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Effect of the Induced Molting with Low-Protein and Energy Diet on the Postmolt Performance and Egg Quality of Layers (저단백질, 저에너지 사료를 이용한 유도환우가 산란계의 생산성 및 난질에 미치는 영향)

  • Hong, Eui-Chul;Park, Hee-Du;Na, Seung-Hwan;Kim, Hak-Kyu;Yu, Dong-Jo;Park, Mi-Na;Jung, Kie-Chul;Choo, Hyo-Jun;Seo, Ok-Suk;Choi, Yang-Ho;HwangBo, Jong
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.37 no.2
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    • pp.117-123
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    • 2010
  • This work was carried out to investigate the effect of the induced molting with low-protein and energy diet on the postmolt performance of layers. Eighty White Leghorn layers (61-old-wk) with over 80% egg production were used for 12 weeks in this work. Treatments were non-molt control (CO), fasting treatment for 10 days (FW), molt treatment with low-protein and low-energy molting diet for 3 weeks (LO), and molt treatment with standard molting diet for 3 weeks (ST) as 4 treatments (2 replications/treatment and 10 birds/replication). Body weight (BW) loss was 26.5% of initial BW at 2 week in FW treatment, and was 17.3% and 14.2% in both LO and ST treatments (P<0.05). Layers in molting treatments were fed with commercial layer diet after completion of molting since BW of layers was recovered for 7 weeks. Heart weight ratio was shown as 0.47, 0.43, 0.46 and 0.46% at CO, FW, LO and ST treatments, respectively, and liver weight ration of body weight was shown as 2.56, 1.30, 1.47 and 1.52%, respectively. Thus, those of molting treatments decreased compared to non-molt control (P<0.05). Oviduct weight ratio were shown as 3.95, 1.17, 1.54 and 1.67%, respectively, and similar with the results of liver (P<0.05). Feed intake decreased at LO and ST treatments during molting period and increased from the 5th week compared to control. Egg production decreased at 1 week in molt treatment and stopped at 2 week in FW, 3 week in LO, and 4 week in ST treatments. The birds started to lay egg at 4 week in FW and at 5 week in LO and ST treatments. Egg production was recovered until 50% at 6 week in FW and was recovered as 66.1 and 71.6% at 8 week in LO and ST treatment, respectively. Egg weights were similar among all treatments. Eggshell thicknesses were 0.41, 0.47, 0.46 and 0.46 mm at CO, FW, LO and ST treatment, respectively, but the higher in molt treatments than control (P<0.05). Eggshell breaking strength was 3.83 and 3.81 kg/$cm^2$ in FW and LO treatment, respectively, and high compared to control. However, eggshell breaking strengths were 3.54 and 3.78 kg/$cm^2$ and were not statistically different. Haugh units were 75.6, 81.1, 80.6 and 79.9 in 4 treatments and high in molt treatment. Finally, dietary low-protein and low-energy may induce molt as few effect on performance of layers.

The Precision Test Based on States of Bone Mineral Density (골밀도 상태에 따른 검사자의 재현성 평가)

  • Yoo, Jae-Sook;Kim, Eun-Hye;Kim, Ho-Seong;Shin, Sang-Ki;Cho, Si-Man
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.67-72
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: ISCD (International Society for Clinical Densitometry) requests that users perform mandatory Precision test to raise their quality even though there is no recommendation about patient selection for the test. Thus, we investigated the effect on precision test by measuring reproducibility of 3 bone density groups (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis). Materials and Methods: 4 users performed precision test with 420 patients (age: $57.8{\pm}9.02$) for BMD in Asan Medical Center (JAN-2008 ~ JUN-2008). In first group (A), 4 users selected 30 patient respectively regardless of bone density condition and measured 2 part (L-spine, femur) in twice. In second group (B), 4 users measured bone density of 10 patients respectively in the same manner of first group (A) users but dividing patient into 3 stages (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis). In third group (C), 2 users measured 30 patients respectively in the same manner of first group (A) users considering bone density condition. We used GE Lunar Prodigy Advance (Encore. V11.4) and analyzed the result by comparing %CV to LSC using precision tool from ISCD. Check back was done using SPSS. Results: In group A, the %CV calculated by 4 users (a, b, c, d) were 1.16, 1.01, 1.19, 0.65 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 0.69, 0.58, 0.97, 0.47 g/$cm^2$ in femur. In group B, the %CV calculated by 4 users (a, b, c, d) were 1.01, 1.19, 0.83, 1.37 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 1.03, 0.54, 0.69, 0.58 g/$cm^2$ in femur. When comparing results (group A, B), we found no considerable differences. In group C, the user_1's %CV of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis were 1.26, 0.94, 0.94 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 0.94, 0.79, 1.01 g/$cm^2$ in femur. And the user_2's %CV were 0.97, 0.83, 0.72 g/$cm^2$ L-spine and 0.65, 0.65, 1.05 g/$cm^2$ in femur. When analyzing the result, we figured out that the difference of reproducibility was almost not found but the differences of two users' several result values have effect on total reproducibility. Conclusions: Precision test is a important factor of bone density follow up. When Machine and user's reproducibility is getting better, it’s useful in clinics because of low range of deviation. Users have to check machine's reproducibility before the test and keep the same mind doing BMD test for patient. In precision test, the difference of measured value is usually found for ROI change caused by patient position. In case of osteoporosis patient, there is difficult to make initial ROI accurately more than normal and osteopenia patient due to lack of bone recognition even though ROI is made automatically by computer software. However, initial ROI is very important and users have to make coherent ROI because we use ROI Copy function in a follow up. In this study, we performed precision test considering bone density condition and found LSC value was stayed within 3%. There was no considerable difference. Thus, patient selection could be done regardless of bone density condition.

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The Effect of PET/CT Images on SUV with the Correction of CT Image by Using Contrast Media (PET/CT 영상에서 조영제를 이용한 CT 영상의 보정(Correction)에 따른 표준화섭취계수(SUV)의 영향)

  • Ahn, Sha-Ron;Park, Hoon-Hee;Park, Min-Soo;Lee, Seung-Jae;Oh, Shin-Hyun;Lim, Han-Sang;Kim, Jae-Sam;Lee, Chang-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.77-81
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: The PET of the PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) quantitatively shows the biological and chemical information of the body, but has limitation of presenting the clear anatomic structure. Thus combining the PET with CT, it is not only possible to offer the higher resolution but also effectively shorten the scanning time and reduce the noises by using CT data in attenuation correction. And because, at the CT scanning, the contrast media makes it easy to determine a exact range of the lesion and distinguish the normal organs, there is a certain increase in the use of it. However, in the case of using the contrast media, it affects semi-quantitative measures of the PET/CT images. In this study, therefore, we will be to establish the reliability of the SUV (Standardized Uptake Value) with CT data correction so that it can help more accurate diagnosis. Materials and Methods: In this experiment, a total of 30 people are targeted - age range: from 27 to 72, average age : 49.6 - and DSTe (General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, MI, USA) is used for equipment. $^{18}F$- FDG 370~555 MBq is injected into the subjects depending on their weight and, after about 60 minutes of their stable position, a whole-body scan is taken. The CT scan is set to 140 kV and 210 mA, and the injected amount of the contrast media is 2 cc per 1 kg of the patients' weight. With the raw data from the scan, we obtain a image showing the effect of the contrast media through the attenuation correction by both of the corrected and uncorrected CT data. Then we mark out ROI (Region of Interest) in each area to measure SUV and analyze the difference. Results: According to the analysis, the SUV is decreased in the liver and heart which have more bloodstream than the others, because of the contrast media correction. On the other hand, there is no difference in the lungs. Conclusions: Whereas the CT scan images with the contrast media from the PET/CT increase the contrast of the targeted region for the test so that it can improve efficiency of diagnosis, there occurred an increase of SUV, a semi-quantitative analytical method. In this research, we measure the variation of SUV through the correction of the influence of contrast media and compare the differences. As we revise the SUV which is increasing in the image with attenuation correction by using contrast media, we can expect anatomical images of high-resolution. Furthermore, it is considered that through this trusted semi-quantitative method, it will definitely enhance the diagnostic value.

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Surgery Alone or Postoperative Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Rectal Cancer - With Respect to Survival, Pelvic Control, Prognostic Factor - (직장암에서 수술단독 또는 수술후 방사선치료 -생존율, 골반종양제어율, 예후인자를 중심으로-)

  • Nam, Taek-Keun;Ahn, Sung-Ja;Nah, Byung-Sik
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.327-334
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    • 2001
  • Purpose : To find out the role of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy in the treatment of rectal cancer by comparing survival, pelvic control, complication rate, and any prognostic factor between surgery alone and postoperative radiotherapy group. Materials and methods : From Feb. 1982 to Dec. 1996 total 212 patients were treated by radical surgery with or without postoperative radiotherapy due to rectal carcinoma of modified Astler-Coiler stage $B2\~C3$. Of them, 18 patients had incomplete radiotherapy and so the remaining 194 patients were the database analyzed in this study. One hundred four patients received postoperative radiotherapy and the other 90 patients had surgery only. Radiotherapy was peformed in the range of $39.6\~55.8\;Gy$ (mean: 49.9 Gy) to the whole pelvis and if necessary, tumor bed was boosted by $5.4\~10\;Gy$. Both survival and pelvic control rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and their statistical significance was tested by Log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was peformed by Cox proportional hazards model. Results : 5-year actuarial survival rate (5YSR) and 5-year disease-free survival rate (5YDFSR) of entire patients were $53\%\;and\;49\%$, respectively. 5YSRs of surgery alone group and adjuvant radiotherapy group were $63\%\;vs\;45\%$, respectively (p=0.03). This difference is thought to reflect uneven distribution of stages between two treatment groups (p<0.05 by $\chi^2-test$) with more advanced disease patients in adjuvant radiotherapy group. 5YSRs of surgery alone vs adjuvant radiotherapy group in MAC B2+3, C1, C2+3 were $68\%\;vs\;55\%$ (p=0.09), $100\%\;vs\;100\%$, $40\%\;vs\;33\%$ (p=0.71), respectively. 5YDFSRs of surgery alone vs adjuvant radiotherapy group in above three stages were $65\%\;vs\;49\%$ (p=0.14), $100\%\;vs\;100\%$, $33\%\;vs\;31\%$ (p=0.46), respectively. 5-year pelvic control rate (5YPCR) of entire patients was $72.5\%$. 5YPCRs of surgery alone and adjuvant radiotherapy group were $71\%\;vs\;74\%$, respectively (p=0.41). 5YPCRs of surgery alone vs adjuvant radiotherapy group in B2+3, C1, C2+3 were $79\%\;vs\;75\%$ (p=0.88), $100\%\;vs\;100\%$, $44\%\;vs\;68\%$ (p=0.01), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that only stage was significant factor affecting overall and disease-free survival in entire patients and also in both treatment groups. In view of pelvic control, stage and operation type were significant in entire patients and only stage in surgery alone group but in adjuvant radiotherapy group, operation type instead of stage was the only significant factor in multivariate analysis as a negative prognostic factor in abdominoperineal resection cases. Conclusion : Our retrospective study showed that postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy could improve the pelvic control in MAC C2+3 group. To improve both pelvic control and survival in all patients with MAC B2 or more, other treatment modality such as concurrent continuous infusion of 5-FU, which is the most standard agent, with radiotherapy should be considered.

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CAS 500-1/2 Image Utilization Technology and System Development: Achievement and Contribution (국토위성정보 활용기술 및 운영시스템 개발: 성과 및 의의)

  • Yoon, Sung-Joo;Son, Jonghwan;Park, Hyeongjun;Seo, Junghoon;Lee, Yoojin;Ban, Seunghwan;Choi, Jae-Seung;Kim, Byung-Guk;Lee, Hyun jik;Lee, Kyu-sung;Kweon, Ki-Eok;Lee, Kye-Dong;Jung, Hyung-sup;Choung, Yun-Jae;Choi, Hyun;Koo, Daesung;Choi, Myungjin;Shin, Yunsoo;Choi, Jaewan;Eo, Yang-Dam;Jeong, Jong-chul;Han, Youkyung;Oh, Jaehong;Rhee, Sooahm;Chang, Eunmi;Kim, Taejung
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.36 no.5_2
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    • pp.867-879
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    • 2020
  • As the era of space technology utilization is approaching, the launch of CAS (Compact Advanced Satellite) 500-1/2 satellites is scheduled during 2021 for acquisition of high-resolution images. Accordingly, the increase of image usability and processing efficiency has been emphasized as key design concepts of the CAS 500-1/2 ground station. In this regard, "CAS 500-1/2 Image Acquisition and Utilization Technology Development" project has been carried out to develop core technologies and processing systems for CAS 500-1/2 data collecting, processing, managing and distributing. In this paper, we introduce the results of the above project. We developed an operation system to generate precision images automatically with GCP (Ground Control Point) chip DB (Database) and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) DB over the entire Korean peninsula. We also developed the system to produce ortho-rectified images indexed to 1:5,000 map grids, and hence set a foundation for ARD (Analysis Ready Data)system. In addition, we linked various application software to the operation system and systematically produce mosaic images, DSM (Digital Surface Model)/DTM (Digital Terrain Model), spatial feature thematic map, and change detection thematic map. The major contribution of the developed system and technologies includes that precision images are to be automatically generated using GCP chip DB for the first time in Korea and the various utilization product technologies incorporated into the operation system of a satellite ground station. The developed operation system has been installed on Korea Land Observation Satellite Information Center of the NGII (National Geographic Information Institute). We expect the system to contribute greatly to the center's work and provide a standard for future ground station systems of earth observation satellites.

The Reserch on Actual Condition of Crime of Arson Which Occurs in Korea and Its Countermeasures (방화범죄의 실태와 그 대책 - 관심도와 동기의 다양화에 대한 대응 -)

  • Choi, Jong-Tae
    • Korean Security Journal
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    • no.1
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    • pp.371-408
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    • 1997
  • This article is the reserch on actual condition of crime of arson which occurs in Korea and its countermeasures. The the presented problem in this article are that (1) we have generally very low rate concern about the crime of arson contrary to realistic problems of rapid increase of crime of arson (2) as such criminal motives became so diverse as to the economic or criminal purpose unlike characteristic and mental deficiency of old days, and to countermeasure these problems effectively it presentation the necessity of systemantic research. Based on analysis of reality of arson, the tendency of this arson in Korea in the ratio of increase is said to be higher than those in violence crime or general fire rate. and further its rate is far more greater than those of the U.S.A. and Japan. Arson is considered to be a method of using fire as crime and in case of presently residence to be the abject, it is a public offense crime which aqccompany fatality in human life. This is the well It now fact to all of us. And further in order to presentation to the crime of arson, strictness of criminal law (criminal law No, 164 and 169, and fire protection law No. 110 and 111) and classification of arsonist as felony are institutionary reinforced to punish with certainty of possibility, Therefore, as tendency of arson has been increased compared to other nations, it is necessary to supplement strategical policy to bring out overall concerns of the seriousness of risk and damage of arson, which have been resulted from the lack of understanding. In characteristics analysis of crime of arson, (1) It is now reveald that, in the past such crime rate appeared far more within the boundary of town or city areas in the past, presently increased rate of arsons in rural areas are far more than in the town or small city areas, thereby showing characteristics of crime of arson extending nation wide. (2) general timetable of arson shows that night more than day time rate, and reveald that is trait behavior in secrecy.(3) arsonists are usually arrested at site or by victim or report of third person(82,9%).Investigation activities or self surrenders rate only 11.2%. The time span of arrest is normally the same day of arson and at times it takes more than one year to arrest. This reveals its necessity to prepare for long period of time for arrest, (4) age rate of arson is in their thirties mostly as compared to homicide, robbery and adultery, and considerable numbers of arsons are in old age of over fifties. It reveals age rate is increased (5) Over half of the arsonists are below the junior high school (6) the rate of convicts by thier records is based on first offenders primarily and secondly more than 4 time convicts. This apparently shows necessity of effective correctional education policy for their social assimilation together with re-investigation of human education at the primary and secondary education system in thier life. The examples of motivation for arosnits, such as personal animosity, fury, monetary swindle, luscious purpose and other aims of destroying of proof, and other social resistance, violence including ways of threatening, beside the motives of individual defects, are diverse and arsonic suicide and specifically suicidal accompany together keenly manifested. When we take this fact with the criminal theory, it really reveals arsons of crime are increasing and its casualities are serious and a point as a way of suicide is the anomie theory of Durkheim and comensurate with the theory of that of Merton, Specifically in the arson of industrial complex, it is revealed that one with revolutionary motive or revolting motive would do the arsonic act. For the policy of prevention of arsons, professional research work in organizational cooperation for preventive activities is conducted in municipal or city wise functions in the name of Parson Taskforces and beside a variety of research institutes in federal government have been operating effectively to countermeasure in many fields of research. Franch and Sweden beside the U.S. set up a overall operation of fire prevention research funtions and have obtained very successful result. Japan also put their research likewise for countermeasure. In this research as a way of preventive fire policy, first, it is necessary to accomodate the legal preventitive activities for fire prevention in judicial side and as an administrative side, (1) precise statistic management of crime of arson (2) establishment of professional research functions or a corporate (3) improvement of system for cooperative structural team for investigation of fires and menpower organization of professional members. Secondly, social mentality in individual prospect, recognition of fires by arson and youth education of such effect, educational program for development and practical promotion. Thirdly, in view of environmental side, the ways of actual performance by programming with the establishment of cooperative advancement in local social function elements with administrative office, habitants, school facilities and newspapers measures (2) establishment of personal protection where weak menpowers are displayed in special fire prevention measures. These measures are presented for prevention of crime of arson. The control of crime and prevention shall be prepared as a means of self defence by the principle of self responsibility Specifically arsonists usually aims at the comparatively weak control of fire prevention is prevalent and it is therefore necessary to prepare individual facilities with their spontaneous management of fire prevention instead of public municipal funtures of local geverment. As Clifford L. Karchmer asserted instead of concerns about who would commit arson, what portion of area would be the target of the arson. It is effective to minister spontaveously the fire prevention measure in his facility with the consideration of characteristics of arson. On the other hand, it is necessary for the concerned personnel of local goverment and groups to distribute to the local society in timely manner for new information about the fire prevention, thus contribute to effective result of fire prevention result. In consideration of these factors, it is inevitable to never let coincide with the phemonemon of arsons in similar or mimic features as recognized that these could prevail just an epedemic as a strong imitational attitude. In processing of policy to encounter these problems, it is necessary to place priority of city policy to enhancement of overall concerns toward the definitive essense of crime of arson.

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Visual Media Education in Visual Arts Education (미술교육에 있어서 시각적 미디어를 통한 조형교육에 관한 연구)

  • Park Ji-Sook
    • Journal of Science of Art and Design
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    • v.7
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    • pp.64-104
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    • 2005
  • Visual media transmits image and information reproduced in large quantities, such as a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, or computer image. Correspondence to the students' reception and recognition of culture in the future. arrangements for the field of studies of visual culture. 'Visual Culture' implies cultural phenomena of visual images via visual media, which includes not only the categories of traditional arts like a painting, sculpture, print, or design, but the performance arts including a fashion show or parade of carnival, and the mass and electronic media like a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, cartoon, animation, or computer image. In the world of visual media, Image' functions as an essential medium of communication. Therefore, people call the culture of today fra of Image Culture', which has been converted from an alphabet convergence era to an image convergence one. Image, via visual media, has become a dominant means for communication in large part of human life, so we can designate an Image' as a typical aspect of visual culture today. Image, as an essential medium of communication, plays an important role in contemporary society. The one way is the conversion of analogue image like an actual picture, photograph, or film into digital one through the digitalization of digital camera or scanner as 'an analogue/digital commutator'. The other is a way of process with a computer drawing, or modeling of objects. It is appropriate to the production of pictorial and surreal images. Digital images, produced by the other, can be divided into the form of Pixel' and form of Vector'. Vector is a line linking the point of departure to the point of end, which organizes informations. Computer stores each line's standard location and correlative locations to one another Digital image shows for more 'Perfectness' than any other visual media. Digital image has been evolving in the diverse aspects, such as a production of geometrical or organic image compositing, interactive art, multimedia art, or web art, which has been applied a computer as an extended trot of painting. Someone often interprets digitalized copy with endless reproduction of original even as an extension of a print. Visual af is no longer a simple activity of representation by a painter or sculptor, but now is intimately associated with a matter of application of media. There is some problem in images via visual media. First, the image via media doesn't reflect a reality as it is, but reflects an artificial manipulated world, that is, a virtual reality. Second, the introduction of digital effect and the development of image processing technology have enhanced a spectacle of destructive and violent scenes. Third, a child intends to recognize the interactive images of computer game and virtual reality as a reality, or truth. Education needs not only to point out an ill effect of mass media and prevent the younger generation from being damaged by it, but also to offer a knowledge and know-how to cope actively with social, cultural circumstances. Visual media education is one of these essential methods for the contemporary and future human being in the overflowing of image informations. The fosterage of 'Visual Literacy' can be considered as a very purpose of visual media education. This is a way to lead an individual to the discerning, active consumer and producer of visual media in life as far as possible. The elements of 'Visual Literacy' can be divided into a faculty of recognition related to the visual media, a faculty of critical reception, a faculty of appropriate application, a faculty of active work and a faculty of creative modeling, which are promoted at the same time by the education of 'visual literacy'. In conclusion, the education of 'Visual Literacy' guides students to comprehend and discriminate the visual image media carefully, or receive them critically, apply them properly, or produce them creatively and voluntarily. Moreover, it leads to an artistic activity by means of new media. This education can be approached and enhanced by the connection and integration with real life. Visual arts and education of them play an important role in the digital era depended on visual communications via image information. Visual me야a of day functions as an essential element both in daily life and in arts. Students can soundly understand visual phenomena of today by means of visual media, and apply it as an expression tool of life culture as well. A new recognition and valuation visual image and media education is required to cultivate the capability of active, upright dealing with the changes of history of civilization. 1) Visual media education helps to cultivate a sensibility for images, which reacts to and deals with the circumstances. 2) It helps students to comprehend the contemporary arts and culture via new media. 3) It supplies a chance of students' experiencing a visual modeling by means of new media. 4) There are educational opportunities of images with temporality and spaciality, and therefore a discerning person becomes to increase. 5) The modeling activity via new media leads students to be continuously interested in the school and production of plastic arts. 6) It raises the ability of visual communications dealing with image information society. 7) An education of digital image is significant in respect of cultivation of man of talent for the future society of image information as well. To correspond to the changing and developing social, cultural circumstances, and the form and recognition of students' reception of them, visual arts education must arrange the field of studying on a new visual culture. Besides, a program needs to be developed, which is in more systematic and active level in relation to visual media education. Educational contents should be extended to the media for visual images, that is, photography, film, television, video, computer graphic, animation, music video, computer game and multimedia. Every media must be separately approached, because they maintain the modes and peculiarities of their own according to the conveyance form of message. The concrete and systematic method of teaching and the quality of education must be researched and developed, centering around the development of a course of study. Teacher's foundational capability of teaching should be cultivated for the visual media education. In this case, it must be paid attention to the fact that a technological level of media is considered as a secondary. Because school education doesn't intend to train expert and skillful producers, but intends to lay stress on the essential aesthetic one with visual media under the social and cultural context, in respect of a consumer including a man of culture.

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Evaluation of the Parameters of Soil Potassium Supplying Power for Predicting Yield Response, K2O Uptake and Optiumum K2O Application Levels in Paddy Soils (수도(水稻)의 가리시비반응(加里施肥反応)과 시비량추정(施肥量推定)을 위한 가리공급력(加里供給力) 측정방법(測定方法) 평가(評価) -I. Q/I 관계(関係)에 의(依)한 가리(加里) 공급력측정(供給力測定)과 시비반응(施肥反応))

  • Park, Yang-Ho;An, Soo-Bong;Park, Chon-Suh
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.42-49
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    • 1983
  • In order to find out the possibility of predicting fertilizer K requirement from the K supplying capacity of soil, the relative K activity ratio, Kas/kai, the potential buffering capacity of $K^+$ ($PBC^k$ ; the liner regression coefficient) and its activity ratio ($AR^k_o$ ; $^{k+}$/${\sqrt{Ca^{+2}+Mg^{+2}}}$ in mol/l) at ${\delta}K$ = O, in the Q/I relationships of Beckett(1964), were determined for the soils before flooding and the samples taken at heading stage of transplanted rice in pot experiment. These parameters assumed as the K supplying capacity of soils were subjected for the investigation through correlation stady between themselves and other factors such as grain yield or the amounts of $K_2O$ uptake by rice plant at harvest. The results may be summarized as follows; 1. The potassium supplying power of the flooded soil was considered to be ruled by the amounts of exchangeable K before flooding, since there was little change in exchangeable K concentration from no-exchangeable K during the incubation periods of 67 days. 2. The $PBC^k$ values, in soils before flooding were 0.027, 0.014 and 0.009, where as the $AR^k_o{\times}10^{-3}$ values were 9.1, 7.6, and 15.4, respectively, in clay, loamy and sandy loam soils. 3. The $PBC^k$ values, determined in the soil samples taken at heading stage, varied little compared with the values of orignal soil, regardless of those different fertilizer treatments and textures, showing the possibility of using them as a factor for the improvement of soil to increase the efficiency of fertilizer K. 4. The significant yield responses to potassium fertilizer application were observed wherever the $AR^k_o$ values in soil at heading stage drop down to the original $AR^k_o$ values, regardless of any levels of fertilizer application. 5. The higher correlations between the gain yield or the amounts of $K_2O$ uptake and by the use of both soil factors of $PBC^k$ and $AR^k_o$ at heading stage were observed compared with the use of any single factor. 6. The Kas/Kai value in the soil, estimated prior to the experiment, had high possitive correlation with the $AR^k_o$ determined in the soil at heading stage and could be used as a soil factor for predicting potassium fertilizer requirement.

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Studies on the Physico-chemical Properties and Characterization of Soil Organic Matter in Jeju Volcanic Ash Soil (제주도(濟州道) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)의 이화학적(理化学的) 특성(特性) 및 유기물(有機物) 성상(性状)에 관(関)한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Sang-Kyu;Cha, Kyu-Seuk;Kim, In-Tak
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.20-27
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    • 1983
  • A series of laboratory experiment was conducted to find out the chemical composition, characterization of humic substances by physical and chemical methods and reaction of Na-pyrophosphate, $Ca(OH)_2$ and rice straw with albumin on the degradation of soil organic matter in the volcanic ask soils of the Jeju Island. Results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The contents of organic matter, available silicon, active iron and aluminum concentration in volcanic ash the soils were remarkably higher but available phosphorous was comparatively lower than the mineral soils. In volcanic ash soil, the contents of potassium, calcium and magnessium were higher in upland soil than that of forest soil. The ratios of active $Al^{{+}{+}{+}}/Fe^{{+}{+}}$, C/P and $K/Ca^+$ Mg were apparently high in volcanic ash soils while that of $SiO_2$/O.M. was high in mineral soil. 2. The carbon/nitrogen ratio in humin, humic acid content in organic matter, and carbon contents of humin in total carbon of soil organic matter were apparently higher in the volcanic ash soils than in the mineral soils, The total nitrogen and fractions of acid or alkali soluble nitrogen were remarkably high in volcanic ash soils while mineralizable nitrogen ($NH_4$-N and $NO_3$) contents were high in mineral soils. 3. The values of K600, RF and log K were also higher in volcanic ash soils than those in mineral soils, and the absorbance in the visible range were high and color was dark in the soil of which humification was progressed Extracted humic acid from volcanic ash soil was less reactive to the oxidizing chemical reagent and was persistance to the acid or alkali hydrolysises. 4. The major oxygen-containing functional groups in humic substances of volcanic ash soils were phenolic-OH alcoholic-OH and carboxyl groups while those in mineral soil were methoxyl and carbonyl groups. 5. Absorption spectra of alkaline solution of humic acid ranged from 200 nm to maxima 500 nm. Visible spectra peaks of from humic substances in the visible region were recognized at 350, 420, 450 and 480 nm. Only one single absorbance peak was observed in the visible region at 362 nm for Heugag series and two absorbance Peak were also at 360 nm and 390 nm for Yeungrag series. 6. Evolution of carbon as $Co_2$ was increased with addition of Na-pyrophosphate in Namweon and Heugag series, and "priming effects" took place on the soil organic matter decomposition by addition of rice straw with albumin in Ido series.

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Studies on Raw Silk Test and Classification Comparative Studies on Winding Test and Classification between Korean and Japanese Method (생사검사방법 및 격부법에 관한 연구 재조검사의 비교연구 (1))

  • 김한수
    • Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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    • no.11
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    • pp.81-86
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    • 1970
  • This report was prepared to compare and analyze the testing method and classification of winding test in Korea to that in Japan, and the obtained results, which had been carried out, in Korea, from Sep. to Nov. in 1968 and in Japan through June in 1968, was as followings. 1. In Korean raw silk, (21 D.) the average number of breaks on winding test showed 5.91 by Korean Method but showed 8.6 by Japanese method and the latter increased to 2.7. On the other hand in Japanese raw silk, it showed 3.6 by Korean method but 4.7 by Japanese method and the latter increased to 1.1. (See Table 2,3) 2. It was seemed the tendency that the lot distribution of breaks number in Korean silk was mostly concentrated to the breaks No. 3,4 and 5(48%) by Korean method but in case of Japanese method to the breaks number 5,6 and 7(36%), and the tendency that the concentration depended mostly on the increased number of breaks. In Japanese raw silk, it was seemed the tendency that the lot distribution of breaks number was mostly concentrated to the breaks number 1. 2, and 3 (55%) by Korean Method but in case of Japanese Method to the breaks number, 2,3 and 4(50%) and the tendency that the concentration was as similar as the above. (See Table 2,3) 3. It was found the tendency that the distribution of breaks number during the open winding test was mostly concentrate red to the average number of breaks not only in Korea but in Japan. The rate 0: non-breaks, however, showed 43% of Japan, to 7% of Korea. (See Table 4) 4. Applying Table 1,2 to the Classification of Korea and Japan, the class distribution by Korean table showed 68% of class 1(6), 22% of cl ass 2(10) and 9% of class 3(15) in Korean silk, while that by Japanese table showed 13% of class 1(4), 56% of class 2(10) and 29% of class 3(18). And then the testing result to be class 1 or 2 by Korean table was. degraded from class 1 to class 2 of 55% and from class 2 to class 3 of 20% down. In Japanese silk, however, the class distribution by Korean table showed 85% of class 1 (4), 10% of class 2(10) and 5% of class 3(18) but that by Japanese table showed 60% of class 1(4), 33% of class 2(10) and 7% of class 3(18). And then there was little difference in the rate of class distribution. 5. Through the above investigation, it was seemed that Japanese classification table was only prepared for the r∼w silk of Japan, considering that the width of class 1(4) in winding table was greatly tighter than that of Korea. Because it was generally evaluated that Korean silk in quality especially in the winding test was better (next to Japan) than any other countries. 6. We could venture to estimate that, applying to Japanese method, the testing result of break number in Korean silk would show from about 6 by Korean method to 9. And then it would be found degrading hi the testing result of winding test increased gradually.

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