Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology

The Korean Society of Wood Science & Technology (한국목재공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characterization of Wood Extractives and Antioxidant Activity in Acacia Hybrid (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) Grown in Wonogiri, Indonesia

  • Rizki ARISANDI (Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada) ;
  • Ganis LUKMANDARU (Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada) ;
  • SAWITRI (Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada) ;
  • Sri SUNARTI (National Research and Innovation Agency) ;
  • Arif NIRSATMANTO (National Research and Innovation Agency)
  • Received : 2025.03.13
  • Accepted : 2025.06.16
  • Published : 2025.09.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate extractive composition and antioxidant activity of Acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) variety, namely Purwo Sri Ah015D wood, as a first step in future development to improve resistance to diseases. Wood powder from axial (bottom, middle, top) and radial (near pith and near bark) positions were successively extracted by n-hexane, methanol, and hot water solvents. The dried extracts (except n-hexane) were used for the analysis of total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), flavanols (TVC), polysaccharides (TSP), and IC50 (methanol extract). The results showed that the content of n-hexane, methanol, and hot water extract were 0.36% to 0.73%, 0.94% to 1.63%, and 0.58% to 0.82%, respectively. Furthermore, the contents of n-hexane and TPC were significantly influenced by the interaction of axial and radial positions. Meanwhile, TFC, TVC, TSP, and IC50 were significantly affected by the difference in axial. The methanol extract exhibits significant potential for pharmaceutical applications and against heart rot disease in plantations, as evidenced by its bioactive properties, including high TPC (180.1 to 402.9 mg GAE/g dried extract), TFC (24.2 mg QE/g dried extract), and low IC50 values (255.8 ㎍/mL). Additionally, the low proportion of heartwood and extractive content, particularly lipophilic extractives, suggests that Acacia hybrid Purwo Sri Ah015D is a promising candidate for pulp and paper production. Further research is needed to identify the specific compounds responsible for the natural durability of Acacia hybrid wood.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research was funded by Directorate of Research, Universitas Gadjah Mada under Learning Center in Collaboration (LC-IC) 2024.

References

  1. Adfa, M., Wiradimafan, K., Pratama, R.F., Sanjaya, A., Triawan, D.A., Yudha, S., Ninomiya, M., Rafi, M., Koketsu, M. 2023. Anti-termite activity of Azadirachta excelsa seed kernel and its isolated compound against Coptotermes curvignathus. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 51(3): 157-172. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2023.51.3.157
  2. Alfredsen, G., Solheim, H., Slimestad, R. 2008. Antifungal effect of bark extracts from some European tree species. European Journal of Forest Research 127(5): 387-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-008-0222-x
  3. Anish, M.C., Giridhar, B.N., Nair, S., Anantha, N.S., Pandey, K.K. 2023. Influences of extractives and thermal modification on the UV resistance of Albizia lebbeck wood. Wood Material Science & Engineering 18(2): 540-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2022.2053586
  4. Arab, F., Alemzadeh, I., Maghsoudi, V. 2011. Determination of antioxidant component and activity of rice bran extract. Scientia Iranica 18(6): 1402-1406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2011.09.014
  5. Arisandi, R., Marsoem, S.N., Lukmandaru, G., Ashitani, T., Takahashi, K. 2019. The contents of phenolics and cell wall component of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell stemwood and bark. Wood Research 64(3): 411-422.
  6. Arisandi, R., Marsoem, S.N., Lukmandaru, G., Sutapa, J.P.G. 2021. The changes of extractive contents of young Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq trees during heartwood formation. Forestry Studies 75(1): 64-79. https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0012
  7. Arisandi, R., Jihad, A.N., Paleva, A.H.S., Kurniawan, F.A., Lukmandaru, G., Kartikawati, N.K., Rimbawanto, A., Sunarti, S., Herawan, T., Haryjanto, L., Putri, A.I., Lestari, F., Nirsatmanto, A. 2024a. Characterization of extractive composition in the wood and bark of cajuputi (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cajuputi Powell.) grown in Gunungkidul, Indonesia. Wood Research 69(1): 103-119. https://doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/
  8. Arisandi, R., Takahashi, K., Nirsatmanto, A., Sunarti, S., Rimbawanto, A., Insiana Putri, A., Khomsah Kartikawati, N., Haryjanto, L., Herawan, T., Lestari, F., Lukmandaru, G. 2024b. Analysis of lipophilic constituents related to heartwood formation in young Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq trees. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 52(1): 13-30. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2024.52.1.13
  9. Back, E.L., Allen, L.H. 2000. Pitch Control, Wood Resin and Deresination. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA, USA.
  10. Barry, K.M., Mihara, R., Davies, N.W., Mitsunaga, T., Mohammed, C.L. 2005. Polyphenols in Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis heartwood with reference to heart rot susceptibility. Journal of Wood Science 51(6): 615-621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-005-0707-x
  11. Brighente, I.M.C., Dias, M., Verdi, L.G., Pizzolatti, M.G. 2007. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Brazilian species. Pharmaceutical Biology 45(2): 156-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200601113131
  12. Chang, C.W., Lee, J.J., Lu, K.T. 2021. The effects of adding heartwood extractives from Acacia confusa on the lightfastness improvement of refined oriental lacquer. Polymers 13(23): 4085. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234085
  13. Conde, E., Cadahía, E., García-Vallejo, M.C., Tomás Barberán, F. 1995. Low molecular weight polyphenols in wood and bark of Eucalyptus globulus. Wood and Fiber Science 27(4): 379-383.
  14. Correia, R., Duarte, M.P., Maurício, E.M., Brinco, J., Quintela, J.C., da Silva, M.G., Gonçalves, M. 2022. Chemical and functional characterization of extracts from leaves and twigs of Acacia dealbata. Processes 10(11): 2429. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112429
  15. Cui, Z., Li, X., Xu, D., Yang, Z. 2020. Changes in non-structural carbohydrates, wood properties and essential oil during chemically-induced heartwood formation in Dalbergia odorifera. Frontiers in Plant Science 11: 1161-1113.
  16. Dalimunthe, A., Pertiwi, D., Muhmmad, M., Kaban, V.E., Nasri, N., Satria, D. 2022. The effect of extraction methods towards antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour. herbs. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1115(1): 012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012040
  17. del Río, J.C., Gutiérrez, A., González-Vila, F.J., Martın, F., Romero, J. 1998. Characterization of organic deposits produced in the kraft pulping of Eucalyptus globulus wood. Journal of Chromatography A 823(1-2): 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00179-4
  18. DuBois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A., Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry 28(3): 350-356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017
  19. Dungani, R., ul Haq Bhat, I., Abdul Khalil, H.P.S., Naif, A., Hermawan, D. 2012. Evaluation of antitermitic activity of different extracts obtained from Indonesian teakwood (Tectona grandis L.f). BioResources 7(2): 1452-1461. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.2.1452-1461
  20. Dünisch, O., Richter, H.G., Koch, G. 2010. Wood properties of juvenile and mature heartwood in Robinia pseudoacacia L. Wood Science and Technology 44(2): 301-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-009-0275-0
  21. Fengel, D., Wegener, G. 1989. Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany.
  22. Fernandes, A., Erwin, E., Wahyudianto, A., Kuspradini, H. 2024. Effect of keruing and meranti wood extracts on the nail corrosion rate. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 52(6): 555- 564. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2024.52.6.555
  23. Freire, C.S.R., Silvestre, A.J.D., Neto, C.P. 2005. Lipophilic extractives in Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulps. behavior during ECF bleaching. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 25(1-2): 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1081/WCT-200058241
  24. Gao, C., Cui, X., Matsumura, J. 2024. Multidimensional exploration of wood extractives: A review of compositional analysis, decay resistance, light stability, and staining applications. Forests 15(10): 1782.
  25. Hadi, Y.S., Massijaya, M.Y., Abdillah, I.B., Pari, G., Arsyad, W.O.M. 2020. Color change and resistance to subterranean termite attack of mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana) smoked wood. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 48(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2020.48.1.1
  26. Han, J.S., Rowell, J.S. 1997. Chemical Composition of Fibres. In: Paper and Composites from Agro Based Resources, Ed. by Rowell, R.M., Young, R.A. and Rowell, J.K. Lewis Publishers, New York, NY, USA.
  27. Haupt, M., Leithoff, H., Meier, D., Richter, H.G., Faix, O. 2003. Heartwood extractives and natural durability of plantation-grown teakwood (Tectona grandis L.): A case study. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 61(6): 473-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-003-0428-z
  28. Hidayat, A., Iswanto, A.H., Susilowati, A., Rachmat, H.H. 2018. Radical scavenging activity of kemenyan resin produced by an Indonesian native plant, Styrax sumatrana. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 46(4): 346-354. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2018.46.4.346
  29. Hidayat, A., Turjaman, M., Faulina, S.A., Ridwan, F., Aryanto, Najmulah, Irawadi, T.T., Iswanto, A.H. 2019. Antioxidant and antifungal activity of endophytic fungi associated with agarwood trees. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 47(4): 459-471. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2019.47.4.459
  30. Hillis, W.E. 1971. Distribution, properties and formation of some wood extractives. Wood Science and Technology 5(4): 272-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00365060
  31. Hillis, W.E. 1987. Heartwood and Tree Exudates. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
  32. Hillis, W.E., Sumimoto, M. 1989. Effect of Extractives on Pulping. In: Natural Products of Woody Plants. II, Ed. by Rowe, J.W. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
  33. Huang, D., Ou, B., Hampsch-Woodill, M., Flanagan, J.A., Deemer, E.K. 2002. Development and validation of oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay for lipophilic antioxidants using randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin as the solubility enhancer. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50(7): 1815-1821. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0113732
  34. Huh, J.S., Lee, S., Kim, D.S., Choi, M.S., Choi, H., Lee, K.H. 2022. Antioxidative and circadian rhythm regulation effect of Quercus gilva extract. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 50(5): 338-352. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2022.50.5.338
  35. International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA). 1964. Multilingual Glossary of Terms Used in Wood Anatomy IAWA. IAWA, Zürich, Switzerland.
  36. Iswanto, A.H., Tarigan, F.O., Susilowati, A., Darwis, A., Fatriasar, W. 2021. Wood chemical compositions of Raru species originating from Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia: Effect of differences in wood species and log positions. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 49(5): 416- 429. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2021.49.5.416
  37. Kadir, R., Hassan, B. 2020. Toxicity and repellent effects of wood extractives of five Malaysian wood species on Asian subterranean termite Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78: 1249-1262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01592-z
  38. Kapasakalidis, P.G., Rastall, R.A., Gordon, M.H. 2006. Extraction of polyphenols from processed black currant (Ribes residues. of nigrum L.) Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54(11): 4016-4021. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf052999l
  39. Kha, L.D. 2000. Studies on natural hybrids of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis in Vietnam. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 12(4): 794-803.
  40. Kim, N.T., Ochiishi, M., Matsumura, J., Oda, K. 2008. Variation in wood properties of six natural acacia hybrid clones in northern Vietnam. Journal of Wood Science 54(6): 436-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-008-0976-2
  41. Kuspradini, H., Mala, M.S., Putri, A.S., Zulfa, N.A., Sa'adah, H., Kiswanto. 2024. Effects of leaf maturity and solvent extract on the antioxidant activity of Litsea elliptica. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 52(5): 450-458. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2024.52.5.450
  42. Lange, W., Hashim, R. 2001. The composition of the extractives from unaffected and heartrot affected heartwood of Acacia mangium Willd. Holz als Rohund Werkstoff 59(1): 61-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001070050475
  43. Luís, Â., Neiva, D., Pereira, H., Gominho, J., Domingues, F., Duarte, A.P. 2014. Stumps of Eucalyptus globulus as a source of antioxidant and antimicrobial polyphenols. Molecules 19(10): 16428- 16446. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191016428
  44. Lukmandaru, G. 2011. Variability in the natural termite resistance of plantation teak wood and its relations with wood extractive content and color properties. Journal of Forestry Research 8(1): 17-31.
  45. Lukmandaru, G., Falaah, A.N., Listyanto, T., Rodiana, D. 2021. Extractive content and colour properties of 11-year-old superior teak wood. Wood Research Journal 12(1): 10-17. https://doi.org/10.51850/wrj
  46. Mai, C., Zhang, K. 2023. Wood Chemistry. In: Springer Handbook of Wood Science and Technology, Ed. by Niemz, P., Teischinger, A. and Sandberg, D. Springer, Cham, Switzerland.
  47. Manurung, H., Sari, R.K., Syafii, W., Cahyaningsih, U., Ekasari, W. 2019. Antimalarial activity and phytochemical profile of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Bidara laut (Strychnos ligustrina Blum) wood. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 47(5): 587-596. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2019.47.5.587
  48. Martinez-Sotres, C., López-Albarrán, P., Cruz-de-León, J., García-Moreno, T., Rutiaga-Quiñones, J.G., Vázquez-Marrufo, G., Tamariz-Mascarúa, J., Herrera-Bucio, R. 2012. Medicarpin, an antifungal compound identified in hexane extract of Dalbergia congestiflora Pittier heartwood. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 69: 38-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.11.016
  49. Masendra., Arisandi, R., Purba, B.A.V., Sumantri, F., Ihda, F.V., Wati, F.Z., Lukmandaru, G. 2020. Extractives contributing to the color of Swietenia macrophylla`s bark. Wood Research Journal 11(1): 20-26. https://doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2020.11.1.20-26
  50. Mészáros, E., Jakab, E., Várhegyi, G. 2007. TG/MS, Py-GC/MS and THM-GC/MS study of the composition and thermal behavior of extractive components of Robinia pseudoacacia. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 79(1–2): 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.12.007
  51. Mihara, R., Barry, K.M., Mohammed, C.L., Mitsunaga, T. 2005. Comparison of antifungal and antioxidant activities of Acacia mangium and A. Auriculiformis heartwood extracts. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31(4): 789-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-3544-x
  52. Mindaryani, A., Sulton, A., Setiawan, F.A., Rahayuningsih, E. 2023. Natural dye extraction from Merbau (Intsia bijuga) sawdust: Optimization of solid–solvent ratio and temperature. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 51(6): 481-492. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2023.51.6.481
  53. Miranda, I., Lima, L., Quilhó, T., Knapic, S., Pereira, H. 2016. The bark of Eucalyptus sideroxylon as a source of phenolic extracts with anti-oxidant properties. Industrial Crops and Products 82: 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.003
  54. Miranda, I., Pereira, H. 2002. Variation of pulpwood quality with provenances and site in Eucalyptus globulus. Annals of Forest Science 59(3): 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2002024
  55. Morais, M.C., Pereira, H. 2012. Variation of extractives content in heartwood and sapwood of Eucalyptus globulus trees. Wood Science and Technology 46(4): 709-719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-011-0438-7
  56. Muhammad, A.J., Ong, S.S., Ratnam, W. 2017. Characterization of mean stem density, fibre length and lignin from two Acacia species and their hybrid. Journal of Forestry Research 29(2): 549-555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0465-9
  57. Muladi, S., Arifin, Z., Arung, E.T., Yuliansyah, Amirta, R., Patt, R. 2003. Prospective of Acacia mangium as raw material of pulp and paper in Indonesia. In: Serpong, Indonesia, Proceedings of International Symposium of on Sustainable Utilization of Acacia mangium, pp. 86-95.
  58. Mun, J.S., Kim, H.C., Mun, S.P. 2020. Chemical characterization of neutral extracts prepared by treating Pinus radiata bark with sodium bicarbonate. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 48(6): 878-887. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2020.48.6.878
  59. Mun, J.S., Kim, H.C., Mun, S.P. 2021. Potential of neutral extract prepared by treating Pinus radiata bark with NaHCO3 as a dyestuff. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 49(2): 134- 141. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2021.49.2.134
  60. Nambiar, E.K.S., Harwood, C.E., Mendham, D.S. 2018. Paths to sustainable wood supply to the pulp and paper industry in Indonesia after diseases have forced a change of species from Acacia to Eucalypts. Australia Forestry 81(3): 148-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2018.1482798
  61. Nair, K.S.S. 2000. Insect Pest and Disease of Major Plantation Species. In: Insect Pests and Diseases in Indonesian Forest, Ed. by Nair, K.S.S. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
  62. Neverova, N.A., Levchuk, A.A., Ostroukhova, L.A., Medvedeva, E.N., Onuchina, N.A., Babkin, V.A. 2013. Distribution of extractive substances in wood of the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.). Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 39(7): 712-719. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162013070108
  63. Nirsatmanto, A., Sunarti, S., Praptoyo, H. 2017. Wood anatomical structures of tropical Acacias and its implication to tree breeding. International Journal of Forestry and Horticulture (IJFH) 3(3): 9-16.
  64. Nkogo, L.F.E., Bopenga, C.S.A.B., Ngohang, F.E., Mengome, L.E., Angone, S.A., Engonga, P.E. 2022. Phytochemical and anti-termite efficiency study of Guibourtia tessmanii (harms) J. Léonard (Kévazingo) bark extracts from Gabon. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 50(2): 113-125. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2022.50.2.113
  65. Oliveira, G.R.A., Grasel, F.S., Pinho, G.P., Silvério, F.O. 2020. Comparison of chemical composition of lipophilic extracts from Acacia mearnsii De Wild. wood of different ages. Industrial Crops and Products 147: 112200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112200
  66. Oramahi, H.A., Tindaon, M.J., Nurhaida, N., Diba, F., Yanti, H. 2022. Termicidal activity and chemical components of wood vinegar from nipah fruit against Coptotermes curvignathus. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 50(5): 315-324. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2022.50.5.315
  67. Pereira, H. 1988. Variability in the chemical composition of plantation eucalypts (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.). Wood and Fiber Science 20(1): 82-90.
  68. Pietarinen, S.P., Willför, S.M., Sjöholm, R.E., Holmbom, B.R. 2004. Extractives in Acacia mangium and Acacia crassicarpa stemwood and knots. In: Canberra, Australia, Proceedings of the 58th Appita Conference.
  69. Pravesh, Madan, V.K., Singh, S. 2017. Variation in total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity among various solvent fractions of bark of Babul (Acacia nilotica) using different extraction techniques. Asian Journal of Chemistry 29(3): 641-646. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem
  70. Prayogo, Y.H., Syafii, W., Sari, R.K., Batubara, I., Danu. 2021. Pharmacological activity and phytochemical profile of Acacia heartwood extracts. Scientia Pharmaceutica 89(3): 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm89030037
  71. Purba, B.A.V., Sunarti, S., Lukmandaru, G. 2021. Phenolics content and antioxidant activity of wood extractives from three clones of Acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis). Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnologia 23: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2021000100428
  72. Rababah, T.M., Ereifej, K.I., Esoh, R.B., Al-u'datt, M.H., Alrababah, M.A., Yang, W. 2011. Antioxidant activities, total phenolics and HPLC analyses of the phenolic compounds of extracts from common Mediterranean plants. Natural Product Research 25(6): 596-605. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.488232
  73. Rodrigues, A.M.S., Amusant, N., Beauchêne, J., Eparvier, V., Leménager, N., Baudassé, C., Espindola, L.S., Stien, D. 2011. The termiticidal activity of Sextonia rubra (Mez) van der Werff (Lauraceae) extract and its active constituent rubrynolide. Pest Management Science 67(11): 1420-1423. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.v67.11
  74. Santos, S.A.O., Vilela, C., Freire, C.S.R., Pascoal Neto, C., Silvestre, A.J.D. 2013. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry applied to the identification of valuable phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus wood. Journal of Chromatography B 938: 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.034
  75. Seigler, D.S. 2003. Phytochemistry of Acacia—sensu lato. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31(8): 845-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00082-6
  76. Sharma, S.K., Shukla, S.R., Sujatha, M. 2016. Radial variation of anatomical properties in 8-year-old clones of Acacia hybrid (A. mangium x A. auriculaeformis). African Journal of Wood Science and Forestry 4(3): 238-246.
  77. Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventós, R.M. 1999. [14] Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology 299: 152-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
  78. Soon, L.K., Chiang, L.K. 2012. Influence of different extraction solvents on lipophilic extractives of Acacia hybrid in different wood portions. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 5(2): 107-116. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajaps.2012.107.116
  79. Spicer, R. 2005. Senescence in Secondary Xylem: Heartwood Formation as an Active Developmental Program. In: Vascular Transport in Plants: A Volume in Physiological Ecology, Ed. by Holbrook, N.M. and Zwieniecki, M.A. Academic Press, Burlington, MA, USA.
  80. Sudin, M., Lee, S.S., Harun, A.H. 1993. A survey of heart rot in some plantations of Acacia mangium in Sabah. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 6: 37-47.
  81. Sulaiman, C., Gopalakrishnan, V., Balachandran, I. 2014. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric studies in selected Acacia species. Journal of Planar Chromatography 27(2): 88-92. https://doi.org/10.1556/JPC.27.2014.2.3
  82. Suprianto, A., Oramahi, H.A., Diba, F., Hardiansyah, G., Anwar, M.S. 2023. The antitermitic and antifungal activities and composition of vinegar from durian wood (Durio sp.). Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 51(4): 283-294. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2023.51.4.283
  83. Tarigan, M., Roux, J., van Wyk, M., Tjahjono, B., Wingfield, M.J. 2011. A new wilt and die-back disease of Acacia mangium associated with Ceratocystis manginecans and C. acaciivora sp. nov. in Indonesia. South African Journal of Botany 77(2): 292-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.08.006
  84. Wingfield, M.J., Roux, J., Wingfield, B.D. 2011. Insect pests and pathogens of Australian acacias grown as non-natives: An experiment in biogeography with far-reaching consequences. Diversity and Distributions 17(5): 968-977. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.2011.17.issue-5
  85. Yahya, R., Sugiyama, J., Silsia, D., Gril, J. 2010. Some anatomical features of an Acacia hybrid, A. mangium and A. auriculiformis grown in Indonesia with regard to pulp yield and paper strength. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 22(3): 343-351.
  86. Yamada, N., Khoo, K.C., Yusoff, M.N.M. 1992. Sulphate pulping characteristics of Acacia hybrid, Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis from Sabah. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 4(3): 206-214.
  87. Yang, J., Choi, W.S., Kim, J.W., Lee, S.S., Park, M.J. 2019. Anti-inflammatory effect of essential oils extracted from wood of four coniferous tree species. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 47(6): 674-691. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2019.47.6.674
  88. Yang, J., Choi, W.S., Lee, S.Y., Kim, M., Park, M.J. 2022. Antioxidant activities of essential oils from Citrus × natsudaidai (Yu. Tanaka) hayata peels at different ripening stage. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 50(4): 272-282. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2022.50.4.272
  89. Yeh, T.F., Braun, J.L., Goldfarb, B., Chang, H., Kadla, J.F. 2006. Morphological and chemical variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Holzforschung 60(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2006.001
  90. Yeon, S., Park, S.Y., Kim, J.H., Kim, J.C., Yang, S.Y., Yeo, H., Kwon, O., Choi, I.G. 2019. Effect of organic solvent extractives on Korean softwoods classification using near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 47(4): 509-518. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2019.47.4.509
  91. Zalsabila, A., Syafii, W., Priadi, T., Syahidah. 2024. Anti-termite activity of tamanu bark extract (Calophyllum inophyllum L.). Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 52(2): 134-144. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2024.52.2.134