• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.169-178
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• 1974

Concentrations of mercury, cadmium, lead and copper are determined in the surrounding seawater and in seaweeds, Undarta pinnatifida and Sargassun fulvellum, from Suyeong Bay in Busan in the spring tide and neap tide from January to April 1974. The range and mean of the heavy metal concentrations in the surrounding seawater are as follows : mercury 0.00-0.39 ppb, 0. 16ppb; cadmium 0.00-0.46 ppb, 0.18 ppb, lead 0.00-0.94 ppb, 0.26 ppb : copper 0.00-0.86 ppb, 0.25 ppb respectively, and the concentrations varied slightly according to the tide. The mean values of concentration rate of Hg, Cd, Pb and Cu in air dry base were $0.42\times10^3(0.13\times10^3\~1.0\times10^3)$, $2.1\times10^3(0.8\times10^3\~4.9\times10^3)$, $8.9\times10^3(3.1\times10^3\~19\times10^3)$ and $15\times10^3(6.0\times10^3\~28\times10^3)$ in the Undaria pinnatifida, and $0.25\times10^3($0.06\times10^3\~0.56\times10^3)$, $1.0\times10^3(0.61\times10^3\~1.7\times10^3)$, $5.4\times10^3(3.1\times10^3\~8.5\times10^3)$ and $22.8\times10^3(14.4\times10^3\~52.4\times10^3)$ in the Sargassun fulvellum. The concentration rate of Hg, Cd and Pb of the Undaria pinnatifida was almost twice as much as that of the Sargassun fulvellum but the concentration rate of copper of the former was slightly smaller than of the latter.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1996

In order to understand microbial ecosystem in the fast china sea and Yosu coastal sea horizontal distributions of bacterial flora, Vibrio spp., coliform group, temperature, and salinity in this sea area, were studied 42 sampling stations during 6th-l4th August, 1992. From the results, salinity and temperature were $24.64\~33.78\%_{\circ}$ and $22.53\~29.18^{\circ}C$, respectively. As the open sea far from land goes on, salinity became low while temperature became high. Viable cell counts of bacteral flova, Vibrio spp., and roliform group in Yosu coastal sea water were $1.0\times10^2\~3.0\times10^4/ml,\;0.2\times10\~9.0\times10^3/ml,\;and\;0.3\times10\~3.0\times10^3/ml$ while those of these in the open sea water were $0.4\times10\~2.0\times10^3/ml,\;0.8\times10\~3.0\times10/ml,\;and\;0.9\times10\~1.3\times10/ml$, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.276-285
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• 2009

This study evaluated the microbiological quality and safety of food items(seafood, meat, eggs, and frozen food) supplied to elementary school food services, during delivery, and analyzed the distribution/delivery system. To this end, 10 food items supplied by 13 factories in Daegu and Gyeongbuk were chosen for study. Beef and pork were delivered directly to schools in freezer vans. Seafood, chicken, and frozen food were delivered to schools by refrigerated vans(${\leq}10^{\circ}C$) that made other delivery stops before arriving at schools. After food was delivered to schools, total bacterial counts and coliforms(respectively) were as follows: mackerel($2.0{\times}10^2-3.2{\times}10^5$, $<5-4.0{\times}10^3CFU/g$), common squid($2.5{\times}10^4-6.6{\times}10^5$, $1.6{\times}10^2-6.0{\times}10^3CFU/g$), shellfish($3.2{\times}10^5-1.7{\times}10^3$, $4.0{\times}10^3-3.0{\times}10\;CFU/g$), boiled fish paste($1.9{\times}10^4$, <5 CFU/g), beef($9.2{\times}10^2-6.4{\times}10^4$, $<5-2.0{\times}10\;CFU/g$), pork($2.6{\times}10^3-1.3{\times}10^6$, $<5-2.7{\times}10^2CFU/g$), chicken($1.0{\times}10^4$, $2.4{\times}10^2CFU/g$), egg($<5-2.3{\times}10^2$, <5 CFU/g), frozen mandu($3.2{\times}10^3-9.5{\times}10^4$, <5 CFU/g), and frozen noodles($<5-9.0{\times}10$, <5 CFU/g). Bacillus cereus($2.0{\times}10\;CFU/g$) and E. coli($1.0{\times}10\;CFU/g$) were detected on shellfish, and Staphylococcus aureuswas detected on pork($3.1{\times}10\;CFU/g$) and chicken($7.8{\times}10\;CFU/g$). Most food items were double-wrapped in vinyl and placed in corrugated cardboard boxes prior to delivery, and the boxes weremixed with other food items when they were put in the vans. There was no cross-contamination during distribution. However, total shellfish bacterial counts increased slightly. These results indicate that foods need to be completely pasteurized during processing. Frozen food items should not be mixed and should be delivered by freezer vans(${\leq}4^{\circ}C$). The number of stops made during distribution/delivery should be reduced.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 1980

In order to elucidate the source of bacterial contamination during processing U. H. T. milk and to ensure its hygienic control, bacterial numbers were determined each step of the processes on the milks, water, tanks and pipe lines, and environments. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The viable numbers of mesophilic bacteria were $1.2{\sim}1.9{\times}10^7/ml$ of milk in the storage tank and in pipe line connected to the preheater. These were decreased to $7.0{\times}10cells{\sim}3.4{\times}10^2cells/ml$ after preheating and homogenization, and to $1.0{\times}10cells/ml$ after sterilization, then increased up to $1.2{\times}10^2cells/ml$ after packing. 2. The numbers of thermophilic bacteria were $5.0{\times}10cells{\sim}1.0{\times}10^2cells/ml$ of milk before preheating ; $3.0{\sim}5.0{\times}10cells/ml$ after homogenization ; none in the sterilizer and surge tank ; and $1.0{\sim}8.0{\times}10cells/ml$ after packing. 3. The levels of psychrophilic bacteria were $1.0{\sim}3.7{\times}10^6cells/ml$ of milk before preheating ; $1.0{\sim}4.0{\times}10cells/ml$ after homogenization ; $1.0{\times}10cells/ml$ after sterilization ; and $2.0{\times}10cells{\sim}2.5{\times}10^2cells/ml$ after packing. 4. No coliform bacteria were detected after sterilization, while the level before preheating was $2.1{\times}10^4cells{\sim}6.5{\times}10^5cells/ml$ of milk. 5. The level of mesophiles was $3.0{\times}10cells{\sim}7.4{\times}10^2cells$ in the environmental air, water supply, and unfilled packs and bottles ; that of thermophiles $1.0{\sim}3.0{\times}10cells$ in the air and water ; that of psychrophiles $1.0{\times}10cells{\sim}1.0{\times}10^2cells$ in the air, water, packs and bottles ; however no coliform was detected.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2019

In this paper, we implemented an on-board miniaturization antenna operating 2.4 GHz using MZR(Mu Zero Resonator). It is must be operating under the constraint that the size of the small terminal PCB should be $78{\times}38{\times}0.8mm^3$ and the size of the system should be $63{\times}38{\times}0.8mm^3$ and the size of the radiating part should be $15{\times}38{\times}0.8mm^3$. The feeding structure uses a CPW structure for stable feeding and a feeding point at the upper left of the system board. A magnetic field coupling structure is used for coupling the feeding part and the antenna. The resonance frequency of the MZR is determined by the series inductance and capacitance of the cell, so the gap between the cells, the length of the cell, the length of the interdigital capacitor, and the spacing between the radiation part and the ground plane are analyzed. The antenna was designed and fabricated using the results. The total size of the antenna including the feed structure is $20.8{\times}9.0{\times}0.8mm^3$, and the electrical length is $0.1664{\lambda}_0{\times}0.072{\lambda}_0{\times}0.0064{\lambda}_0$. The measurement result for 10 dB bandwidth, gain and directivity are 440 MHz(18.3%), 0.4405 dB, and 2.722 dB respectively. It is confirmed that the radiation pattern has omnidirectional characteristics and it can be applied to ultra small terminal antenna.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.417-423
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• 2011

Salted Cabbage products purchased from different companies at 4 different districts in South Korea were detected in this study. Cabbage and salt are the main materials for kimchi manufacture. The results of general bacteria contaminated in the samples were $1.4{\times}10^5$, $6.4{\times}10^5$, $1.7{\times}10^7$, $3.6{\times}10^7$ CFU/g in cabbage and $2.7{\times}10^3$ CFU/g in salt, respectively. The results of coliforms were detected as $2.4{\times}10^4$ CFU/g, and there was no Escherichia coli in any sample. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in cabbage as $9.9{\times}10^2$, $8.0{\times}10^1$, and $3.0{\times}10^3$ CFU/g, Bacillus cereus was also found in cabbage as $4.1{\times}10^3$ and $1.0{\times}10^1$ CFU/g. The results of Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio paraheamolyticus were $2.4{\times}10^6$ and $1.0{\times}10^4$ CFU/g in cabbage, respectively. $1.0{\times}10^3$ CFU/g for Yersinia enterocolitica was determined in salt. In case of Listeria monocytogenes, the results were $1.5{\times}10^1$, $1.1{\times}10^2$, and $4.5{\times}10^1$ CFU/g in cabbage. Total batcteria ranged from $1.4{\times}10^1$ to $4.4{\times}10^5$ CFU/g were detected in salting solution, from $1.5{\times}10^4$ to $1.2{\times}10^8$ CFU/g in dehydrated salted-cabbage, from $9.4{\times}10^4{\sim}1.3{\times}10^8$ CFU/g in minced salted-cabbage. The results of E. coli in samples from different companies were different from one to anther. The results of the contamination of S. aureus and B. cereus showed positive in salting solution and dehydrated salted-cabbage at a portion of companies. V. paraheamolyticus was detected in salting solution. The contamination of Y. enterocolitica ranged from $9.5{\times}10^2$ to $1.8{\times}10^3$ CFU/g in salting solution, from $1.7{\times}10^1$ to $2.7{\times}10^2$ CFU/g in dehydrated salted-cabbage, from $1.2{\times}10^2$ to $1.3{\times}10^8$ CFU/g in minced salted-cabbage. The contamination of L. monocytogenes ranged from $8.0{\times}10^2$ to $1.7{\times}10^4$ CFU/g in salting solution, from $2.8{\times}10^2$ to $1.2{\times}10^4$ CFU/g in dehydrated salted-cabbage. During the manufacture processing of Kim chi, microorganisms were detected in cabbages salted in different concentrations of salt solution at 8%, 10%, 12% and 15% for 5-20 hours. As the results, $3.5{\times}10^5-1.7{\times}10^6$, $3.4{\times}10^5-2.5{\times}10^6$, $5.4{\times}10^5-2.3{\times}10^6$, $4.0{\times}10^5-2.3{\times}10^6$ CFU/g were detected for E. coli in samples at different treatment conditions. $1.9{\times}10^4-4.1{\times}10^4$, $4.1{\times}10^3-2.8{\times}10^4$, $1.5{\times}10^3-7.8{\times}10^3$, $2.2{\times}10^4-6.6{\times}10^4$ CFU/g were detected for S. aureus in samples at different treatment conditions. Salmonella typhimurium was detected in salted cabbage with various salt concentration after salting for 5 hrs, the result ranged from $2.5{\times}10^5$ to $3.8{\times}10^6$ CFU/g, and change of microorganism was the smallest in salted cabbage under the concentration of salting solution at 10% for 15 hours. The cabbage salted in 10% salting solution for 15 hours were washed with water for 2 and 3 times, with chlorine for 3 times, and with acetic acid for 3 times. E. coli was detected in the samples washed with water for 2 and 3 times, washed with chlorine for 3 times. The contamination of S. aureus was $3.0{\times}10^5$ CFU/g in the samples washed with water for 2 times, $5.6{\times}10^3$ CFU/g in the samples washed with acetic acid for 3 times, $3.6{\times}10^5$ CFU/g in the samples washed with water for 3 times and same amount in the samples washed with chlorine for 3 times. According to the results, the contamination of S. aureus was $5.6{\times}10^3$ CFU/g lower in samples washed with chlorine and acetic acid than that in samples washed with water. In case of S. typhimurium, it has been detected in samples washed with water and chlorine, $3.0{\times}10^1$ CFU/g as the lowest concentration among all the samples was measured in the samples washed with acetic acid for 3 times.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.172-176
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• 1997

The change of surface structures for the deposition of indium on clean Si(111) surface is investigated as a function of substrate temperature and surface coverage by RHEED. We find that at substrate temperature of $400^{\circ}C$, $\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3},\sqrt{31}\times\sqrt{31},4\times 1$ structures are formed at indium coverages of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 ML, respectively. We also find that for the substrate temperature of $300^{\circ}C$, 4$\times$1 structure starts to be forme by 0.2 ML of indium, and the mixed structure of 4$\times$1 and $\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}$is observed for more than 1.0 ML. On the other hand, if the indium is deposited on the Si(111)-$\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}$ structure at room temperature, $2\times2\; and\;\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$ structures are found to form at 0.2 and 0.4 ML, respectovely. From the desorption process, the desorption energy of indium in Si $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$ structure is observed to be 2.84 eV.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.403-409
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• 2000

Surface and bottom water samples were collected from 10 stations located in the coastal area of Tongyong in April, August and October 2000. Distribution of heterotrophic bacteria, coliform bacteria and fungi in the sea water samples was investigated by measuring the corresponding viable cell number according to the plate counting method. Heterotrophic bacteria in the surface water counted 3.1$\times$10$^2$- 4.0$\times$10$^3$cfu ml$\^$-1/, 2.7$\times$10$^3$- 1.2$\times$10$\^$5/cfu ml$\^$-1/ and 1.3$\times$10$^2$- 7.2$\times$10$^2$cfu ml$\^$-1/ in April, August and October, respectively. The cell number of coliform bacteria in the surface water amounted to 0-1.5$\times$10$^1$cfu ml$\^$-1/, 3.5$\times$10$^1$- 5.2$\times$10$^3$cfu ml$\^$-1/ and 0-1.8$\times$10$^2$cfu ml$\^$-1/ in April, August and October, respectively. As for fungi, the cell number in the surface water was 0-3.0$\times$10$^1$propagules ml$\^$-1/, 3.0$\times$10$^1$- 8.0$\times$10$^1$ propagules ml$\^$-1/ and 0-2.2$\times$10$^1$ propagules ml$\^$-1/ in April, August and October respectively. The surface water samples from the station 3 in August were added with feed stuffs for fish as much as 0.01 gl$\^$-1/, 0.1 gl$\^$-1/ and 1 gl$\^$-1/ and cultured at 5$\^{C}$, 15$\^{C}$, 25$\^{C}$ and 35$\^{C}$. Microbial cells were not isolated at all when the culturing temperature was 5$\^{C}$. However, the microbial cell number increased significantly in all the surface water samples containing 1 gl$\^$-1/ of the feed stuffs when cultured at 15$\^{C}$, 25$\^{C}$ and 35$\^{C}$

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.48-53
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• 1982

In order to examine effects of fowl gizzard membrane dry powder on blood picture in egg type fowl on the basis of the data obtained from 60 pieces female egg type fowl, they are allotted for 4 treatments according to the level of the control, $1\%(T_

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

There were few data for the distribution of the indicator organisms in the commercial plant foods, and for the normal flora and for the foodborne agents within the country. First of all it must be investigated the distribution of the indicator organisms. And also it is very important to prepare the sanitation criteria for the plant foods through the microbiological examination and the investigation of tendency to change of the indicator organisms according to the storage temperature and period. The average number of total viable counts for grains was 2.9$\times$105/g, psychrophilic bacteria 2.9$\times$105/g, heterotrophic bacteria 3.1$\times$105/g, heat-resistant bacteria 2.1$\times$103/g, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 23/g. That for beans was 6.3$\times$102/g, psychrophile 34/g, heterotroph 1.7$\times$102/g. That for sesames was 1.4$\times$105/g, coliform 350/g, psychrophile 7.4$\times$104/g, heterotroph 5.8$\times$104/g, Pseud. aeruginosa 2.3$\times$103/g. heat-resistant bacteria 150/g. That for potatoes was 2.0$\times$107/g, coliform 5.0$\times$104/g, psychrophile 1.8$\times$107, heterotroph 1.4$\times$107/g, heat-resistant bacteria 3.3$\times$104/, Staphylococcus 2.7$\times$105/g, fecal streptococcus 4.5$\times$103/g, Pseud. aeruginosa 7.0$\times$103/g. That for mushrooms was 1.2$\times$108/g, psychrophile 9.4$\times$107/g, heterotroph 1.0$\times$109/g, heat-resistant bacteria 1.6$\times$105/g, Pseud. aeruginosa 1.3$\times$103/g. That for vegetables was 5.9$\times$1011/g, coliform 1.8$\times$106g/, Staphylococcus 1.1$\times$1012/g, heterotroph 8.4$\times$1011/g, heat-resistant bacteria 7.6$\times$106/g, Staphylococcus 1.1$\times$107/g, fecal streptococcus 1.1$\times$104/g, Pseud. aerugniosa 5.2$\times$104/g. That for nuts 3.9$\times$104/g, coliform 3.9$\times$103/g, psychrophile 4.0$\times$104/g, heterotroph 3.2$\times$104/g, heat-resistant bacteria 400/g. In commercial grains and beans, SPC, psychrophile, heterotroph and heat-resistant bacteria stored at 1$0^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$, 3$0^{\circ}C$ were constant. Staphylococcus, coliform, Pseud. aeruginosa were decreased a little n grains, but were not detected in beans. In mushrooms, all indicator organisms were increased as time goes on and were increased rapidly at 2$0^{\circ}C$. In sesames, coliform was not detected at all temperature. psychrophile was increased for 7 days, the others were constant. In potatoes, SPC, psychrophile, heat-resistant bacteria, heterotroph had a tendency to increase and the others were constant. In vegetables, indicator organisms were had a tendency to increase, psychrophile, heterotroph were rapidly increased after 7 days. In nuts, SPC, coliform, psychrophile heterotroph, heat-resistant bacteria, Pseud. aeruginosa were constant, staphylococcus and fecal streptococcus were not detected.