This study investigated factors influencing breakfast skipping among female adolescents in Gyeongsangnam-do using data from the 2024 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Hierarchical logistic regression showed that students with middle academic performance (p<0.001) and middle perceived economic status(p<0.01) were significantly less likely to skip breakfast. In contrast, breakfast skipping was significantly more prevalent among those with low fruit intake (0 times: p<0.01, 1-2 times: p<0.001, 3-4 times: p<0.05), low water intake(≤2 cups/day, p<0.05), and smoking (p<0.01). Regarding mental health, those who perceived their health as good(p<0.01) and those who felt lonely occasionally (p<0.05) were significantly less likely to skip breakfast. These findings suggest that effective interventions should combine nutritional education with emotional and social support.

This study aimed to examine the overall level of psychological burnout among healthcare college students and to identify differences according to general characteristics, as well as factors influencing burnout. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed. The participants consisted of 183 healthcare students enrolled at a university in the Gyeongnam region, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 29.0, including descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression analysis. Differences in psychological burnout according to general characteristics were examined. The results showed that the mean score of psychological burnout was 2.48, indicating a level below moderate. Among the survey items, "feeling tired when thinking about going to school in the morning" showed the highest mean score (M = 3.30). In terms of gender differences, female students (M = 2.57) reported significantly higher levels of psychological burnout than male students (M = 2.28) (t = 7.3 17, p < .01). Significant differences were also observed across academic departments (p < .01), with students in the Department of Companion Animal Science showing higher levels of burnout compared to other majors. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the overall model was statistically significant (F = 3 .29, p < .05). Gender (β = .161, p = .027), academic department (β = .236, p = .008), and year of study (β = .318, p = .010) were identified as significant predictors of psychological burnout, with an adjusted explanatory power of 8.1% (Adjusted R² = .081). These findings suggest that psychological burnout among healthcare college students can be understood as a result of the combined effects of individual characteristics and educational environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop differentiated psychological support and educational intervention strategies that consider students' academic departments and year of study.

This paper applies the reliability-based robust optimization (RBRO) technique to investigate the structural design characteristics of the Fairlead Chain Stopper (FCS), a newly developed detachable mooring device for a 10MW floating offshore wind turbine. The thickness dimensions of the FCS's major structural members were considered as random design variables, including uncertainties such as manufacturing tolerances. The structural strength performance was defined as a probabilistic constraint function based on the allowable stresses specified by classification societies. The RBRO design problem was formulated with weight minimization as the objective function, with probabilistic constraints on strength performance and 3-sigma robustness applied as side constraints. The Adaptive Importance Sampling Method (AISM) were applied during the RBRO process. The structural strength performance of the FCS was evaluated through finite element analysis (FEA) using design load conditions for moored (LC1, LC2) and towed (LC3) conditions based on DNV classification rules. The probabilistic optimal design using RBRO exhibited conservative design characteristics compared to the deterministic optimal design, ensuring robustness and reliability.

In this study, the effective dose was calculated using PCXMC v2.0 program by examining the conditions used to set the diagnostic reference level for panoramic radiography using by the vatech equipment. The PCXMC software was operated using a tube voltage of 80 kV and a tube current of 4 mA. Additional filtration was modeled at three levels: none, 2.8 mm and 3.8 mm Al. Height and weight data were input for adult male and female as well as for 5 and 10 year old. For each experimental condition, five repeated simulations were performed to enhance the reliability of the results. In panoramic imaging, the largest effective dose was calculated from the oral mucosa for adults among 11 organs. On the other side, in the case of children, the most effective dose value was shown in thyroid gland. The effect of the Al additive filter showed an excellent radiation reduction effect at 3.8mm rather than 2.8mm except for male adults. In the case of children aged 5 years, the overall effective dose was calculated to be high in all 11 organs because they are more sensitive to radiation than adults. And as a result of evaluating the image quality according to the use of an additional filter during intraoral imaging, there was no significant difference in SNR and CNR changes compared to before the additional filter was used. Based on this study, it is thought that additional filter settings can b e recommended for panoramic imaging.

Since the duties of fire officials involve high risk, urgency, and physical and mental burdens, the level of job performance is an important factor that goes beyond the efficiency of public services and is directly related to the safety of the people. Therefore, it is a very important task to systematically evaluate the level of job performance of fire officials and strengthen their job capabilities based on this. This study analyzed the questionnaire survey to find out about the job performance of fire officials. For research, a survey was conducted on fire officials nationwide from January 01 to May 31, 2025. The composition of the questionnaire consists of 8 general characteristics and 8 stress questions. The statistical program SPSS24.0 was used as the data processing method for the survey results, and the reliability analysis of the survey showed that the measurement data was consistent as it appeared higher than the Cronbach's=.831 standard value of 0.6. As a result of the main study, the overall job performance level of the subjects averaged 3.09 points (out of 5 points). In particular, the performance of duties according to the number of years of service, position, and class showed a significant difference (p<0.01). This study intends to contribute to the establishment of a capability-based job system and establishment of a strategy to strengthen expertise within a fire organization by identifying the level of job performance of fire officials and analyzing differences according to general characteristics.

This study investigates the long-term effects of climate change on the geomechanical behavior of sedimentary rocks and their implications for slope stability. Focused on shale and sandstone distributed in Goseong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, laboratory tests including freeze-thaw cycles, slake durability, and swelling tests were conducted to evaluate the weathering sensitivity and strength degradation of the rocks. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), cohesion (c), and internal friction angle (φ) were measured before and after 30 freeze-thaw cycles to derive regression models predicting strength loss. These models w ere then applied to climate scenarios based on the IPCC AR6 SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 pathways for the years 2080 and 2100. Using the predicted strength parameters, limit equilibrium slope stability analyses were performed. Results indicate a progressive reduction in the factor of safety (FS) under future climate conditions, highlighting the need for adaptive slope reinforcement strategies. This research provides a framework for integrating climate change projections into slope design and offers practical insights into climate-resilient geotechnical engineering.

This descriptive survey study aimed to examine the overall level of value judgments toward public service among health science college students and to identify differences according to general characteristics as well as influencing factors. The participants were 183 health science students enrolled at universities in the Gyeongnam region, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 29.0 with descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Duncan's post hoc test, and multiple linear regression analysis. The overall mean score for value judgments toward public service was 3.68 out of 5, indicating a relatively positive level. No significant differences were found according to gender, age, religion, or experience with the death of people around them (p>.05). However, significant differences were observed by academic major (F=7.870, p<.01), with students majoring in emergency medical services and biomedical and health sciences showing higher scores than those in other majors. Students with healthcare professionals in their families also demonstrated significantly higher value judgments toward public service than those without such family members (p<.05). Multiple linear regression analysis identified academic major, year of study, and the presence of healthcare professionals in the family as significant factors influencing value judgments toward public service (Adjusted R²=.191). These findings indicate that health science college students generally hold positive value judgments toward public service, although variations exist according to academic and family-related characteristics. This study provides foundational evidence for strengthening public service values and social responsibility in health science education.

This study empirically investigates the determinants enabling seed-stage startups to secure Series A funding within 24 months. Using a Korean startup database providing investment histories to firm-level characteristics, logistic regression models are estimated under a baseline specification and an extended specification that additionally incorporates financial indicators and employment dynamics measured over the preceding 12 months. The results indicate that headquarters location and industry category measures are consistently and positively associated with the Series A transition across specifications. When financial and employment variables are included, organizational and performance signals provide incremental explanatory power and weaken several patent-based effects. Estimates from the extended model should be interpreted with caution due to limited coverage of financial and employment data. Overall, the findings underscore the roles of external context and dynamic firm signals in early-stage funding transitions.

This study aims to evaluate the spatial accuracy and field applicability of drone-based LiDAR data for use in civil engineering and construction sites. The collected point cloud data were processed using DJI Terra software, and ground control points (GCPs) and check points (CPs) surveyed by GNSS and Total Station were used for accuracy verification. For road cross-section analysis, the RMSE of the boundary point was 0.084 m, and the RMSE of the total road width was 0.166 m. These results meet the horizontal and vertical tolerance of a 1:1, 000-scale digital topographic map, demonstrating sufficient accuracy for construction management and cross-section mapping applications. Overall, the drone LiDAR exhibited excellent elevation accuracy and structural representation capability, making it a practical and efficient tool for 3D spatial information generation, construction monitoring, and site management. However, additional post-processing methods such as PPK correction or GCP integration are required to further improve horizontal accuracy and georeferencing stability.

In this study, a Direct Method for the pushover analysis of planar truss structures is proposed. The formulation enables nonlinear structural analysis without employing conventional incremental load procedures. The formulation of an inelastic truss element suitable for the application of the Direct Method was derived with bi-linear force-deformation characteristics including Bauschinger Effect. The proposed method is implemented in a computational framework and applied to several example structures. To verify its validity, the analysis results are compared with those obtained using the conventional step-by-step analysis. The comparison indicates good agreement in terms of global structural response. Furthermore, the Direct Method provides stable solutions independent of load increment size and avoids the accumulation of numerical errors inherent in incremental approaches. As a result, the proposed method demonstrates superior reliability and computational efficiency compared to the step-by-step analysis.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness and limitations of an early response system for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) that integrates drone-delivered automated external defibrillators (AEDs) and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted emergency call analysis, and to derive policy and operational implications for application within the Korean emergency medical services (EMS) system. A literature-based mixed-methods approach was employed, including a systematic review of domestic and international studies related to OHCA response, AED use, drone-based delivery systems, and AI-assisted emergency dispatch. In addition, national OHCA statistics published by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency were analyzed to describe the current status of OHCA incidence and early response indicators in Korea, and pilot and simulation studies from Sweden and Canada were comparatively examined. The findings showed that drone-based AED delivery significantly reduced AED arrival time compared with conventional ambulance-based systems, particularly in rural and remote areas, with drones arriving before ambulances in up to 64% of cases and achieving AED delivery success rates of 92%. In contrast, the effectiveness of AI-assisted emergency call analysis varied across studies, with some randomized trials reporting no significant improvement in dispatcher recognition of cardiac arrest, suggesting that the effectiveness of AI depends on operational integration and dispatcher acceptance rather than algorithm performance alone. These results indicate that drone and AI-based systems should be considered complementary strategies rather than replacements for existing EMS. For successful implementation in Korea, integrated dispatch models combining ambulances and drones, strengthened public CPR and AED training, and stepwise introduction of AI-based decision support systems are required, along with further real-world validation studies. Such an integrated approach has the potential to improve survival outcomes and reduce regional disparities in OHCA care.

This study aims to develop a survey instrument for identifying community problem-solving tasks and formulating solutions for Jangheung-myeon, Yangju-si, and to prioritize residents' policy needs using the developed instrument. A two-stage research design was employed. In Stage 1, a final set of 40 items across seven domains was established through two rounds of a Delphi survey with 11 experts, ensuring both validity and stability. In Stage 2, an analysis of 115 valid resident responses revealed a low overall perception and satisfaction score (mean=2.94), while the survey instrument demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's α=0.858). ImportancePerformance Analysis(IPA) identified improvements in transportation accessibility, expansion of daily convenience facilities, preservation and management of the natural environment, and strengthened promotion of cultural, tourism, and arts resources as top priorities. Conversely, enhancing the competitiveness of these resources was categorized as a mid- to long-term task. These findings indicate that improvements in residential conditions and environmental conservation are perceived as more urgent than tourism development. Consequently, this study suggests a step wise development strategy for Jangheung-myeon that prioritizes stabilizing residential infrastructure before expanding tourism functions, based on empirical evidence.

This paper proposes a control algorithm that enables omnidirectional motion during movement without changing the robot's body orientation, based on a previously proposed four-wheeled mobile robot structure. The proposed robot consists of two differential-drive two-wheeled robot modules, and the traveling direction of the platform is adjusted in real time by independently controlling the rotation angles of the wheel parts. To achieve this, a combined control structure is designed, incorporating PID velocity control for wheel driving and PID position control for wheel part orientation. In addition, a velocity distribution method is presented to determine the speed commands of the four wheels by combining the wheel part position control inputs with a common translational velocity component. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm, experiments were conducted for direction changes in both a stationary state and during motion. The experimental results demonstrate that stable omnidirectional motion can be achieved while maintaining the robot's body orientation.

Background: Interest in occupational lung cancer among large-scale meal service workers has increased, yet evidence from high time-resolution, multi-location monitoring in real kitchens remains limited. Methods: We conducted a 3-day real-time monitoring study (1-min interval) in a university cafeteria kitchen, measuring PM2.5 (㎍/m³), formaldehyde (mg/m³), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs; mg/m³) at five locations: serving area, pot area, griddle, dining hall (~10 m from the nearest serving line), and outdoor air as a reference. Missing values were treated as device-related non-collection and excluded from analyses. Results: Across the study period, kitchen locations showed consistently higher concentrations than outdoor air, with pronounced episodic peaks. The serving area exhibited the highest PM2.5 burden (mean 29.4 ㎍/m³; max 585 ㎍/m³). Formaldehyde and TVOCs were also elevated in cooking zones (e.g., griddle formaldehyde max 2.0 mg/m³; TVOCs max 2.7 mg/m³). Notably, the dining hall showed non-negligible levels and intermittent peaks (TVOCs max 2.32 mg/m³), suggesting potential transport/leakage of cooking-related pollutants to adjacent eating spaces under certain ventilation and airflow conditions. Conclusions: High-resolution multi-point monitoring revealed repeated short-term high-exposure events and spatial gradients within a university kitchen, with measurable signals in the dining hall. Synchronizing cooking task logs and ventilation/door status with pollutant time series is warranted to identify drivers of peak events and to evaluate controls aimed at minimizing kitchen-to-hall transport.

With the advancement of autonomous driving technology, the adoption of Level 4 or higher autonomous driving systems in heavy commercial vehicles has been actively investigated. In particular, large buses require the integration of multiple high-precision sensors due to their long body length and extensive blind spots. As a result, a heterogeneous in-vehicle communication network combining automotive Ethernet for high-bandwidth data transmission with CAN and CAN FD for highly reliable control communication is essential. However, the structural differences among these communication protocols, particularly in terms of payload capacity and ransmission mechanisms, can lead to computational delays and memory overload during data fusion, thereby posing a serious challenge to the real-time control requirement of autonomous vehicles within 10 ms. To address these issues, this paper proposes and experimentally validates a protocol conversion procedure optimized for heterogeneous communication among Ethernet, CAN, and CAN FD in a large bus environment. A three-stage conversion rule consisting of identification, conversion, and transmission is defined to minimize communication latency. In addition, a memory-clearing technique is applied to optimize the software and prevent data distortion that may occur when multiple protocol conversions are executed within a single electronic control unit. Hardware-based performance evaluation demonstrates that the proposed protocol conversion process requires between 38.2 ㎲ and 66.4 ㎲ across all protocol combinations, which satisfies the real-time requirements of autonomous driving control. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively alleviate bottlenecks in heterogeneous in-vehicle networks and ensure the integrity of control data in autonomous driving platforms that generate large volumes of data. This study therefore provides practical design guidelines for implementing reliable and efficient communication architectures in large autonomous buses.

LPG filters installed in the LPG Fuel Supply System (LFSS) play a critical role in protecting downstream components by removing contaminants from the fuel supply line. Under low-flow operating conditions, pressure drop variations caused by progressive clogging often remain insignificant across a wide range of clogging ratios, making early detection challenging. In this study, the clogging behavior of an LPG filter was numerically investigated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. The filter element was modeled as a porous medium based on the Darcy-Forchheimer formulation, and the inlet volumetric flow rate was kept constant at 1.63 m³/h to represent typical LFSS operating conditions. The clogging ratio was gradually increased from 0% to 80%, and the corresponding pressure drop characteristics were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the pressure drop increases nonlinearly, showing a sharp escalation as it approaches the critical region between 60% and 70% clogging. These findings provide numerical insights into the pressure response of LPG filters and contribute to establishing practical maintenance criteria based on the identified critical clogging thresholds.

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and the growing complexity of modern power systems have introduced significant uncertainty and congestion in transmission networks. Traditional AC transmission systems passively distribute power flows according to network impedance, which often results in localized line overloads under variable operating conditions. Voltage Source Converter based High Voltage Direct Current (VSC-HVDC) systems provide a flexible solution for actively controlling power flows within AC networks. This paper proposes a control strategy for embedded HV DC systems based on sensitivity analysis using the Power Transfer Distribution Factor (PTDF). The sensitivity of AC transmission lines to HV DC active power control is evaluated using PTDF differences between the converter terminals. Based on the calculated sensitivity, the HVDC active power setpoint is adjusted to relieve transmission line overloads in neighboring AC systems. Furthermore, a methodology for identifying critical AC lines affected by HVDC operation is presented to reduce monitoring burden. The proposed strategy is validated using a modified IEEE 39-bus system. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed PTDF-based control approach effectively mitigates line overloads and enhances the operational flexibility of AC transmission networks. The methodology provides a computationally efficient and practical solution for real-time HVDC operation in meshed power systems.

This study aimed to examine the level of professional self-concept among healthcare-related college students and to identify factors influencing it. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted with 183 healthcare-related college students from universities located in the Gyeongnam region. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 29.0, including descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the mean score of professional self-concept was 3.84 out of 5, indicating a moderately positive level. Among the items, "I will fulfill the responsibilities assigned to me after choosing my profession" showed the highest score (M = 4.19). In the univariate analysis, significant differences in professional self-concept were found according to gender (p < .05) and academic major (p < .01), with students in biomedical and health sciences demonstrating higher levels than those in companion animal science. In the multiple regression analysis, the overall model was statistically significant (F = 4.048, p < .05); however, the explanatory power was relatively low (Adjusted R² = .105). Academic major (𝛽 = -.371, p = .001) and year of study (𝛽 = -.327, p = .007) were identified as significant variables, although caution is needed in interpreting the direction of these effects. In conclusion, professional self-concept among healthcare-related college students tends to vary according to academic major and educational experience. These findings suggest the need for future studies incorporating a broader range of variables and more refined analytical approaches.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cervical stabilization exercise using visual biofeedback on neck pain, muscle strength, and muscle tone in college students with turtle neck syndrome. 20 students with turtle neck syndrome underwent 50 minute, three times a week exercise for four weeks. Results showed that after visual biofeedback exercise, neck pain was significantly reduced, muscle tone and stiffness in the suboccipital muscles were significantly reduced and muscle strength in the sternocleidomastoid muscle was significantly increased. In summary, biofeedback-assisted cervical stabilization exercise appears to reduce pain by increasing sternocleidomastoid muscle strength, decreasing suboccipital muscle tone, and improving cervical muscle function. Cervical stabilization exercise using visual biofeedback can be suggested as a potential intervention for improving neck pain and dysfunction.