Purpose. After measuring eyelid temperature and tear film breakup time, a comparative analysis was conducted to determine whether wearing disposable masks and contact lenses could affect dry eye syndrome. Methods. Among the students of C University located in U City, those who had no experience with ophthalmic surgeries such as LASIK or LASEK and were able to wear contact lenses were selected, and the study was conducted on 4 men (20%) and 16 women (80%) with an average age of 21.36 years. The study evaluated eyelid temperature and tear film breakup time according to the use of disposable masks and contact lenses. Results. As the duration of mask wearing increased, the tear film breakup time decreased, and it was found that the tear film broke up the fastest, at 5.67±2.12 seconds, when masks and contact lenses were worn together. Additionally, eyelid temperature increased, and it was observed that wearing both masks and contact lenses resulted in the highest temperature at 36.62±0.08℃. Conclusions. It was assessed that wearing disposable masks can affect dry eye syndrome, and it was also evaluated that the duration of wearing them can impact the eyes. Furthermore, if contact lenses are worn simultaneously with disposable masks, there is a greater concern that it could affect dry eye syndrome, and it is likely to have a negative impact on eye health.

Purpose. To analyze the anisometropia in rural Korean from 60 to 69 years. Methods. From January 2020 to January 2025, sixty nine subjects( 17 male subjects, 52 female subjects; 66.23 years) were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refraction. Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were defined as spherical equivalent(SE)≤-0.50 diopters, SE ≥+1.00 D, cylinder error ≥0.75 D and SE difference≥1.00 D between binocular eyes, respectively. Results. The study of the refractive status on Koreans aged 60 to 69 residing in rural areas are as follows: 1. Refractive errors by spherical equivalent among all subjects was emmetropia 33.48%, astigmatism 55.33%, myopia 13.6%, hyperopia 54.33%, and anisometropia 24.6%. 2. The prevalence of myopia was more frequent in men than women. 3. The prevalence of emmetropia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was more frequent in women than men. 4. The prevalence of astigmatic axis was categorized as with-the-rule astigmatism 12.5%, against-the-rule astigmatism 38.2%, and oblique astigmatism 10.34%. 5. With-the-rule astigmatism was more frequent in men, while against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism were more frequent in women. 6. Anisometropia was observed in 35.2% of men and 21.2% of women. It was more frequent in men than women. From these results, it was observed that the distribution of refractive errors differed between men and women. Conclusions. The hyperopia and astigmatism was the most common refractive error in Korea old ages. while myopia was few. These results suggested that the analysis of the refractive status at old ages can give the useful diagnosis data for the correction of visual acuity.

Purpose. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Pilates reformer exercise on dynamic balance and lower limb alignment in adults with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods. Twelve adults with CAI (CAIT ≤ 24) were randomly assigned to a Pilates Reformer Training Group (n=6) or a Balance Training Group (n=6). Both groups received 18 intervention sessions over 6 weeks (3 times/week). Dynamic balance was measured using the Y-Balance Test, and lower limb alignment was assessed using the Exbody posture analyzer and leg length discrepancy tests (anatomical and functional). Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test for within-group comparison and the Mann-Whitney U test for between-group comparison (p<.05). Results. Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in all Y-Balance Test directions and lower limb alignment parameters after the intervention (p<.05). However, no significant differences were found between the two groups in any outcome measure. Conclusions. Pilates reformer exercise was as effective as balance training in improving dynamic balance and lower limb alignment in adults with CAI. Given its lower intensity, it may serve as an alternative intervention for individuals with limitations in balance training performance. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up are recommended.

Purpose. The aim was to investigate awareness of vision correction surgery to help people with vision problems gain more information and improve their eye health. Methods. The study was conducted with 237 men and women aged 10 to 40 (83 men, 154 women). Participants were informed about the study's purpose and completed a survey. The survey included questions about awareness of vision correction surgery, whether they had undergone the surgery, the type of surgery, reasons for undergoing the surgery, and any side effects or symptoms experienced after the surgery. Results. The survey on awareness of vision correction surgery showed that most people were only aware of the name of the surgery. They preferred the procedure to alleviate the inconvenience of wearing glasses and contact lenses (102 people, 43%). The most common side effects after the procedure were dry eyes (22 people, 46.8%) and night glare (22 people, 46.8%), with most not considering these side effects to be serious. Conclusions. This study aims to provide foundational data to deliver accurate information, the pros and cons of vision correction surgery, potential side effects, and the importance of eye care to those considering the procedure.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to present a comparative analysis and direction of the program by examining the clinical application of cognitive programs. Methods: In this study, 19 papers were finalized by searching for cognition, or 'cognitive function', 'mild cognitive impairment' or 'MCI', 'cognitive program' using the database of the Research Information System (RISS), National Assembly Library, and Korean Studies Information (KISS). Results: The results of this study showed that most papers applied cognitive programs to subjects with mild cognitive impairment, and the number of experimental subjects ranged from 5 to 20, with an average age of 76 to 80. The treatment period was 6 to 10 weeks, with treatment mostly conducted within 10 weeks. The number of treatment sessions was 5 to 10 in 5 papers and 11 to 15 in 5 papers, indicating that treatment was mainly conducted between 5 and 15 times. The most common intervention method used was rehabilitation or cognitive programs, computer-based interventions, and VR-based interventions. The cognitive function assessment tools used were MMSE, LICA, and MoCA, GDS for depression screening, GQOL-D for quality of life assessment, and SES for self-efficacy assessment. The evaluation of daily life was the most common in FIM and S-ADL, and the intervention effect was cognitive function improvement. It was found that various functions related to cognitive function were evaluated, such as improvement in quality of life, reduction in depression, improvement in daily life functions, and improvement in physical functions. Conclusion: Occupational therapy clinical settings have demonstrated the use of a variety of assessment tools and interventions to enhance cognitive function. Furthermore, existing workbooks and cognitive programs are evolving into programs incorporating virtual reality or artificial intelligence. With the advent of AI, integration with various cutting-edge technologies is deemed necessary to enhance the effectiveness of occupational therapy clinical practice.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sling exercise and McKenzie exercise on neck pain, cervical range of motion (ROM), sleep quality, and quality of life in university students with chronic neck pain. Methods: Twelve university students were randomly assigned to three groups: sling exercise group (n=4), McKenzie exercise group (n=4), and control group (n=4). The intervention groups performed their respective exercises three times per week for four weeks. The time for one exercise was 20 minutes. Outcome measures were assessed before and after the intervention, including the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, cervical range of motion (ROM), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-Korean version (PSQI-K) for sleep quality, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Brief Form (WHOQOL-BREF) for quality of life. Results: After four weeks of intervention, the VAS significantly decreased in the sling exercise group (p<.05), and a significant differences were also observed between the three group(p<.05). Left cervical rotation significantly increased in ROM among the three group (p<.05). However, sleep quality (PSQI-K) and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) showed no statistically significant changes (p>.05). Conclusions: Sling and McKenzie exercises were effective in reducing neck pain, but not in improving sleep quality or quality of life. These results suggest the need for longer intervention periods and more comprehensive treatment approaches.