In this study, thin Al₂O₃ coating layers with controlled thickness were successfully formed on LiCoO₂ (LCO) cathodes through a sol-gel process using boehmite (γ-AlOOH) as the precursor. The coating thickness was optimized by adjusting the sol concentration to 6 and 10 g⋅L^-1, and its effect on the high-voltage (4.6 V) cycling stability of LCO was evaluated. XRD and XPS confirmed the formation of a very thin surface layer of Al₂O₃, with the average coating thickness increasing from~0.7 nm for LCO-6Al to~1.7 nm for LCO-10Al as the sol concentration increased. Electrochemical tests conducted in the 3.0-4.6 V range demonstrated that the moderately coated LCO-6Al sample exhibited slightly higher discharge capacities compared to pristine LCO across the 0.1-5 C range. In long-term cycling at 4.6 V and 1 C, capacity retention after 250 cycles improved from 78.12% for LCO to 88.99% for LCO-6Al and 80.87% for LCO-10Al. These findings indicate that nanometer-scale Al₂O₃ coating significantly enhances the high-voltage durability of LCO, with the 6 g⋅L^-1 condition providing the optimal balance between interfacial stabilization and Li⁺ transport. Overall, a simple sol-gel derived Al₂O₃ surface coating is shown to be an effective and practical approach to improve the high-voltage stability and long-term durability of LiCoO₂.

This paper addresses the fault vulnerability of EtherCAT networks used in high-performance industrial automation and power-converter systems. Although EtherCAT achieves excellent real-time performance through on-the-fly frame processing, a single cable or slave-port failure in a daisy-chain topology can interrupt the entire communication cycle. Conventional dual-ring redundancy offers an alternative path but requires the master to recalculate the logical slave order and reconfigure routes, resulting in several lost cycles after a fault. To overcome this limitation, propose a fast-recovery method that precomputes network delay and topology information for all fault cases and stores them in a lookup table (LUT). When a failure occurs, the master immediately loads the corresponding LUT entry without recalculation, minimizing recovery time. Experimental results using an AM5728 master and ET1100 slaves show that the proposed method maintains distributed clock synchronization and restores stable operation within two cycles. This approach enhances reliability for EtherCAT-based industrial control systems.

The public facilities and streetscape surrounding Daecheon Station are aging and in dire condition. Therefore, improving public design is crucial for the revitalization of the area. Therefore, this study aims to provide practical improvements to public design in aging station areas by applying public design evaluation criteria. This approach provides basic data for effective improvements in station area public design. The results of this study are as follows: First, the target station area was divided into plazas and streetscapes. Problems were identified and public design improvement measures were proposed. Second, for the plaza area, design improvements were proposed for the central plaza, plaza connecting walkways, benches, and pergolas. For the streetscape area, improvements were proposed for bridges, pedestrian paths, and landscaping. Third, a detailed design plan was developed based on seven public design evaluation criteria: accessibility, functionality, local identity, aesthetics, publicness, sustainability, and communication. Fourth, the public design evaluation criteria applied to detailed design plans were most frequently in the following order: accessibility, functionality and regional identity, aesthetics, publicness and sustainability, and communication. This study is significant in that it can identify public design evaluation criteria applicable to the development of aging station areas and provides practical design strategies for specific public design improvements targeting these areas.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of compositional variations on the adhesive strength and physical properties of commercially available denture adhesives and experimentally formulated denture adhesive materials in accordance with ISO 10873. Four commercially available denture adhesives (Staydent, Polident, Fittydent, and Cushion Correct) were used as control groups, while experimental groups were prepared with different weight ratios of poly(vinyl methyl ether/maleic acid) (PVM/MA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), petrolatum, and mineral oil. Adhesive strength tests were conducted using a universal testing machine according to ISO 10873 and the Korean medical device standards. In addition, expansion behavior and dimensional stability were evaluated under artificial saliva conditions to simulate the oral environment. The results demonstrated that an experimental formulation with an optimized composition exhibited adhesive strength comparable to that of commercial denture adhesives, with no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). In contrast, experimental groups with reduced hydrophobic component content showed decreased adhesive strength and non-uniform setting behavior. These findings indicate that the adhesive performance and physical properties of denture adhesives are highly dependent on their compositional ratios, particularly the proportion of hydrophobic components. The results of this study provide fundamental design data for the development of domestically manufactured denture adhesives with clinically acceptable performance.

This study analyzes the performance of elevator power conversion systems (converters and inverters) using Digital Twin technology, with a comparative focus on silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon (Si) devices. Accelerated testing under real-world operating conditions and Psim simulations were conducted to quantitatively evaluate power loss, thermal characteristics, and junction temperature rise patterns. Results show that SiC-based devices exhibit approximately 27-29% lower power loss compared to Si-based devices, along with significantly reduced junction temperature rise, demonstrating superior thermal management capabilities. These advantages contribute to reduced cooling system costs and extended device lifespan. In addition, the potential integration of photovoltaic (PV) power generation was examined, proposing energy storage and management strategies to address the time mismatch between peak elevator demand and PV output. This research confirms the practical benefits of applying SiC devices and Digital Twin-based maintenance strategies in smart building energy management and high-efficiency elevator design.

The increasing use of lightweight metals and the expansion of circular-economy practices have intensified recycling processes for magnesium (Mg) and aluminum (Al), accompanied by a rise in fires and explosions involving combustible metal powders, scraps, and dross. Although self-heating is recognized as an independent physical hazard under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), it is not explicitly classified in the Korean Hazardous Materials Safety Control Act, leaving metallic self-heating hazards insufficiently regulated. This study investigates self-heating hazards associated with combustible metals through a review of GHS criteria, UN Test N.4, relevant Korean regulations, and the physical and chemical properties of magnesium and aluminum. Representative domestic and international fire cases are examined to clarify ignition mechanisms. Particular attention is given to the roles of oxide films, reactions with moisture, and storage conditions in heat accumulation and ignition of Mg/Al and their dross. The analysis shows that material-based GHS criteria have limitations in capturing the actual fire risks of heterogeneous recycling by-products such as dross. To address these limitations, system-oriented concepts of "metallic self-heating" and "potential self-heating" are proposed, integrating material properties with environmental and operational conditions. The findings provide a conceptual basis for improving hazard.

This study is a descriptive research study to identify the influencing factors of patient safety competence by identifying the relationship between nursing professionalism, moral sensitivity, and patient safety competence of nursing college students, and 179 subjects were conveniently sampled. Data analysis was performed by t-test, Scheffe test, and ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation and SPSS WIN 25.0 program. In the correlation between the subjects' nursing professionalism, moral sensitivity, and patient safety competence, the subjects' patient safety competence showed a significant positive correlation with nursing professionalism(r=.43, p<.001), moral sensitivity(r=.34, p<.001) were also positively correlated. Factors influencing the subjects' patient safety competence were nursing professionalism (β=.29, p<.001), moral sensitivity (β=.23, p=.001), Grade Level (β=-.22, p=.001), major satisfaction level(-.19, p=.004) followed by explanatory power of 28.6%. Based on these variables, it is actively recommended to develop strategies to increase the patient safety competency of nursing students, and the necessity of systematic education to increase the nursing professionalism of nursing students was emphasized. This study contributes to enhancing the patient safety competency of nursing students and is meaningful as a basis for cultivating basic competencies as nursing experts in the future.

Cryogenic valves, which are also used for LNG and offshore gas industry plants, are currently being partially developed domestically. However, it is technically difficult to apply them commonly to valves with various types and characteristics. Therefore, the necessity for developing valves with a Double Block & Bleed structure that can be used in cryogenic conditions and LNG-FPSO is being emphasized. This study aimed to secure basic design data based on fundamental research for the technology development of Double Block & Bleed applicable to transfer and storage systems for cryogenic liquid systems that can be used at ultra-low temperatures, including LNG, liquefied hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia. Through flow analysis of the DBB valve, it was found that in terms of pressure distribution, there are no elements obstructing fluid flow, so stagnation points do not occur, and pressure drops toward the outlet side. Regarding temperature distribution, it was observed that the bleed valve has a relatively higher temperature compared to the main flow path because relatively less fluid flows through it. Additionally, regarding the analysis in boundary conditions, the velocity distribution shows that the velocity in the flow path leading to the bleed valve is relatively larger than the velocity in the main flow path, making it appear as if there is no internal flow velocity. However, it was found that water with a flow velocity of approximately 10 m/s flows.

The rapid expansion of electric vehicles is increasing demand for high-strength, high-precision forming technology for cylindrical secondary battery cans. Although electro-nickel-plated steel (NiSA) offers excellent electrochemical performance and corrosion resistance, its high ductility and thin gauge require a carefully designed deep drawing process. This study investigates the forming behaviour of cylindrical EV battery cans made from NiSA sheet metal. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to characterize the mechanical properties of NiSA, confirming its relatively high strength level combined with excellent ductility, which is suitable for deep drawing. Based on these results, a seven-stage deep drawing process was designed and simulated using ABAQUS/Explicit for a 2170 cylindrical battery can. The simulation results were validated using geometrical measurements of trial cans, with a focus on thickness distribution and bottom flatness. The thickness deviation in the experiments and simulations met the development target of ±0.08 mm, with the bottom flatness and corner radius also remaining within the specified tolerances. The proposed methodology, which integrates material characterisation, multi-stage deep drawing design and numerical-experimental correlation, provides practical design guidelines for reliably forming EV battery cans using NiSA.

This study aims to evaluate the spatial accuracy and practical applicability of drone-based photogrammetry using only RGB sensor data, without relying on LiDAR or other additional sensors. The collected images were processed with Pix4D Mapper to generate orthophotos, digital surface models (DSM), and 3D point clouds. The analysis results indicate that the root mean square error (RMSE) for the check points was 0.032 m in the horizontal direction and 0.052 m in elevation, satisfying the tolerance of a 1:1,000-scale digital topographic map. The boundary accuracy of the orthophoto-derived site map showed an RMSE of 0.089 m, and the structural edge analysis yielded 0.059 m in planimetric accuracy and 0.078 m in elevation accuracy. Although DSM-based cross sections had limitations in identifying small roadside features, such as curbstones, the road width RMSE was approximately 0.15 m, which is sufficient for construction management purposes. Consequently, the findings demonstrate that RGB photogrammetry can independently provide reliable planar accuracy and visually accurate data for monitoring and managing construction sites. The results suggest that RGB drone imagery is an effective and economical tool for generating spatial information and performing on-site management tasks without the need for LiDAR sensors.

This study was to identify the degree of patient safety management behaviors and examine the effects of perceived importance of patient safety, confidence in patient safety performance, and attitudes toward patient safety on their safety management behaviors. A total of 115 nursing students were analyzed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS WIN 25.0, including descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Confidence in patient safety performance was identified as the most significant predictor of safety management behavior. The tendency to be forgetful and satisfaction with clinical practice were found to have effects. Although the perceived importance of patient safety and attitude were positively correlated with safety behaviors, they were not direct influencing factors. The explanatory power of the model was 37.7%. To enhance nursing students' patient safety management behaviors, educational strategies should focus not only on imparting knowledge and attitudes but also on strengthening confidence and experiential learning related to patient safety. Educational interventions that consider students' cognitive traits and clinical learning experiences are recommended.

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and the intensification of labor shortages, the importance of industrial automation is increasing. Although the deployment of industrial robots has reached world-leading levels, the lack of interoperability between multi-vendor robots remains a structural challenge. This study proposes a technical development for integrated control of multi-robot systems based on a Task Description Language (TDL) to address the semantic and syntactic discrepancies between different robotic languages. The proposed system utilizes TDL as a neutral intermediate representation layer to absorb differences in grammar and command structures across manufacturers. To achieve high conversion accuracy, a hybrid pipeline combining a Large Language Model (LLM), Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), and domain-specific fine-tuning was implemented. Specifically, the Qwen-2.5-Coder-1.5B model was selected as the base for its efficiency in fine-tuning speed, cost, and language comprehension. The system incorporates a dual-structure data architecture, utilizing a Vector DB for semantic search and an automated JSONL-based training set generation process. Experimental results in a lab-scale environment demonstrated a 100% conversion success rate over 30 trials, confirming that the hybrid approach provides superior consistency and semantic stability compared to single-model methods. This study validates the technical feasibility and structural validity of TDL-based intermediate representation in overcoming the non-standardized nature of industrial robots. Future research will focus on expanding the dataset for various manufacturers and enhancing quantitative performance through automated prompt engineering.

The use of robots in automated factories requires accurate bin-picking to ensure that objects are correctly identified and selected. For automation using various industrial robots, recognition of object attitude and position is very important. Two dimensional image processing with the CCD camera has entered use for simple shape objects or objects which are arranged in a plane or regularly. To extend the application area, recognition of three-dimensional shapes is necessary. Therefore, we have developed a bin picking system which recognizes the position and attitude of the individual object from disorderly piled objects, through three-dimensional object recognition technology approaches using the geometric matching method between the measurement result of the range sensor and the 3D-CAD model. This paper describes the above development.

This study presents an analytical evaluation of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for waste heat recovery from fishing vessel. Maximum output efficiency and maximum conversion efficiency were derived using thermoelectric heat-flow and electrical models. Both efficiencies decrease with higher temperature ratios but increase with the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT). Regression analysis produced non-dimensional correlations, each showing accuracy within ±3% over the applicable ranges The difference between maximum power and conversion efficiencies was found to originate from temperature-induced increases in electrical resistance. Applying the model to typical fishing vessel exhaust and coolant conditions demonstrates that commercial TEG modules can operate within these ranges. The correlations provide a concise predictive framework for designing practical marine thermoelectric waste heat recovery systems.

This study experimentally investigated the temperature distribution, heat transfer characteristics, and power generation performance of thermoelectric elements to evaluate a thermoelectric generation system that utilizes fishing-boat exhaust gas as the heat source and fishing-vessel brine (low-temperature water) as the cooling source. Analytical and numerical methods were employed to verify the experimental findings. The temperature variation, temperature difference, convective heat transfer coefficient, and electrical output were measured on both sides of the thermoelectric element by varying the high-temperature air velocity (1.0-3.0 m/s) and the mass flow rate of the low-temperature coolant (10℃, 20℃, and 30℃). In addition, one-dimensional heat-transfer equations and two-dimensional finite-difference-method(FDM) simulations were conducted and compared with the experimental results. The experimental results showed that the thermoelectric power generation performance was highest at a high-temperature air velocity of 1.5 m/s, and the temperature difference across the thermoelectric element increased with increasing mass flow rate of the low-temperature fluid. The numerical results agreed with the experimental data within ±0.8-9.1%, confirming the reliability of the proposed model. This study demonstrates the practical feasibility of recovering waste heat from fishing-boat exhaust gas for thermoelectric power generation and identifies key design considerations for implementing such a system.

This descriptive study aimed to examine the relationship among nursing information utilization competency, self-directed learning, and clinical performance among nursing students. The study subjects were 141 fourth-year nursing students enrolled in a nursing college in City C, Province K, using a convenience sample. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 25.0 for real numbers and percentages, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that nursing information utilization competency was 3.83±0.21 points (1-5 points), self-directed learning competency was 3.81±0.41 points (1-5 points), and clinical performance competency was 3.96±0.44 points (1-5 points), demonstrating a positive correlation between the variables. The model, which analyzed the influence of nursing students' self-directed learning and clinical performance competencies on nursing information utilization competency, explanatory power was 62.6%. The factors nursing information utilization competency were self-directed learning competency (𝛽=.335) and clinical performance competency (𝛽=.248), in that order. This finding is significant in that it suggests that nursing information utilization competency in nursing students can be a useful method for improving self-directed learning and clinical performance competencies. Through this, it is thought necessary to develop an educational program that can improve the nursing information utilization capabilities of nursing students so that they can select and utilize various information.

This paper focuses on the design and implementation of a kW-class standalone power system in which a PEMFC serves as the main source and a b attery and PV array act as auxiliary sources. The proposed system consists of a unidirectional DC/DC converter for the PEMFC, a bidirectional DC/DC converter for the battery, a PV MPPT converter, a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) DC/DC converter, and a three-level NPC inverter, all integrated on a single DC-link. The electrical and dynamic characteristics of the PEMFC stack are modeled in Matlab, and PSIM simulations are carried out for four representative operating modes, namely battery-only, PEMFC-battery parallel, PV-assisted, and no-load operation, to analyze power flow and control performance. A kW-class prototype is built and tested under 5 kW battery-only operation, hybrid PEMFC-battery operation, and PV-assisted operation; the measured results show a maximum conversion efficiency of ab out 92% and an almost unity power factor. Unlike previous works that treat PEMFC-SCB or battery-PV systems separately or focus mainly on simulation, this study experimentally verifies a single DC-link standalone system integrating PEMFC, battery, and PV, and evaluates system-level power sharing and dynamic behavior across multiple operating modes.

This study analyzes the failure mechanisms and predicts the reliability life of springs, a critical component of relief valves that ensures the safety of hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Through Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), fatigue failure of the spring was identified as a dominant factor affecting system reliability. To establish realistic test conditions, poppet displacement was simulated using AMESIM, which revealed a maximum displacement of approximately 10 mm under maximum cracking pressure.Repetitive compression tests were conducted on ten spring samples. While no significant degradation in the spring constant was observed during the cycles, nine samples eventually reached fatigue failure. The failure data were analyzed using the Weibull distribution and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), resulting in a shape parameter (𝛽) of 7.52 and a scale parameter (𝜂) of 3,235,093 cycles. Furthermore, the Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) and B10 life were determined to be 3,037,482 and 2,399,125 cycles, respectively. These results provide an objective reliability benchmark for optimizing relief valve designs and establishing maintenance intervals, particularly for high-pressure hydrogen energy systems.

This paper presents the development of a real-time monitoring and diagnosis system for electric vehicle (EV) batteries using Digital Twin technology, aiming at fire prevention and health estimation. Unlike conventional BMS-based diagnostics that are limited by manufacturer-specific restrictions, the proposed system collects external sensor data-including voltage, current, and temperature-in real-time and utilizes electrochemical modeling to estimate internal battery states such as SOC, SOH, and internal resistance. The implemented system integrates real-time diagnostic algorithms, fault prediction, a mobile app-based alert interface, wireless communication (WiFi/BLE), and regulatory certifications (KC, EMC). Field validation results confirmed a SOC accuracy of ±2.1%, diagnostic time within 4 minutes and 48 seconds, temperature accuracy of ±1.5℃, and fault detection sensitivity over 90%. The system demonstrates high applicability in public EV chargers, underground parking lots, and ESS infrastructures without relying on BMS data, making it a versatile and scalable safety solution.

This Study investigates consumer acceptance of marine bio-cosmetics combining pollock skin collagen and deep sea water by integrating perceived value theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A survey of 500 South Korean consumers was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results showed that perceived value significantly influenced all TPB components (product attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control). However, only subjective norms and perceive behavioral control significantly affected consumer acceptance, while product attitude showed no significant effect. Emotional value was most influential on attitude and subjective norms, while innovative value strongly impacted perceived behavioral control. Mediation analysis confirmed that subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, but mediated the relationship between perceived value and acceptance. These findings reveal that for innovative marine bio-cosmetics, social approval and perceived control are more critical than personal attitude in driving consumer acceptance. Marketers should emphasize emotional and innovative values through storytelling, activate social norms via influencer marketing, and enhance accessibility through multi-channel distribution. This study contributes by demonstrating how TPB components function differently for unfamiliar products and operationalizing acceptance as a multidimensional construct in the sustainable beauty contexts.

This study is a study to identify the link between youth drinking and suicidal thoughts through youth health behavior, and it used the original data of the 20th Youth Health Behavior Online Survey in 2024. The composition of the questionnaire consisted of five general characteristics, six health forms and emotional characteristics. The statistical program SPSS24 .0 was used as the result data processing method. The factors that affect suicidal thoughts are gender, grade, economic status, drinking, smoking, and normal stress during the past 12 months. The experience of despair, the experience of loneliness over the past 12 months, was able to confirm statistically meaningful differences (p<.01). In particular, it was found that the higher the drinking, the higher the suicidal thoughts. In particular, it was found that the higher the drinking, the higher the suicidal thoughts. Through the results of this study, we would like to come up with a plan to reduce the suicide problem caused by adolescents' drinking experience by identifying the link between adolescents' drinking and suicidal thoughts.

Although the fire service organization in Korea has achieved structural and institutional improvements through initiatives such as the transition to a national civil service system, the level of organizational trust perceived by firefighters remains relatively low. Diminished organizational trust can undermine morale and weaken cooperation among personnel, potentially impairing performance during emergency and disaster response operations. This study aimed to examine the level of organizational trust among firefighters and to analyze differences according to general characteristics. A descriptive survey design was employed, and data were collected from firefighters nationwide between January 1 and May 31, 2025. The questionnaire consisted of eight items on general characteristics and nine items measuring organizational trust. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Reliability analysis indicated high internal consistency for the organizational trust scale (Cronbach's α = .932), exceeding the acceptable threshold. The results showed that the overall level of organizational trust among firefighters was 2.96 out of 5, indicating a moderate-to-low level. Significant differences in organizational trust were observed according to years of service, job position, and recruitment pathway. These findings suggest that individual occupational characteristics and career-related factors play an important role in shaping organizational trust within fire service organizations. This study provides empirical evidence on organizational trust among firefighters and offers foundational data to support strategies aimed at restoring organizational trust, strengthening organizational cohesion, improving public perception, and ultimately enhancing on-site disaster response capabilities.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the level of awareness and attitudes toward Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) orders among healthcare students and to analyze differences in attitudes according to personal and educational characteristics, thereby providing foundational data for improving healthcare education curricula. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional survey design using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from 183 healthcare students. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0, including frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: Most participants showed a positive perception regarding the need for DNR education, and overall attitudes toward DNR were at a moderate to high level. Statistically significant differences in DNR attitudes were observed according to year of study and academic major. In addition, a significant positive correlation was identified between the level of DNR awareness and attitudes toward DNR. Conclusion: The attitudes of healthcare students toward DNR were closely associated with their educational experiences and academic disciplines. These findings highlight the need for the introduction of systematic DNR-related education and the development of tailored educational strategies that consider discipline-specific characteristics.

This study aimed to analyze the CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) performance confidence of health-related university students and propose educational strategies to enhance it. The survey results showed that the average CPR performance confidence score was 3.49 out of 5. Specifically, the item "I can call 119 when the patient is unconscious" had a high confidence score (M=4.58), while the item "I can reassess or reevaluate in a cardiac arrest situation" had a low confidence score (M=3.17). Age differences were statistically significant, with 20-year-olds having an M=3.66 and 25-year-olds having an M=4.28 (p<.01). By major, students in the Department of Emergency Medical & Rescue Technology showed the highest confidence (M=4.14), and by academic year, sophomores had the highest average confidence (M=4.11) (p<.01). Regression analysis revealed that the major had the most significant impact on CPR performance confidence, with students in the Department of Emergency Medical & Rescue Technology showing higher confidence than students from other majors (𝛽=-0.520, p<.01). The study concludes that practice-oriented education plays a crucial role in enhancing CPR performance confidence. This study suggests that practice-based education can improve CPR performance confidence, and future research should evaluate CPR performance in real emergency situations to further review educational improvements.

This study aimed to examine the level of stress coping methods among health science college students and to identify differences according to general characteristics as well as factors influencing stress coping methods. This survey-based cross-sectional study included 183 health science students enrolled at universities located in the Gyeongnam region. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 29.0. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) were calculated, and group differences were examined using t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Duncan's test applied for post hoc comparisons. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors influencing stress coping methods. The overall mean score for stress coping methods was 2.59 out of 5, indicating a level between "disagree" and "neutral." Among the items, "I deal with my stress on my own" showed the highest mean score (M=3.95), whereas "When I feel stressed, I do not come to school" showed the lowest mean score (M=1.96). Significant differences in stress coping methods were observed according to gender, with female students (M=2.65) scoring higher than male students (M=2.43) (F=6.427, p<.05). Significant differences were also found among academic majors (p<.01), and post hoc analysis revealed that students majoring in companion animal science had higher stress coping scores than those in other majors. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the regression model was statistically significant (F=2.404, p<.05), with an adjusted R² of 0.051. Gender and academic major were identified as significant factors influencing stress coping methods. These findings indicate that health science college students demonstrate a relatively low level of stress coping methods overall, with variations according to individual and academic characteristics. The results of this study provide foundational data for the development of stress management education programs and tailored support strategies for health science college students.

This study aimed to examine the level of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance ability among health-related college students and to identify factors influencing their performance. A descriptive survey design was employed, and data were collected from 183 health-related college students in the Gyeongnam region using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0, including descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's post hoc test, and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the overall mean score for CPR performance ability was 3.71 out of 5, indicating an above-average level. Significant differences in CPR performance ability were found according to gender (F=6.00, p<.05), age (p<.01), department (p<.01), and year of study (F=11.39, p<.01). In particular, students in the Department of Emergency Medical and Rescue Technology (M=4.23) and sophomores (M=4.13) demonstrated higher levels of performance ability. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the model was statistically significant (F=12.28, p<.01), with an adjusted R² of .303, and department was identified as a significant factor influencing CPR performance ability (β=-.557, p=.001). These findings suggest the need for systematic and practice-oriented CPR education programs tailored to the characteristics of each department to enhance CPR performance ability among health-related college students.

In this study, we proposed a new approach to real time autonomous driving control of mobile robot based voice command for self manufacturing. The main content of this research is the realization of real-time autonomous driving control through obstacle recognition and avoidance along the desired driving path of a mobile robot in a narrow environment by voice command. The reliability of the mobile robot's driving control performance was verified through repeated performance experiments with various voices in manufacturing process. It has been illustrated the potential of autonomous manufacturing by verifying the performance of the real-time autonomous driving even in narrow manufacturing processe.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on psychosocial health, difficulties in emotion regulation, and self-efficacy among adults. A total of 30 adults were assigned to an experimental or a control group, with 14 participants in the experimental group and 13 in the control group included in the final analysis. The experimental group participated in an eight-session MBSR program delivered once weekly. Psychosocial well-being, difficulties in emotion regulation and self-efficacy were assessed at pretest and posttest. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that self-efficacy was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. In contrast, no statistically significant group differences were observed in psychosocial well-being and difficulties in emotion regulation. These results indicate that the MBSR program may be effective in enhancing self-efficacy among adults; however, longer-term or more intensive interventions may be required to produce significant improvements in psychosocial well-being and difficulties in emotion regulation.

Powertrain systems employing a two-motor and two-speed transmission (2M2S) for electric vehicles (EVs) offer superior energy efficiency and dynamic performance. Since the electric efficiency, which is an integrated efficiency of the motor and inverter, directly affects EV efficiency, this study presents a method for analyzing the efficiency of both motor and inverter. To optimize the 2M2S powertrain system, an EV simulation model including the 2M2S system is constructed to analyze EV efficiency. An optimal design problem is formulated by considering the design variables of the motor (stack length and coil turns) and the transmission (gear ratios), as well as dynamic constraints, to enhance energy efficiency. The two cases of optimization are conducted by considering motor efficiency only (case 1) and integrated efficiency (case 2). A comparison of EV efficiency results for two cases shows the superiority of the optimum design solution, considering the integrated motor and inverter efficiency.