In this paper, a problem-solving method and interpretation process for improving the speed of ships using the SLP (Smart Little People) method were presented. The process of modeling contradictory situations in the proposed ship, finding a solution, and deriving an applicable solution was presented. The origin of the predisposition model method used in the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) and the application process of the predisposition model method were explained. In addition, based on the small human model proposed by Dr. Altshuller, the improved small human model and application techniques were presented. Here, the use of the proposed postmark model technique to minimize the ship's maritime hull resistance is presented, limiting the contradictory situation in which large ship capacity and high speed must be satisfied at the same time. By exploring potential solutions using postmark models and interpreting the results by considering the systems to be analyzed and the technical problems specified, we verified that the proposed method can be used as an innovative tool to solve engineering solutions.

In this paper, we introduce domestic development trends in digital conversion technology. These advancements aim to address the decline in skilled design personnel by enhancing design quality and overall productivity in the marine field. This research and development consists of the following four topics: First, we are developing a system to systematically integrate structured and unstructured data into a cohesive knowledge base. Second, a system is being developed to perform automated design by verifying the consistency of designed drawings. Third, a digital collaboration platform is currently under development. Its goal is to enhance the design process by enabling real-time communication and promptly incorporating improvements among engineering teams and partner companies. Finally, we are working on a system for automating ship outfitting design processes by leveraging advanced digital technologies. This research aims to strengthen industry competitiveness by enhancing technological autonomy, improving quality, and supporting the sustainable growth of Korea's shipbuilding industry.

Modern society is a society that is diverse, has diverse occupations, and is specialized in each field. This is a result of industrial development and economic growth, so it is a society that is difficult to meet the diverse needs of the people. In particular, in terms of public security needs, we were completely dependent on public institutions in the past, but there are limits to meeting the needs of the people. In order to meet these needs of the people, the introduction of a licensed detective system is being considered, but although the introduction has been discussed in the previous National Assembly for over 20 years, it has not been introduced yet. Therefore, this study examined whether to introduce a licensed detective system and studied how far its scope of work should be extended when introduced. First, regarding whether to introduce it, we listed the necessity of introduction and discussed the issues that would be controversial when introducing it, such as review of the management and supervision department and regulatory measures to prevent invasion of privacy, and as a result, we argued that introduction is necessary. Afterwards, we examined how far the scope of work should be set, as the violation of the basic rights of the people would be an issue if it were introduced. It was determined that clear legislation was necessary. The limitations of this study are that it may seem that the actual situation is inadequate because it is a literature review, and we hope that follow-up research will supplement this.

Recently, in Korea's food culture, interest in desserts has increased and related industries are developing, so we would like to use lotus root to manufacture sediment and analyze its physicochemical properties to confirm its potential as a material for desserts. As a result of analyzing the yield, it was found that the higher the lotus root content, the lower the yield. As the content of lotus root increased, the pH was found to be significantly lower (0%; 6.21 < 50%; 5.88 <100%; 5.22), and the sugar content was also found to be significantly lower in sediment to which only lotus root was added than to sediment to which only white kidney beans were added (0%; 13.60 °Brix > 50%; 12.21 °Brix >100%; 1.82 °Brix). The results of browning analysis of lotus root added sediment showed that the higher the lotus root content, the more browning occurred. As a result of analyzing the total phenol (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC), which are representative components with antioxidant activity, both indicators showed higher values in 100% lotus root-added sediment compared to white kidney bean sediment, and significant levels were confirmed. Therefore, as a result of this study, when producing bean paste using lotus root, the antioxidant contents (TPC and TFC) were high and the sugar content was low, confirming its functionality as a dessert auxiliary ingredient.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of jigsaw cooperative learning on the self-directed learning ability, academic self-efficacy, and critical thinking disposition of nursing students. Methods: A one-group, pre-post design was utilized with 136 nursing students as subjects. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and paired t-test using SPSS/WIN 23.0. Result: The results of the study revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the scores of self-directed learning from 3.57 before to 3.82 after the jigsaw cooperative learning (t=2.54, p=.012), academic self-efficacy from 3.43 before to 3.58 after the jigsaw cooperative learning (t=2.26, p=.027), and critical thinking disposition from 3.67 before to 3.94 after the jigsaw cooperative learning (t=4.34, p=.001). Jigsaw cooperative learning in adult nursing education was found to be an effective intervention for improving self-directed learning ability, academic self-efficacy, and critical thinking disposition. Conclusion: These findings indicate that jigsaw cooperation learning is an effective intervention for improving self-directed learning ability, academic self-efficacy, and critical thinking disposition in nursing education. Based on these research results, it is necessary to standardize educational programs that help to improve self-directed learning ability, academic self-efficacy, and critical thinking disposition by applying jigsaw cooperative learning to the entire nursing curriculum right from the beginning of nursing education.

This study presents a buckypaper-based electrochemical biosensor utilizing gold nanoparticle-decorated acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Au@a-MWCNTs) and copper oxide (CuO) for enhanced glucose detection. Acid treatment introduced carboxyl groups on the MWCNT surface, facilitating CuO nanoparticle deposition, while the presence of Au nanoparticles further improved the electrode's catalytic activity and conductivity. The biosensor incorporating 0.05 CuO/Au@a-MWCNTs exhibited a high sensitivity of 730.4 µA·mM^-1·cm^-2, which is significantly higher than that of conventional MWCNT-based electrodes. Moreover, it demonstrated a wide linear detection range and a low limit of detection (LoD) of 0.18 mM. The sensor also exhibited excellent selectivity, minimizing interference from lactose and sucrose while achieving a maximum current response of 7.3 mA toward glucose. These findings highlight the potential of Au@a-MWCNTs and CuO-based nanocomposites as highly efficient electrode materials for electrochemical glucose biosensors.

This research was conducted to evaluate user satisfaction with the Quality Management Automation System developed to improve quality management tasks at construction sites. To achieve this, satisfaction evaluation criteria presented in previous studies were modified to suit the characteristics of this research. A survey was conducted and analyzed with practitioners from civil engineering and architectural sites that adopted the system. The analysis revealed that "usefulness" received the highest satisfaction among all evaluation criteria, indicating that the system enhances the efficiency of quality management and inspection tasks while streamlining management records, performance reporting, and reducing document output. On the other hand, practitioners at civil engineering sites showed lower satisfaction with the "convenience and clarity" of report creation, automatic generation, and PDF export features compared to those at architectural sites. Nonetheless, the system received above-average scores across all evaluation criteria, suggesting a positive impact on practitioners overall. This research evaluates user satisfaction with the Quality Management Automation System using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and can serve as a foundational reference for future user evaluation research on various construction IT technologies.

Utilizing boil-off gas (BOG) from LNG tanks as fuel for ships enhances LNG storage efficiency and complies with environmental regulations. In LNG-fueled vessels, regasification processes are employed in the fuel gas supply system. This study simulated LNG heating using an ethylene glycol aqueous solution as a heat source with Aspen HYSYS. The flow rate of the ethylene glycol aqueous solution was calculated to match the energy required to heat LNG under varying engine load conditions. The flow rate range was determined by restricting the temperature drop of the ethylene glycol aqueous solution according to engine load. Based on these calculations, an appropriate performance curve and control coefficients for the ethylene glycol solution pump were derived to regulate the flow rate effectively.

This study analyzes the tensile properties of T700-12K Tow Yarn and T700-24K Tow Prepreg under various specimen preparation conditions. The tensile test results indicate that as the number of twists in Tow Yarn increases, fiber misalignment and localized stress concentration become more pronounced, leading to greater cross-sectional loss and a decrease in tensile strength conversion rate to 29-40%. Conversely, for Tow Prepreg, fixation methods significantly influenced strength retention, with clamp fixation achieving a higher tensile strength conversion rate (up to 108.26%) than tape fixation, ensuring more stable mechanical performance. The adhesive type (Adhesive vs. Adhesive Film) had minimal direct impact on tensile strength but introduced variability when uniform adhesion was not maintained during the bonding process. Additionally, a strong correlation between tensile strength conversion rate and cross-sectional loss was observed, with increasing cross-sectional degradation leading to a noticeable decline in tensile strength. This suggests that minimizing cross-sectional loss during specimen preparation can significantly enhance strength retention in carbon fiber composites. The findings of this study provide fundamental data for optimizing fabrication conditions and minimizing strength loss in the manufacturing and evaluation processes of carbon fiber-reinforced composites.

This study aims to analyze the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) spatial data generated from drone imagery using various methods and demonstrate the necessity of such analyses. High-precision coordinates of structures were obtained and compared with 3D data acquired from drones. Drone imagery was captured using DJI Inspire 2 and Phantom 4 Pro, with both vertical and oblique photography to enhance data quality. Ground control points (GCPs) were used to generate a 3D point cloud through image processing. Accuracy assessment was conducted using three methods: point, area, and volume analysis. The results showed that point accuracy had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.035 to 0.037 m in both horizontal and vertical coordinates. Area accuracy had a mean error of 0.305 to 0.347 m², with the highest error occurring on uneven surfaces. Volume analysis revealed an error range of 0.002 to 0.009 m³, with the largest differences observed in structures with roofs due to occlusion noise. This study emphasizes the importance of applying diverse accuracy evaluation methods beyond point-based assessments to ensure high-quality 3D spatial data. Future research should explore various targets and equipment for further accuracy improvements.

With the expansion of spatial information-based services, the need for map production and 3D spatial data acquisition using drone photogrammetry has increased. The accuracy of drone image-based photogrammetry has traditionally been analyzed using only ground control points. However, as precise 3D spatial information becomes essential for applications such as smart cities, BIM, and autonomous vehicles, a more detailed accuracy assessment is required. This study evaluates the accuracy of drone-based stereo plotting by incorporating both control points and real-world terrain and structures. Accuracy was analyzed by comparing field measurements with different mapping methods. The results showed that accuracy based on control points met the allowable error range for 1:1,000-scale topographic mapping as per the "Aerial Photogrammetry Work Regulations." However, accuracy analysis using structures revealed RMSE values of 0.179m in planimetry and 0.188m in elevation, exceeding the acceptable limits. Additionally, linear accuracy analysis showed RMSE values of 0.080m in planimetry and 0.104m in elevation, indicating that elevation differences in structures significantly impact mapping accuracy. Furthermore, drone movement-induced y-parallax was found to affect accuracy.

Recently, groundbreaking software that can utilize images acquired from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in various ways has been developed. As a result, many studies are being conducted to evaluate their applicability in various fields. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the accuracy of images acquired from low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) by extracting them using a simple drawing method. Therefore, this paper evaluates whether the extracted Cadastral boundaries can be applied to practice. We aimed to evaluate the usability of accuracy and boundary extraction. The experimental area was a residential area where various boundaries can be extracted from Cadastral, and drone-captured images were used to analyze the quantitative accuracy of the Cadastral boundaries extracted.

Purpose: This study attempts to identify how social support, self-esteem, and aging anxiety affect the quality of life of elderly. Methods: Totally, 170 elderly residing of six regions participated after being explained the purpose and procedure of the study. Data collection was conducted from June 1st to December 31th, 2023. Data were analyzed by applying descriptive statistics, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 23.0. Result: Considering general characteristics the quality of life in the elderly showed significant differences in age (F=6.537, p<.001), Education level (F=5.180, p<.001), Monthly allowance (F=4.802, p=.001), Economic state (F=4.935, p<.001), Chronic diseases (t=5.891, p<.001), and Subjective Health state (F=3.802, p=.006). The factors affecting elderly quality of life were as social support (β=.497, p<.001), self-esteem (β=.193, p=.003), and aging anxiety (β=-.147, p=.020) with 52.6% explanatory power (F=43.14 p<.001). Conclusion: Our results indicate that elderly experiencing low self-esteem, aging anxiety, and lack of social support have a lower quality of life. Hence, to improve the quality of life in the elderly, first, it is necessary to develop and expand educational and community programs that can strengthen the social support of the elderly. Second, customized counseling and support measures should be prepared to improve the self-esteem of the elderly. Third, a psychological intervention and emotional support system should be established to alleviate aging anxiety.

Recently, the demand for ultra-low carbon steel has increased and the RH degassing process has become crucial to meet stringent quality requirements and high productivity goals. In this study, we aimed to enhance the decarburization efficiency by widening the lower part of the RH degasser and changing the circulation gas flow rate (190Nm³/h, 230Nm³/h, 250Nm³/h). That is, there were evaluated the effects on decarburization time, carbon content, and mechanical properties according to the changing the variables of the RH degassing process. The improved RH degasser (IRH) exhibited a higher decarburization rate compared to the conventional RH degasser (CRH) at the same circulation gas flow rate of 190 Nm³/h, and the optimal circulation gas flow rate for the IRH was found to be 230 Nm³/h. The decarburization time to reach the target carbon content of 0.003wt.% in ultra-low carbon steel was 10.8 minutes by the IRH compared to 12.4 minutes of the CRH. IRH reduced by 1.6 minutes. There was no significant difference in inclusions between the CRH and IRH at circulation times of 3, 4, and 5 minutes, but the mechanical properties of the IRH were better at 4 and 5 minutes. Therefore, considering the economic aspect, 4 minutes was determined as the optimal time. Consequently, the improved lower part of the RH degasser increased productivity and reduced production costs.

Although manual welding by workers is still performed in general industries, international standards for product quality have recently been raised across the entire industry, and the use of automatic welding equipment is recommended. Welding in small spaces relies mostly on the welder's skills, and the poor working environment results in low productivity and a very high defect rate. To solve these problems, an automatic welding device that can be operated in a small space is needed. In particular, since there are many environments where it is difficult for people to access and weld directly, systems that can automatically weld are being developed. Therefore, in this study, we have developed an automatic welding system that can be operated in narrow spaces, welded the pipe materials, and evaluated the properties of the welded materials. As a result of welding by changing welding conditions such as welding voltage, welding speed, weaving speed, and feeding speed, the best bead was formed under the conditions of welding voltage of 22V, weaving speed of 12cm/min, feeding speed of 400cm/min, and welding speed of 80mm/min. The tensile strength of the welded pipe was 434 MPa and the strain was approximately 0.28.

The stratospheric solar-powered drone is being developed to perform various missions such as weather observation, communication, surveillance, and reconnaissance by receiving power through solar cells at altitudes of 18 km to 20 km. The inverter is a key component for the operation of the stratospheric solar-powered drone, and ensuring reliability is of utmost importance for long-duration flights. Therefore, this study aims to predict the lifespan and analyze the reliability of the inverter used in the stratospheric solar-powered drone by assessing the damage level due to cumulative fatigue based on the temperature changes at the IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) junction, using the EAV-3 flight profile developed by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute. Simulation results showed that the maximum stress occurs during the ascent from the ground to the stratosphere, and maintaining descent minimizes temperature changes at the junction, resulting in less damage. The analysis indicated that the expected lifespan of the IGBT is approximately 98.8 years. This interpretation method is expected to be useful for analyzing the reliability of inverters that will be applied to future stratospheric solar-powered drones.

The study was attempted to identify the factors affecting the subjective health status of self-employed people in the manufacturing industry and to provide basic data on the health problems of manufacturing self-employed workers who are highly vulnerable to health and lack institutional support and research. This study is a secondary analysis of the data from the seventh Korean Working Conditions Survey. Analysis method was frequency analysis, complex samples Chi-square test, complex samples logistic regression analysis. As a result of the study, the factors related to subjective health status were night work, Degree of agreement for work-related compensation, Enthusiasm for work(Nagelkerke R²=.344). This study is meaningful in that the factors related to subjective health status of self-employed people in the manufacturing industry were related factors were confirmed. Development and application of health promotion programs for self-employed workers in the manufacturing industry are necessary.

In this study, the vibration performance of the storage winch drum was investigated to improve the vibration performance characteristics in case of sudden external impact forces. Storage winch drum of the mooring platform for aerostat is designed to automatically wind up the cable if required. However, aerostat is susceptible for sudden external forces due to turbulence. Simple bearing system with limited damping effect for the existing storage winch drum system may induce severe vibrations and failures in case of sudden external impacts. A new squirrel cage spring-damper for the storage winch drum was designed and analyzed in order to improve vibration performance. A visco-elastic material of Polyethylene was selected for the solid damping material and inserted between the spring cage and bearing housing. A finite element model of the rotor-bearing system with the squirrel cage spring dampers was constructed and analyzed. The vibration performance results of the rotor-bearing system showed that the vibrations was very much decreased in case of sudden impact forces. The newly designed squirrel cage spring-damper is very simple and compact and oil-free so that it can replace conventional rolling element bearing system.

This study applied an instantaneous frequency analysis technique to evaluate seabed materials using sub-bottom profiler (SBP) data from a marine seismic survey. The seafloor is composed of various sediments and bedrock, each exhibiting different acoustic reflection and attenuation characteristics. Previous research mainly used amplitude attenuation or reflection coefficients to classify sediments. In contrast, this study focused on the variation of instantaneous frequency to improve the accuracy of sediments classification. To achieve this, the energy envelope of the reflected wave was extracted, and the Hilbert transform was used to calculate instantaneous frequency. The results showed that bedrock exhibited primary reflected wave frequencies ranging from 300 to 700 Hz, with distinctive W-shaped and M-shaped patterns. Sandy sediments had slightly higher frequencies between 500 and 800 Hz, also forming W- and M-shaped patterns. Muddy sediments displayed a central frequency near 800 Hz; however, secondary reflections were unclear, and significant signal attenuation was observed due to high water content and low porosity. These findings demonstrate that instantaneous frequency analysis enhances the interpretation of marine seismic data and enables more precise evaluation of seafloor materials compared to traditional amplitude-based methods. The technique supports applications such as offshore construction site investigation, seabed environmental assessment, and marine resource exploration. Future research should explore machine learning and data fusion approaches to develop automated classification systems and validate them across diverse marine environments for broader reliability.

In this study, a shielding analysis according to the content of the 3D printed mixture was performed to produce a lead-free shield for radiation protection of police SOD operatives between radioactive counterterrorism operations. Using the FLUKA Code, various contents of shield were designed by mixing PLA, ABS, BaSO₄, and Bi₂O₃. The simulation was implemented based on the schematic diagram presented in IEC61331-1. Absorption dose and shielding rate were evaluated for gamma ray sources ⁷⁵Se, ¹⁹²Ir compared with lead. As a result of comparing the absorption dose and shielding rate according to each substance content, the best shielding effect was found in PLA+Bi₂O₃(50%) to 35.50%, 24.88% compared to lead, followed by ABS+Bi₂O₃(50%), PLA+Bi₂O₃(40%), PLA+BaSO₄(25%)+Bi₂O₃(25%), and ABS+Bi₂O₃(40%). The raw material mixture of PLA, ABS, BaSO₄, and Bi₂O₃ is considered to be ideally mixed in simulation. However, research necessary for actual production and evaluation is considered necessary in order to produce a radiation shielding device using a 3D printer in the future.

This study examines the impact of digital informatization on life satisfaction among people with disabilities and explores the serial multiple mediation effects of digital device self-efficacy and social capital in this relationship. Utilizing data from 1,922 individuals with disabilities, drawn from the 2023 Digital Divide Survey conducted by the National Information Society Agency of Korea, the analysis produced the following key findings. First, higher levels of digital informatization were found to have a direct and positive effect on life satisfaction. Second, digital device self-efficacy and social capital functioned as sequential mediators, confirming a significant serial multiple mediation effect. These results provide empirical evidence that enhancing digital informatization is essential for improving life satisfaction among people with disabilities. In particular, increasing digital device self-efficacy and strengthening social capital play critical roles in this process. Based on these findings, the study suggests policy and practical interventions aimed at narrowing the digital divide, enhancing digital competencies, and fostering social capital. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of integrating these efforts with the expansion of community-based welfare systems. Establishing comprehensive local support structures is essential to enable people with disabilities to develop digital skills and expand their social networks within their communities.

This study investigates the influence of digital device proficiency on depressive symptoms among elderly individuals residing alone, utilizing data derived from the 2023 National Survey of Older Koreans. Employing secondary data from the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, the analysis includes responses from 3,281 elderly participants who reported on depression-related items in the survey. The findings indicate that higher levels of digital device proficiency are significantly correlated with a reduced probability of exhibiting depressive symptoms (OR = 1.411, 95% CI = 1.041-1.911). Furthermore, after adjusting for confounding variables such as health satisfaction, economic satisfaction, overall life satisfaction, and engagement in social activities, digital proficiency emerged as a notable protective factor against depression. This study underscores the critical role of digital literacy in promoting the psychological well-being of elderly individuals, particularly those living alone, and emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to improve digital competence in this demographic.

This study employed Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to classify the latent profiles of digital informatization levels among farmers and fishers, and to examine the effects of demographic, psychological, and relational factors on profile membership. The analysis Using the 2023 Digital Divide Survey conducted by the National Information Society Agency of Korea, information on 1,866 farmers and fishers were analyzed. The results identified four distinct latent profiles: low competence-low utilization, moderate competence-moderate utilization, moderate competence-low utilization, and high competence-high utilization. Notably, the "moderate competence-low utilization" group accounted for the largest proportion (37.5%), indicating that a significant number of farmers and fishers possess moderate digital skills but fail to utilize them effectively. Further analysis revealed that age, educational attainment, and social capital consistently influenced profile membership across all groups. These findings highlight the need for targeted digital education infrastructure and supportive environments to bridge the digital divide in rural areas. Strengthening digital capacity among farmers and fishers is also crucial from a community welfare perspective.

This study analyzed a questionnaire to examine the relationship between elderly people's recognition of myocardial infarction symptoms and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.For the study, data from 51,430 people in the Community Health Survey conducted from August 16, 2022 to October 31, 2022 was analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 program. Of the five items that diagnose myocardial infarction, "Sudden pain, pressure, or crushing sensation in the chest" was the lowest at 58.9% (30,292 people).Factors affecting the recognition of myocardial infarction symptoms were age, education level, marital status, smoking status, drinking status, subjective health status, confidence in CPR, CPR education experience, mannequin education experience in the last two years, and automatic defibrillator education experience in the last two years.In particular, it was found that the higher the confidence in performing CPR, the higher the recognition of myocardial infarction symptoms, and most elderly people have no experience of CPR education.By understanding the relationship between elderly people's recognition of myocardial infarction symptoms and CPR based on the results of this study, we hope to present a theoretical basis for CPR education methods suitable for elderly people and use it as basic material for developing related education programs to improve the performance of CPR.

This study analyzed the satisfaction of firefighters with the transition to national government status and identified the factors influencing their satisfaction. Overall, firefighters' satisfaction was neutral to positive, with particularly high satisfaction regarding the reduction of administrative tasks and improvements in salary. However, satisfaction with the improvement of working conditions was relatively low. A significant difference in satisfaction based on gender was observed, suggesting that female firefighters may require further improvements in working conditions and welfare. In conclusion, while the transition to national government status generally increased firefighter satisfaction, negative responses were still reported in certain positions. This highlights the importance of developing tailored policies that consider the specific characteristics of various roles and underscores the need for further improvements in working conditions, as well as additional support for female firefighters and those in on-site positions.

This study investigated the knowledge and education needs of contact infection in emergency rescue. For the questionnaire survey, 300 emergency rescue surveys nationwide were conducted from August 1 to August 31, 2024. The questionnaire consisted of 5 general characteristics questions, 8 contact infection knowledge questions, and 4 educational needs questions, for a total of 17 questions. The statistical program SPSS 24.0 was used as the data processing method for the survey results. The reliability analysis of the questionnaire showed that Cronbach's = 0.884, which is higher than the standard value of 0.6, and the measured data has internal consistency. Looking at the main research results, the subjects' contact infection knowledge level was NO (0 points) and Yes (1 point), with an average of 0.25 points (out of 1 point). Factors affecting the need for contact infection education were found to have statistically significant differences in work history and contact infection knowledge (p<.01). In this study, the survey subjects were limited to some hospital emergency rescues. Therefore, we believe that there are limitations in generalizing the research results. However, the study is considered to have been successful in that it identified the knowledge of contact infection among emergency rescuers at some hospitals and confirmed the level of demand. We hope that the study will be expanded based on this research and that further research will be conducted.