• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.111-128
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• 1991

In puan area the environmental surveys were carried out at two farms of hard clam, Meretrix lusoria from April 1987 to November 1978 in order to know heather the farm environments could be rehabilitated for the cultivation of hard clam or not. The range of temperature of surface seawater was $10.7{\~}27.4^{\circ}C$, pH $7.6{\~}8.2$, salinity $22.3{\~}30.3$ ppt, COD $0.20{\~}4.71\;mg/{\ell}$, sulfide $0.04{\~}0.22\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$, suspended solid $34.8{\~}199.3\;mg/{\ell}$ chlorophyll a $3.71{\~}49.02\;mg/m^3$, TIN $2.01{\~}24.47\;{\mu}g-a5./{\ell}$, phosphate $0.60{\~}11.03\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$ and silicate $4.04{\~}476.36\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$. The range of temperature of substratum (bottom soil) was $14.2{\~}29.7^{\circ}C$, pH $8.3{\~}9.5$, water content of substratum was $0.28{\~}0.49\;mg/g$ dried mud, COD $2.80{\~}50.94\;mg/g$ dried mud, total organic matter $1.05{\~}1.97\%$ concentration of total Kjedhal nitrogen $31.9{\~}194.9\;{\mu}g./{\ell}$ dried mud, and sulfide $0.032{\~}0.133\;mg/g$ dried mud. Fine sand was dominant ranging over $92{\~}95\%$ and silt and clay was $2.8{\~}8.1\%$ of the composition of substratum. Some residual agricultural chemicals, ${\alpha},\;{\beta},\;{\gamma}$-BHC, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, aldrin, DDE, DDT and dieldrin were detected in hard clams collected from Puan areas. Especialy, more chemical were detected during the period of rainfalls. From above results, it is considered that the hard clam frams were not yet recovered from deteriorated conditions for aquaculture.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2002

During the periods from lily to October, 2000 in Hongseong and lucy to October, 2001 in Taean in the west coast of Korea, the following environmental conditions prevailed : water temperature : 22.0~26.817, salinity 27.23 ~30.80%, dissolved oxygen 4.12 ~6.26 ml/l, pH 7.89 ~8.09, phosphate 0.39 ~0.65 $\mu m$ , inorganic nitrogen 5.05~9.26 $\mu m$, suspended solid 5.4~20.8 mg/l and chemical oxygen demand 1.12~1.87 mg/l. The B-shaped veliger larvae of the Ark shell occurred in maximum number at $25^{\circ}C$ prevailing from mid-August at Hongseong and Taean. Full grown larvae reached maximum abundance from late August. To identify the effectiveness of the substratum for spat collection, raschel net were tested to Larval settlement. The most effective depth to collect the larvae in natural environment was the collectors suspended at 7~8 m depth. At these depths, about 49 to 94 spats were found on the collector (40$\times$50 cm), The growth of shell height (Y) to shell length (X), and total weight (W) to shell length (L) could be formulated as follows respectively: Hongseong: SH = 0.7168 SL -0.6466 ( $r^2$ = 0.9839), TW = $0.0001SL^{3.1705}$ ($r^2$ = 0.9882) Taean: SH = 0.736 SL -0.8824 ($r^2$ : 0.9899), TW : 0.00005 $SL^{3.3731}$ ($r^2$ : 0.9899)

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.169-182
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• 2014

This study investigates the physicochemical quality characteristics of tomato sauce added with different kinds of pimpinella brachycarpa. The results are as follows. The pH of tomato sauce added with freeze-dried pimpinella brachycarpa, in contrast to the tomato sauce with raw pimpinella brachycarpa, decreased as the addition quantity of the sample increased. As for sugar content, PBP0 with Pimpinella brachycarpa contained was shown to be the highest with 10.83. For chromaticity, all values (e.g, L, A and B) of tomato sauce added with pimpinella brachycarpa and with freeze-dried pimpinella brachycarpa decreased showing significant differences among the samples as the addition quantity of the samples increased. With increased addition quantity of the sample with freeze-dried Pimpinella brachycarpa, its water content decreased. PBP4, addition group with 4% of freeze-dried Pimpinella brachycarpa, was shown to be the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity as 29.58. When adding Pimpinella brachycarpa to tomato sauce, a total number of micro-organisms decreased. In case of adding raw Pimpinella brachycarpa rather than freeze-dried Pimpinella brachycarpa, it created a further effect on an inhibitive action of growing and developing micro-organisms. In the preference of tomato sauce with Pimpinella brachycarpa, PBF2 with 2% of Pimpinella brachycarpa had the highest score as 5.1 for the color. For taste, 3.7, the lowest taste score, was shown in PBF1with 1% of Pimpinella brachycarpa. The overall preference revealed that PBF2 was the highest scoring 5.8.. PBF3 was scored highest with 5.9 for overall preference. From the comprehensive findings, 2~3% of the addition ratio between raw Pimpinella brachycarpa and freeze-dried Pimpinella brachycarpa in the production of tomato sauce is considered the most preferable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop functional lotus root bugak with plasma lipid reduction capacity by controlling the color of batter used for bugak preparation. Lotus root, nearly colorless, was selected to observe color effects. Gardeniae fructus (GF), Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (OF), and green tea (GT), which are colored yellow, red, and green, respectively, were used as coloring agents. Fermented glutinous rice was prepared naturally during winter season by placing glutinous rice and water (1:2, w/w) together in a crock pot for 7 days. Coloring materials (10%, w/w) were blended with glue made from fermented glutinous rice flour to prepare the batter. Cooked lotus root was then mixed with a 1.1-fold amount of batter (w/w) and dried at room temperature. Lotus root bugak (LRB) is pan-fried with un-roasted sesame oil, which is traditionally used as frying oil in Korea. Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout ($LDLr^{-/-}$) mice (n=36) were fed an atherogenic diet (AD) containing various types of LRB (10 g%) for 10 weeks. Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C concentrations decreased significantly in mice fed LRB prepared with OF batter (OFB) and GT batter (GTB) (P<0.05). Protein expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) in the OFB and GTB groups were suppressed compared with the LRB group (P<0.05). In accordance with the results on FAS and HMGCR expression, sterol regulatory element binding protein-I and II (SREBP-I and II), which are responsible for the regulation of FAS and HMGCR gene expression, respectively, were down-regulated compared to the LRB group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the plasma lipid reduction activities of OFB and GTB could be mediated through down-regulation of FAS and HMGCR mRNA expression via suppression of regulatory molecules, SREBP-I and II, in $LDLr^{-/-}$ mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1358-1365
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to verify the drying characteristics of seasoned red pepper sauce and establish optimal drying conditions for far infrared drying of seasoned red pepper sauce. Seasoned red pepper sauce, which was dried by heated air, was used. One kg of seasoned red pepper was spread at thicknesses of 10 and 20 mm and dried by a far infrared dryer until a final moisture content of $15{\pm}0.5%$. The far infrared dryer conditions were air velocity of 0.6, 0.8 m/s and drying temperatures of 60, 70, and $80^{\circ}C$. The drying models were estimated using a determination coefficient and root mean square error. Drying characteristics were analyzed based on factors such as drying rate, color changes, content of capsaicinoids, and energy consumption. The results can be summarized as follows. The drying rate (that is, drying time) tended to be reduced as temperature and air velocity for drying increased. The Page and Henderson models were suitable for drying of seasoned red pepper sauce by a far infrared dryer. Redness decreased after far infrared drying under all experimental conditions. The color difference was 18.18 under the following conditions: thickness 20 mm, temperature $70^{\circ}C$, and air velocity 0.8 m/s. This value was slightly higher than those under other far infrared drying conditions. The capsaicinoid properties of seasoned red pepper sauce decreased under all far infrared drying conditions. The highest capsaicin (19.91 mg/100 g) and dihydrocapsaicin (12.87 mg/100 g) contents were observed at a thickness of 10 mm, temperature of $80^{\circ}C$, and air velocity of 0.8 m/s. Energy consumption decreased with higher temperature, slower air velocity, and thinner seasoned red pepper sauce.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1071-1080
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• 2017

This study examined the adhesiveness of beneficial intestinal bacteria to whole-grains using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM), to demonstrate the prebiotic effects of whole-grains, and to develop prebiotic puffed snacks with these whole-grains. CLSM has been used to observe the adhesiveness of Lactobacillus acidophilus, which belongs to beneficial intestinal bacteria, to whole-grain powders using optical sectioning techniques. The enhanced effects on the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria with the hot water grain extract were verified using an indirect count method. Finally, a puffed snack was produced with the prebiotic effect and the quality was evaluated by checking the chromaticity and degree of hardness. As a result, L. acidophilus exhibited adhesive ability to whole-grain powders and growth of selected beneficial intestinal bacteria were improved significantly. The Hunter L value of the developed puffed snack increased when seasoning was added. The hardness of the puffed snack with seasoning was higher than that of the control. The results of a sensory evaluation showed that the puffed snack with seasoning was highly rated in the overall preference compared to the control.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2013

Unlike general microwave, QRD (Quadratic Residue Diffusor) Microwave used in this study is known as a new technology that enhances the sterilization effect with low power because it is possible to induce the average sterilization by changing wavelength phase difference. Therefore, basic research was conducted on the function that could sterilize culture media for plant factory by using environmentally friendly and low energy consuming QRD Microwave. The results are as follows: It was confirmed that there was no external deformation in the polyurethane foam and rock wool medium when changing the microwave level between 2 and 8 kW in different water content of culture media. However, PDA solid media at 2 kW were not dissolved in 60 and 180 seconds. All of the media were dissolved in other processing. There was little difference in the microwave irradiation level and surface temperature of the strain according to the processing time between Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. In the sterility test according to the microwave irradiation level and processing time, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. grew in the microwave level 2 kW regardless of time. In the microwave level 6 kW, all experimental groups except the processing of Burkholderia sp. for 60 seconds were sterilized, and all of Bacillus sp. was killed in the all experimental groups. In the microwave level 8 kW, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. were sterilized regardless of time. The temperature in microwave-processed media after contaminating strains to each medium was maintained at more than 100 in polyurethane foam and rock wool medium after 60 seconds. In general, it was shown that it was possible to sterilize after 60 seconds. Therefore, it is considered that Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. which are the biggest problems in the plant factory can be adequately sterilized by QRD Microwave used in this study.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.158-166
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• 2017

The object of this study was to improve tomato seedling quality in low temperature(below 7, $10^{\circ}C$ during night time or daily mean air temperature was $18^{\circ}C$) by application of silicate fertilizer. Six different silicate fertilizer concentrations (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256mM) or water as the control were applied to tomato seedlings twice a week for 20 days. Positive effects were observed in the growth parameters of the seedlings treated with 16 and 32mM silicate fertilizer; the most effective concentration of silicate at which seedlings showed the best performance was 16mM. However, a high concentration of silicate (256mM) caused negative effects on the growth. The transpiration rate decreased alongside with the increase of silicate concentration up to 32mM, possibly due to the increased stomatal diffusive resistance. Silicate stimulated the growth and development of tomato seedlings, resulting in increased growth parameters and root morphology. However, no significant differences were observed among treatment numbers of soil-drenching wuth the silicate (6, 10, or 20 times with 16mM) for 20 days, suggesting that silicate treatment with 6 times may be sufficient to induce the silicate effects. The application of 16mM of silicate fertilizer reduced relative ion leakage and chilling injury during low temperature storage. In addition, the seedlings treated with silicate fertilizer recovered faster than those without silicate treatment after low temperature storage.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.669-683
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to propose a modification of the previously proposed drainage system for catching the partial leakage of underground concrete structures. Two techniques were proposed for applying the drainage system only to the leaking parts. One was for conveying leaking groundwater to the collection point in the drainage system and the other was for conveying the collected groundwater to the primary drainage system of the underground concrete structure. Four waterproofing materials for conveying leaking groundwater to the catchment point of the drainage system, Durkflex made of porous rubber material, KE-45 silicone adhesive with super strong adhesion, Hotty-gel made of polymeric materials and general silicone adhesive were evaluated for waterproofing performance. Hotty-gel only showed perfect waterproof performance and the other three waterproof materials leaked. The modified drainage system with Hotty-gel and drainage pipe with fixed saddle to convey the leaking groundwater from the catchment point to the primary drainage system were tested on the concrete retaining wall. The waterproof performance and the drainage performance were evaluated by injecting 1,000 ml of water in the back of the modified drainage system at the 7-day, 14-day, 21-day, 28-day, 2-month and 3-month. There was no problem in waterproof performance and drainage performance of the modified drainage system during 3 months. In order to evaluate the construction period and construction cost of the modified drainage system, it was compared with the existing leaching repair method in surface cleaning stage, leakage treatment stage, and protective barrier stage. Total construction period and construction cost were compared in considering the contents of work, repair material, construction equipment, working time, and total number of workers. As a result of comparing and analyzing in each construction stage, it was concluded that the modified drainage system could save construction period and construction cost compared to the existing leaching repair method.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.727-743
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• 1996

To know the floristic composition, vortical distribution and community structure of marine benthic algae inhabiting in the intertidal and subtidal zones of Yongil Bay, east coast of Korea, the study has performed using the quadrat method along a transect line from July, 1995 to June, 1996. In this area, a total of 144 species including 2 new red algae to Korea was found: 5 blue-green, 18 green, 20 brown and 101 red algae. The representative species throughout the year were Ulva pertusa, Gelidium amansii and Symphyocladia latiuscula. Dominant species were Sargassum thunbergii in spring, U. pertusa in summer and autumn. In winter, Chondrus ocellatus and Monostroma grevillei occurred dominantly. The standing crop exhibited mean value as $185.8g/m^2$ dry weight. Maximum value was recorded in spring $(267.3g/m^2)$ and minimum was observed in winter $(93.7g/m^2)$. Shannon's species diversity (H') and evenness (J') as maximum value were recorded in spring, whereas minimum values were shown in winter. Vertical distribution, rerognized by cluster analysis based on relative coverage of the species, could be divided into two or three algal groups except spring. In general, green algae (M. grevillei, Capsosiphon fulvescens, U. pefusa, Enteromorpha compressa) and brown algae (Sargassum fulvellum, S. thunbergii) were represented in the upper and middle zone and red algae (G. amansii, C. ocellatus, S. latiuscula, Crateloupia okamurae, Pachymeniopsis eilliptica) in the lower zone. The algal community varied according to season and environmental conditions. Particularly, seasonal variation of vortical distribution seemed to be affected primarily by water temperature. Also seasonal tidal level and tolerance of algal species to desiccation appeared to be associated with it in this area.