• 미생물학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 1992

비변성 폴리아크릴 아미드 겔에서 Streptomyces coelicolor 의 catalase 활성 염색을 실시하여 여러개의 catalase 활성 띠를 관찰하였으며, 그 유형이 성장기에 따라 달라짐을 알았다. 포자와 정체 성장기에는 정체 성장기에만 특이적인Cat1(760kD) 이 관찰되었고, Cat2(300kD) 를 제외한 모든 활성 띠들이 나타났다. 중기 대수 성장기에는 Cat2 와 Cat 3-2, Cat3-2(140kD) 등 2개의 catalase 띠가 나타나며, 후기 대수 성장기에는 Cat3-1(170 kD), Cat3-2, Cat3-3(130kD). Cat4(70kD)등의 활성 띠가 나타났다. NTG 처리로 돌연변이화된 S. coelicolor 의 포자를 Bennet 평판 배지네서 배양한 후 과산화수소 거품 test 를 실시하여, 약 5000 여개의 콜로니 중 거품형성 속도나 양이 감소한 콜로니를 12개 얻었다. 야생형에 견주어 대부분 catalase 활성이 감소하였으며, 대수 성장기와 정체 성장기에서 모두 감소하였다. 거품형헝을 하지 않는 모든 돌연변이에서 Cat3-2 띠의 강도라 현저히 약해저 있음으로 보아 Cat3-2가 주된 catalase 인 것으로 추정된다. 대수 성장기에서 수확한 S. coelicolor 세포 추출액에서 Sepharose CL-4B, DEAE Sepharose CL-6B, Phenyl Sepharose CL-4B, Hydroxylapatite 크로마토그래피등 4단계의 크로마토그래피를 수행하여 Cat3-2 를 정제하였다. 비변성 폴리아크릴마드 겔 전기 영동을 수행한 결과 Cat3-2 는 67 kD 의 동일한 subunit 을 2개 가지고 있는 효소로 추정된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2005

Three different catalase cDNA clones (CaCat1, CaCat2, and CaCat3) were isolated from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and their expression patterns were analyzed at the levels of mRNA and enzyme activity. Northern hybridization showed that the three catalase genes were differentially expressed in various organs, and that expression of CaCat1 and CaCat2 was regulated differently by the circadian rhythm. In situ hybridization revealed different spatial distributions of CaCat1 and CaCat2 transcripts in leaf and stem. In response to wounding and paraquat treatment, CaCat1 mRNA increased at 4-12 h in both paraquat-treated and systemic leaves. In contrast, wounding had no significant effect on expression of the catalase genes. The increase of catalase activity in the paraquat-treated and systemic leaves paralleled that of CaCat1 mRNA, but did not match that of CaCat1 mRNA in paraquat-treated stems. Our results suggest that CaCat1 may play a role in responses to environmental stresses.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.155-162
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• 1994

포도당을 이용하여 성장하고 있는 호기성 일산화탄소 산화 세균인 Acinetobacter sp. Strain JC1 DSM 3808애 존재하는 catalase의 활성은 지수성장기 중반에서 높게 나타났으나, 지수성장기 후반 및 정체기 초기에서 낮아졌다가 정체기 중기에서 급격히 증가한 후 다시 감소하였다. 이 세균에는 세종류(Cat1, Cat2, Cat3)의 catalase가 존재하였는데, Cat1과 Cat3의 활성은 성장시기에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 Cat2의 활성은 성장시기에 따라 큰 변화를 나타내었다. Cat3는 이 세균이 포도당을 이용하여 성장할 때만 생성되었고, 일산화탄소나 메탄올을 이용하여 성장할 때는 생성되지 않았다. 세포추출액을 ethanol과 chloroform으로 처리한 후 활성염색을 하였을 때 Cat1과 Cat3의 활성은 안정하였으나 Cat2는 활성을 상실하였다. 세포추출액을 20mM $H_2O_2$와 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole(AT)을 처리하였을 때 Cat1과 Cat3의 활성이 반감되었고, Cat2는 $H_2O_2$에 의해서는 불활성되었으나 AT의 영향은 받지 않았다. Cat1은 80$^{\circ}C$ 1분간 열처리후에도 활성을 나타내었으나, Cat2와 Cat3는 60$^{\circ}C$와 70$^{\circ}C$에서 1분간의 열처리 후 각각 활성을 상실하였다. Cat2는 catalase 활성외에 peroxidase의 활성도 나타내었다. 일곱단계의 과정을 거쳐 포도당에서 성장시에만 생성되는 Cat3를 정제하였다. 정제된 Cat3의 크기는 150,000이었고, 63,000의 크기를 가진 두개의 동일한 소단위로 구성되어 있었으며, $H_2O_2$에 대한 K_m값은 39mM과 58mM로 나타났다. 정제된 효소의 활성을 위한 최적 pH는 7.0이었으나 전반적으로 pH 6~9에서 비슷하게 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 정제된 효소의 최적온도는 40$^{\circ}C$이었으며 20~50$^{\circ}C$에서 비슷한 활성을 나타내었고, 30$^{\circ}C$에서는 60분동안 효소활성이 거의 상실되지 않았다. 정제된 효소는 ethanol과 chloroform 처리에는 안정하였으나 12mM AT 와 0.1mM $NaN_3$ 및 1mM KCN에 의해 90% 이상의 활성이 억제되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.168-176
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• 2001

Five different types of catalases from photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum S1 grown aerobically in the dark were found in this study, and designated Catl (350 kDa), Cat2 (323 kDa), Cat3 (266 kDa), Cat4 (246 kDa), and Cat5 (238 kDa). Analysis of native PAGE revealed that Cat2, Cat3, and Cat4 were also produced in the cells anaerobically grown in the light. It is notable that only Cat2 was expressed much more strongly in response to the anaerobic condition. Enzyme activity staining demonstrated that Cat3 and Cat4 had bifunctional catalase-peroxidase activities, while Catl, Cat2, and Cat5 were typical monofunctional catalases. S1 cells grown aerobically in the presence of malate as the sole source of carbon exhibited an apparent catalase Km value of 10 mM and a Vmax of about 705 U/mg protein at late stationary growth phase. The catalase activity of Sl cells grown in the anaerobic environment exhibited a much lower Vmax of about 109 U/mg protein at late logarithmic growth phase. The catalytic activity was stable in the broad range of temperatures (30$\^{C}$-60$\^{C}$), and pH (6.0-10.0). R. rubrum S1 was much more resistant to H$_2$O$_2$in the stationary growth phase than in the exponential growth phase regardless of growth conditions. Cells of stationary growth phase treated with 15 mM H$_2$O$_2$for 1 h showed 3-fold higher catalase activities than the untreated cells. In addition, L-glutamate induced an 80-fold increase in total catalase activity of R. rubrum S1 compared with magic acid. Through fraction analyses of S1 cells, Cat2, Cat3, Cat4 and Cat5 were found in both cytoplasm and periplasm, while Catl was localized only in the cytoplasm.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.404-409
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• 1997

Trout CYP1A-CAT expression construct was generated by cloning -3.5 Kb $5^I$ flanking DNA of trout liver CYP1A gene in front of CAT gene at pCAT-basic vector. Hepa 1 cells, which are known to contain a functional arylhydrbcarbon $receptor^I$ were transfected with trout CYP1A-CAT using lipofectin. 3-Methylcholanthrene (1 nM) was added into hepa 1 cells in culture in order to examine if $5^I$ flanking DNA of trout CYP1A gene could interact with mouse transactivating factors to bring about transcription of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase(CAT) reporter gene. The level of CAT protein was measured by CAT ELISA and the level of CAT mRNA was determined by RTPCR. The treatment of 1 nM 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in two fold increases in CAT protein as well as CAT mRNA compared to untreated control hepa 1 cells. These data indicate that arylhydrocarbon receptors of mouse hepa 1 cells are functional to activate exogenously transfected trout CYP1A-CAT construct in terms of both transcription and translation of CAT. We also examined the effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on endogenous cyplal activity in hepa 1 cell. 3-Methylcholanthrene (1 nM) treatment to hepa 1 cells trahsfected with trout CYP1A-CAT construct stimulated the level of cyp1a1 mRNA by two folds and the activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase by two fold compared to that of control cells. In this study we reported that trout CYP1A-CAT reporter gene expression construct could be expressed by 3-methylcholanthrene treatment in mouse hepa 1 cells. Thus trout CYP1A-CAT could serve as a good model to study the mechanism of regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2022

EtherCAT is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system standardized in IEC 61158 and SEMI, and widely used in the fields of factory automation, semiconductor equipment and robotics. In this paper, an EtherCAT master is implemented on an embedded board with Arm based 64-bit quad-core processor and its jitter performance is evaluated at the output of the network interface to include all the effects of the entire system in the results. For the EtherCAT master system, an open source EtherCAT master stack, Simple Open EtherCAT Master (SOEM), is installed on PREEMPT_RT patched Linux operating system for real-time operation. The results show that the jitter performance is comparable to that of Xenomai-based master and the EtherCAT master with two master instances has similar jitter performance to the EtherCAT master with one master instance.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2021

EtherCAT is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system standardized in IEC 61158 and SEMI, and widely used in the fields of factory automation, semiconductor equipment and robotics. In this paper, a real-time EtherCAT master is implemented on Linux operating systems and its performances are evaluated. To enhance the real-time capability of mainline Linux kernel, Xenomai is applied as a real-time framework and an open source EtherCAT master stack, Simple Open EtherCAT Master (SOEM), is installed on it. Unlike other studies, the real-time performance of the EtherCAT master is evaluated at the output of the network interface card, so that the evaluation results include all possible effects from the EtherCAT master system. The implemented EtherCAT master can send and receive packets up to 20KHz control frequency with low jitter, even in stressed condition.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.457-466
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to investigate oncology nurses' perception, attitude, knowledge and practice of CAT and to describe nurses' needs for education on CAT Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. A total of 270 oncology nurses working at four medical centers in Seoul and Kyungki participated in this study. They completed the questionnaire between December 2005 and February 2006. Results: Oncology nurses perceived CAT as possible nursing interventions, but felt that there was no conclusive evidence on effectiveness/safety. Of the participants 44.4% have used CAT for themselves, and 73.9% of them were satisfied after using CAT. Two biggest reasons for CAT use were symptom control and emotional support. However, 80.8% of the participants had not had any training related to CAT Both nurses who have used CAT and those who have been trained to practice CAT represented a more positive perception toward CAT (p=.000). The biggest perceived obstacles to the practice of CAT were concerns about side effects (71.2%) and lack of knowledge and skill (69.6%). The most favorable CAT modalities in both practice and training were mind-body medicine. Conclusion: Overall oncology nurses' perception toward CAT was encouraging. However a high number of the nurses reported lack of knowledge and skill in CAT Education and training strategy for CAT need to be developed.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.409-415
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• 1997

The carp $\beta$-actin regulatory sequences and RSV/LTR promoter were tested whether they are functinal to express linked structure gene (chloramphenicol acetyltransferas, CAT) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by determining the patterns of gene expression following intramuscular in vivo direct injection. The injection experiments with various concentrations of both pRSVCAT and pFV4CAT clearly revealed the effectiveness of DNA dosage on expression of CAT. The increase of CAT activity was linear in both plasmids, and maximal CAT activity was obtained with 100 ug of pFV4CAT injection. The amounts of CAT expression with pFV4CAT-injected fist were higher than those with pRSVCAT-injected fish. CAT activity was readily detectable as early as one day after injection, slightly increased at day 2, and declined over time. Most amount of DNA intramuscularly injected into olive flounder muscles persisted extrachromosomally without showing any integrated or replicated form in vivo.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.259-271
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• 2021

Many bacteria metabolize aromatic compounds via catechol as a catabolic intermediate, and possess multiple genes or clusters encoding catechol-cleavage enzymes. The presence of multiple isozyme-encoding genes is a widespread phenomenon that seems to give the carrying strains a selective advantage in the natural environment over those with only a single copy. In the naphthalene-degrading strain Pseudomonas putida ND6, catechol can be converted into intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle via either the ortho- or meta-cleavage pathways. In this study, we demonstrated that the catechol ortho-cleavage pathway genes (catBICIAI and catBIICIIAII) on the chromosome play an important role. The catI and catII operons are co-transcribed, whereas catAI and catAII are under independent transcriptional regulation. We examined the binding of regulatory proteins to promoters. In the presence of cis-cis-muconate, a well-studied inducer of the cat gene cluster, CatRI and CatRII occupy an additional downstream site, designated as the activation binding site. Notably, CatRI binds to both the catI and catII promoters with high affinity, while CatRII binds weakly. This is likely caused by a T to G mutation in the G/T-N11-A motif. Specifically, we found that CatRI and CatRII regulate catBICIAI and catBIICIIAII in a cooperative manner, which provides new insights into naphthalene degradation.