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Crack initiation and propagation in Ti-45Nb alloys under fretting fatigue: A 3D finite element and fracture mechanics study

  • Ali Taghezout (Mechanics of Materials, Energy and Environment Laboratory (L2M2E), University of Mascara) ;
  • Sahnoun Zengah (Mechanics of Materials, Energy and Environment Laboratory (L2M2E), University of Mascara) ;
  • Ali Benhamena (Mechanics of Materials, Energy and Environment Laboratory (L2M2E), University of Mascara) ;
  • Abdelghani Baltach (Department of Mechanical, University of Ibn Khaldoun) ;
  • Abdelkader Djebli (Mechanics of Materials, Energy and Environment Laboratory (L2M2E), University of Mascara) ;
  • Zagane Mohammed El Sallah (Department of Mechanical, University of Ibn Khaldoun) ;
  • Murat Yaylaci (Department of Civil Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University) ;
  • Kenan Balci (Turgut Kıran Maritime Faculty, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University) ;
  • Merve Terzi (Department of Civil Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University) ;
  • Ecren Uzun Yaylaci (Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University)
  • Received : 2025.06.28
  • Accepted : 2026.04.13
  • Published : 2026.04.25
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Abstract

The development of mathematical models that describe physical phenomena is an essential aspect of engineering, enabling the prediction of structural behavior through equations derived from physical laws. Among various computational techniques, the finite element method (FEM) remains the most prevalent in analyzing complex structures and components. This article presents a three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEM) with the aim of investigating the fretting fatigue behavior of second-generation titanium alloys (Ti-45Nb). The research focuses on the analysis of contact parameters, the influence of crack size, sliding amplitude, and the occurrence of stick, slip, and stick-slip zones on crack nucleation and propagation under multiaxial stress conditions. The multiaxial stress state at the contact interface plays a dominant role in determining the location and initiation of the crack. For fatigue life estimation and identification of the crack initiation zone, the Crossland, Findley, and Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) multiaxial fatigue criteria were applied. In addition, advanced fracture mechanics parameters including the J-integral, stress intensity factors (Mode I, II, and III: Ki, Kii, Kiii), and T-stress were evaluated using the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM), providing a detailed characterization of the crack driving forces under complex loading conditions. The results provide quantitative proof of the damage mechanisms and critical parameters influencing the durability of Ti-45Nb alloys under fretting fatigue. The originality of this study lies in combining 3D contact analysis, multiaxial fatigue criteria, and XFEM-based fracture assessment for Ti-45Nb alloy under fretting fatigue within a single framework. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to identify the critical crack initiation region and to characterize crack propagation behavior under multiaxial contact loading.

Keywords

References

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