mono- and sesquiterpenes yields of the leaf are higher than the stem. There was no significant difference among the leaf developmental stages, while those of stem were varied. Seventeen monoterpenes and 9 sesquiterpenes compound in this plants comprised more than 5% of the mean total monoterpenes and the total sesquiterpenes in each dates. Among leaf monoterpenes, the concentration of (+)-Limonene and unknown compound no. 13 (Retention time, R.T.=17.28) varied significantly during leaf growing season, and the concentrafion of unknown compound no. 7 (R.T.=35.04) and no. 9(R.T.=35.71) varied in the leaf sesquiterpenes. Similarly the results from the leaf, the concentration of five monoterpenes in stem also varied significantly during maturing period, and much varied in seven compounds of stem sesquiterpene. The major sesquiterpenes of leaf and stem were ${\alpha}-Humulene$ and compound no. 2(R.T.=26.19).