• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.332-342
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the level of activities of daily living (ADL) in a group of community dwelling elderly. Methods: The subjects were 100 low-income elderly registered in a public health center. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/PC program. Results: The results were as follows: 1. The basic ADLs of the subjects were scored at 7 levels, and the mean score was 6.24 out of 7 points. The subjects did not necessarily require help from others, but might have needed more times or instrumental assists to perform ADLs. The lowest ADL score was reported on walking up to the stairs (5.05), for which the subjects did not need physical assistance, but needed a certain degree of supervision. The highest score was reported on self eating (6.74), followed by bowel management (6.60). 2. The mean IADL score of the subjects was 1.77 out of 4 points. indicating that the subjects were very independent in performing IADLs, without help from others. 3. In relation to general characteristics, the level of ADLs of the subjects was significantly different by age (F=6.65, P=.000), main activities (F=6.36, P=.001), perceived health status (P=4.66, P=.012), educational background (F=4.64, P=.03), marital status(F=4.62, P=.005), and major household income (F=4.15, P=.002). 4. The subjects' level of IADLs in relation to their general characteristics was significantly different by perceived health status (F=8.08, P=.001), major activities (F=7.33, P=.000), age (F=6.18, P=.000), family context (F=3.53, P=.018), religion (F=3.10, P=.019), marital status(F=2.62, P=.055), and major household income (F=2.31, P=.049).

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.18
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• pp.19-25
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• 2000

$F_2$ populations of the crosses KC47-1 (PI244670) ${\times}$ KCB14-2-2-3-2 (PI201234), KC220-1 ${\times}$ KC268 and $F_3$ bulk populations of the crosses KC47-1${\times}$KC263 (AC2258), KC47-1${\times}$KCB13-2-1 (PI201232), KC47-1${\times}$KCB13-4-2 (PI201232), either one parent of which was resistant to Phytophthora blight, were tested for both gray leaf spot and Phytophthora blight by serial inoculation with Stemphylium solani or a mixture of S. solani and S. lycopersici, and P. capsici in 1999. In 2000, $F_3$ and $F_4$ lines or populations developed from the respective $F_2$ or $F_3$ selections in the previous year were evaluated for resistance to both diseases. A significant progress in resistance to both diseases was achieved by selection.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 2003

High purity single crystalline calcium fluoride ($CaF_2$) has excellent optical transmission characteristics down to deep UV and is therefore selected as the main optical material for the next generation of lithography apparatus operating at wavelength of 157 nm. The growth of large sized $CaF_2$ single crystals with the required properties for this optical application can be achieved only by optimizing the crystal growth process by the aid of numerical simulation. This needs especially a precise calculation of the heat transport and temperature distribution in the solid and liquid $CaF_2$ under crystal growth conditions. As $CaF_2$ is considered to be semitransparent, the internal radiative heat transfer in $CaF_2$ plays an decisive role in the simulation of the heat transport. On the other hand it is very difficult to obtain quantitative experimental data for evaluating numerical models as $CaF_2$ is extremely corrosive at high temperatures. In this work we present a newly developed experimental technique to perform temperature measurements in $CaF_2$-crystal as well as in the melt under conditions of crystal growth process. These experimental results are compared to calculated temperature data, which were obtained by using different numerical models concerning the internal heat transfer in semitransparent $CaF_2$. It will be shown, that an advanced model, which was developed by the authors, gives a much better agreement with experimental data as a standard model, which was taken from the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.548-554
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• 1997

The single crystal of $Mg_{0.16}Zn_{0.84}$Te:Co(Co:0.01 mole%) was grown by vertical Bridgman method. The crystal structure of $Mg_{0.16}Zn$_{0.84}$Te:Co and optical absorption properties of this compound were studied. The grown single crystal has a cubic structure and a lattice constant a=6.1422 $\AA$ were determined by X-ray diffraction. As a result of the optical absorption spectra of $Mg_{0.16}Zn_{0.84}$Te:Co, the intracenter transitions due to $Co^{2+}$ ions were detected for $A-band:^4A_2(^4F){\to}^4T_2(^4F),\; B-band:^4A_2(^4F){\to}^4T_1(^4F), C- band:^4A_2(^4F){\to}^4T_1(^4P)$.The charge transfer transition near the absorption edge was observed in the wavelength range of 550 to 770 nm. According to the crystal field theory, the crystal field parameter(Dq) and the Racah parameter(B) were determined.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1293-1299
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) for chronic empyema-associated malignancy (CEAM). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT images of 33 patients with chronic empyema, and analyzed the following findings: 1) shape of the empyema cavity, 2) presence of fistula, 3) maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) of the empyema cavity, 4) uptake pattern of the empyema cavity, 5) presence of a protruding soft tissue mass within the empyema cavity, and 6) involvement of adjacent structures. Final diagnosis was determined based on histopathology or clinical follow-up for at least 6 months. The abovementioned findings were compared between the ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT images of CEAM and chronic empyema. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was also performed. Results: Six lesions were histopathologically proven as malignant; there were three cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, two of squamous cell carcinoma, and one of poorly differentiated carcinoma. Maximum SUV within the empyema cavity (p < 0.001) presence of a protruding soft tissue mass (p = 0.002), and involvement of the adjacent structures (p < 0.001) were significantly different between the CEAM and chronic empyema images. The maximum SUV exhibited the highest diagnostic performance, with the highest specificity (96.3%, 26/27), positive predictive value (85.7%, 6/7), and accuracy (97.0%, 32/33) among all criteria. On ROC analysis, the area under the curve of maximum SUV was 0.994. Conclusion: ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT can be useful for diagnosing CEAM in patients with chronic empyema. The maximum SUV within the empyema cavity is the most accurate ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT diagnostic criterion for CEAM.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2012

Exton introduced 20 distinct triple hypergeometric functions whose names are $X_i$ (i = 1, ${\ldots}$, 20) to investigate their twenty Laplace integral representations whose kernels include the confluent hypergeometric functions $_0F_1$, $_1F_1$, a Humbert function ${\Psi}_1$, and a Humbert function ${\Phi}_2$. The object of this paper is to present 18 new integral representations of Euler type for the Exton hypergeometric function $X_8$, whose kernels include the Exton functions ($X_2$, $X_8$) itself, the Horn's function $H_4$, the Gauss hypergeometric function $F$, and Lauricella hypergeometric function $F_C$. We also provide a system of partial differential equations satisfied by $X_8$.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.108-123
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the contribution of $^{18}$ F-FDG brain PET in the differentiating Idiopathic parkinson's diesease (IPD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). We studied 24 patients with parkinsonism : 8 patients (mean age 67.9$\pm$10.7 y: M/F : 3/5) with IPD, 9 patients (57.9$\pm$9.2 y : M/F : 4/5) with MSA and 7 patients (67.6$\pm$4.8 y : M/F 3/4) with PSP. All patients with parkinsonism and 22 age-matched normal controls underwent $^{18}$ F FDG PET in 3D mode after the injection of 370 MBq $^{118}$ F FDG. The patients with IPD, MSh and PSP were compared with a normal control group by a two-sided t-test of SPM99 (uncorrected P<0.001, extent threshold>100 voxel). All three parkinsonism groups, showed significant hypometabolism in the cerebral neocortex compared to the normal control group. However, the three groups displayed different metabolism in the subcortical structure, brain stem, and cerebellum. In IPD, there was no significant hypometabolism in the putamen, brain stem and cerebellum. However, MSA patients showed significant hypometabolism in the striatum, pons, and cerebellum compared to the normal controls and IPD patients. In addition, PSP showed significant hypometabolism in the caudate nuclei, the thalamus, midbrain, and the cingulate gyrus compared to the normal controls, the IPD, and MSA groups (IPD vs Normal sensitivity/specificity : 75%/l00%, MSA vs Normal sensitivity/specificity :100%/87%, PSP vs Normal sensitivity/specificity : 86%/94%). Our results show that the regional metabolism of IPD, MSA, and PSP is different mainly in the striatum, thalamus, brain stem and cerebellum. An assessment of the $^{18}$ F-FDG PET scan images using SPM may be a useful adjunct to a clinical examination in making a differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism.

• Annual Conference of KIPS
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• 2001.04b
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• pp.731-734
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• 2001

우편물을 집배원이 배달하는 순서로 자동구분 처리하기 위한 요소기술 줌에서 4-state 바코드 시스템이 개발되고 있으며 우편번호, 배달순서코드, 고객정보 등이 적용될 예정이다. 기존의 고객 바코드 판독 시스템은 우편물상의 바코드 심볼로지가 존재하는 판독대상 영역의 기울기가 ${\pm}4.47^{\circ}$ 이하이고, 심볼의 훼손과 잡영이 없을 경우에 $79{\sim}100msec(35,000{\sim}45,000$통/시간)의 속도로 자동 구분 정보가 판독된다. 본 논문에서는 판독범위 및 판독성능을 개선을 위하여 CCD(Charge Coupled Device) 센서로부터 획득된 이미지상에서 존재하는 심볼로지 정보의 고속판독 방법을 제시한 것이다. 이 판독방법은 그레이(gray) 이미지 바탕면의 경계값(threshold) 기울기 분포를 기준으로 2개의 경계값을 설정하여 판독대상 정보를 획득하였다. 또한, 4-state 바코드 심볼로지의 존재 가능성 영역만을 탐색하고, 판독대상 영역에서 트래커(tracker)를 탐색하여 심볼로지의 기울기값, 심볼로지 경계값, 심볼위치 좌표값을 생성한 후 심볼값이 판독한 것이다. 판독시험 결과는 판독대상 영역의 심볼로지가 ${\pm}45^{\circ}$ 기울어지고, 잡영이 존재할 경우에도 $30{\sim}60msec(58,000{\sim}l16,000$통/시간) 이내에 판독되었다. 우편물 자동구분용 바코드 판독기로써 적용될 경우에 판독속도가 평균 57.25% 이상 개선되고, 판독범위의 확장으로 0.2%의 기계적인 오류(이송과정예서의 Jam 발생 비율)를 제외할 경우에 거의 99.8% 우편물을 판독하여 자동구분 처리할 수 있게 될 것으로 기대된다.onebook 엑세스 모들(Server Phonebook Access Module)로 구성되어 있다.외 보다 높았다(I/O ratio 2.5). BTEX의 상대적 함량도 실내가 실외보다 높아 실내에도 발생원이 있음을 암시하고 있다. 자료 분석결과 유치원 실내의 벤젠은 실외로부터 유입되고 있었고, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 크실렌은 실외뿐 아니라 실내에서도 발생하고 있었다. 정량한 8개 화합물 각각과 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 스피어만 상관계수는 벤젠을 제외하고는 모두 유의하였다. 이중 톨루엔과 크실렌은 총 휘발성 유기화합물과 좋은 상관성 (톨루엔 0.76, 크실렌, 0.87)을 나타내었다. 이 연구는 톨루엔과 크실렌이 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 좋은 지표를 사용될 있고, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 크실렌 등 많은 휘발성 유기화합물의 발생원은 실외뿐 아니라 실내에도 있음을 나타내고 있다.>10)의 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 얻었다. 결론: $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ 핵반응을 이용하여 친전자성 방사성동위원소 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 생산하였다. 표적 챔버는 알루미늄으로 제작하였으며 본 연구에서 연구된 $[^{18}F]F_2$가스는 친핵성 치환반응으로 방사성동위원소를 도입하기 어려운 다양한 방사성의 약품개발에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.었으나 움직임 보정 후 영상을 이용하여 비교한 경우, 결합능 변화가 선조체 영역에서 국한되어 나타나며 그 유의성이 움직임 보정 전에 비하여 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 뇌활성화 과제 수행시에 동반되는 피험자의 머리 움직임에 의하여 도파민 유리가 과대평가되었으며 이는 이 연구에서 제안한 영상정합을 이용한 움직임 보정기법에 의해서 개선되었다. 답이 없는 문제, 문제 만

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.108-112
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• 1994

C19H20O5, Mr=314.337, triclinic,PI, a=10.291(2)A, b=11.218(3)A, c=3.059(1)A, α=74.54(2)°, β=1148.84(1)°, r=109.84(2)°, V=883.283(2)A3, λ(Mo Kα)=0.71069A, μ=0.47 mm-1, F(000)=324, 296K, Z=2, Dx=1.18Mgm-3. Final R=0.0580 for 1637[F>3σ(F)]unique refledtions. α,β-diphenylsuccinic acid, C16H14O4, are connedted with the solvent actone by hydrogen bond O(4)-H˙˙˙O(5), forming a dimer related by related by centrosymmentry thorough intermolecualr carboxylic hydrogen bond O(1)-H˙˙˙O(2)(-x,-y,-z). The nearest distance 3.288A[O(2)˙˙˙O(2)(-x,-y,-z)] between the dimers shows that the packing of the dimer is govermed by van der Waals'force.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.68-72
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• 2014

Purpose The nuclear medicine examination, there is a difficulty to carry out the inspection of both on the day of residual isotope due to the half-life. In this study, by studying the mutual influence and $^{18}F$-FDG of $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$, I would like to explain the matters to be considered in the case of performing the same day. Materials and Methods With the NEMA-1994 Phantom, and experiments were performed 3 times. Create a 1: 4 Background ratio HOT and the $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ The first experiment: After underwent SPECT in INFINIA (GE Healthcare, MI, USA), and were injected with $^{18}F$-FDG 37 MBq in the Background area, 13 once for 60 minutes under the same conditions was time Scan. Create a 1: 4 Background ratio HOT and the $^{18}F$-FDG second is: The Scan in PET/CT Discovery 600 (GE Healthcare, MI, USA), and 148 MBq after injection $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ the Background area, once for 60 minutes, 6 under the same conditions was time Scan. Create a 1: 4 Background ratio HOT and the $^{18}F$-FDG experiments las, increments of 296 MBq and 148 MBq the 1 Bed Scan after $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$, was 1 Bed Scan under the same conditions. Non BKG area and HOT, I was measured comparing the Total Counts and SNR or CNR. Results Showed a significant difference in the ratio CNR of enforcement during SPECT $^{18}F$-FDG is, (p>0.05). The $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ was no significant difference between the SNR ratio of PET / CT at the time of the effective date (p<0.05). I got the results $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ that reduce the Total Counts of PET / CT scan. Conclusion If you make a PET / CT scan, may affect the test using the $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ up to 12 hours, when it is performed before the $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$, does not affect the SNR and SUV, PET / CT scan I reduced the detection efficiency. The inspection of day, we'd like to recommend a way to complement the detection efficiency to increase the inspection time of PET / CT in move forward the inspection using the $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$.