Acknowledgement
This study was supported by Muhammadiyah Research Grant, Batch VI, Year 2022, Number: 1687.061/PP/I.3/D/2022. The opinions stated are those of the authors and do not represent Muhammadiyah.
References
- Abdullah, I. (2020). COVID-19: Threat and Fear in Indonesia. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 488-490. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000878
- Adegbola, O., & Okunloye, O. (2022). A tale of two kidnapings: Government response to Chibok & Dapchi attacks in Nigeria. Public Relations Review, 48(5), 10-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102248
- Ali, H. M., & Malaco, O. C. H. (2022). Public health intervention: Exploring crisis communication elements in media reports on COVID-19 in Bangladesh. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, 14(1), 33-48.
- Apriliani, R. (2022). Gaining Public Trust Through Digital Media By Government Public Relations of Sleman Yogyakarta. Profetik: Jurnal Komunikasi, 15(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.14421/pjk.v15i1.2212
- Azudin, N., Hussin, R., & Rahman, S. H. A. (2023). Social media approach to crisis communication during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Saudi Arabia. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, 15(2), 67-82.
- Bahagia, B., Hudayana, B., Wibowo, R., & Anna, Z. (2020). Local Wisdom to Overcome Covid19 Pandemic of Urug and Cipatat Kolot Societies in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Forum Geografi, 34(2), 146-160. https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v34i2.12366
- Bickham, S. B., & Francis, D. B. (2021). The Public's Perceptions of Government Officials' Communication in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Creative Communications, 16(2), 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/09732586211003856
- Che, S. P., Nan, D., Kamphuis, P., Zhang, S., & Kim, J. H. (2022). Examining Crisis Communication Using Semantic Network and Sentiment Analysis: A Case Study on NetEase Games. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(February). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.823415
- Chon, M. G., & Kim, S. (2022). Dealing with the COVID-19 crisis: Theoretical application of social media analytics in government crisis management. Public Relations Review, 48(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102201
- Claeys, A. S., & Opgenhaffen, M. (2016). Why practitioners do (not) apply crisis communication theory in practice. Journal of Public Relations Research, 28(5-6), 232-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2016.1261703
- Coombs, T. W. (2013). Situational Theory of Crisis: Situational Crisis Communication Theory and Corporate Reputation. In C. E. Carrol (Ed.), The Handbook of Communication and Corporate Reputation (pp. 262-278). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting Organization Reputations During a Crisis : The Development and Application of Situational Crisis Communication Theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049
- Coombs, W. T. (2013). Future of Crisis Communication. In Handbuch Krisenmanagement (pp. 275-287). VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-19367-0
- Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2002). Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: Initial Tests of the Situational Crisis Communication Theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(2), 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/089331802237233
- Coombs, W. T., Holladay, S. J., & White, K. L. (2020a). Situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) and application in dealing with complex, challenging, and recurring crises. In Y. Jin, B. H. Reber, & G. J. Nowak (Eds.), Advancing crisis communication effectiveness: integrating public relations scholarship with practice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429330650
- Coombs, W. T., Holladay, S. J., & White, K. L. (2020b). Situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) and application in dealing with complex, challenging, and recurring crises. In Y. Jin, B. H. Reber, & G. J. Nowak (Eds.), Advancing crisis communication effectiveness: integrating public relations scholarship with practice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429330650
- Coombs, W. T., & Tachkova, E. R. (2023). How Emotions Can Enhance Crisis Communication: Theorizing Around Moral Outrage. Journal of Public Relations Research, 00(00), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2023.2244615
- del Mar Galvez-Rodriguez, M., Haro-de-Rosario, A., & del Carmen Caba-Perez, M. (2019). The Syrian refugee crisis: how local governments and NGOs manage their image via social media. Disasters, 43(3), 509-533. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12351
- Deverell, E., & Olsson, E. K. (2010). Organizational culture effects on strategy and adaptability in crisis management. Risk Management, 12(2), 116-134. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.royalroads.ca/stable/pdf/40660657.pdf?acceptTC=true
- Dhar, S., & Bose, I. (2022). Victim crisis communication strategy on digital media: A study of the COVID-19 pandemic. Decision Support Systems, 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2022.113830
- Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., Mahfud, C., Sinapoy, M. S., Djalante, S., Rafliana, I., Gunawan, L. A., Surtiari, G. A. K., & Warsilah, H. (2020). Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091
- Eaddy, L. S. L., & Jin, Y. (2018). Crisis history tellers matter: The effects of crisis history and crisis information source on publics' cognitive and affective responses to organizational crisis. Corporate Communications, 23(2), 226-241. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-04-2017-0039
- Gijs, F., & An-Sofie, C. (2023). The Impact of Language Abstraction on the Effectiveness of Information Strategies During a Product- Harm Crisis. In W. T. Coombs & S. J. Holladay (Eds.), The Handbook of Crisis Communication (pp. 358-371). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Grantham, S. (2023). #bnefloods: An analysis of the Queensland Government media conferences during the 2022 Brisbane floods. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 10.47389/3(No 2), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.47389/38.2.42
- Hayes, A. F., & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the Call for a Standard Reliability Measure for Coding Data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450709336664
- Hirschfeld, G., & Thielsch, M. T. (2022). Impact of crisis communication strategies on people's attitudes toward behavioral guidelines regarding COVID-19 and on their trust in local officials. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 13(4), 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-022-00424-3
- Hong, S., & Cameron, G. T. (2018). Will comments change your opinion? The persuasion effects of online comments and heuristic cues in crisis communication. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26(1), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12215
- Jeong, S. H. (2009). Public's Responses to an oil spill accident: A test of the attribution theory and situational crisis communication theory. Public Relations Review, 35(3), 307-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.03.010
- Karuniawati, H., Sari, N., Hossain, M. S., Ismail, W. I., Haq, A. H. B., Yulianti, T., Taufik, T., & Sudarsono, G. R. (2022). Assessment of Mental Health and Quality of Life Status of Undergraduate Students in Indonesia during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912011
- Kim, Y. (2016). Understanding publics' perception and behaviors in crisis communication: Effects of crisis news framing and publics' acquisition, selection, and transmission of information in crisis situations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 28(1), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2015.1131697
- Li, Y., Chandra, Y., & Fan, Y. (2022). Unpacking government social media messaging strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Policy and Internet, 14(3), 651-672. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.282
- Lilleker, D. G., & Stoeckle, T. (2021). The challenges of providing certainty in the face of wicked problems: Analysing the UK government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2733
- Lim, J. R. (2020). How Organizations in Different Cultures Respond to Crises: Content Analysis of Crisis Responses between the United States and South Korea. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 14(4), 294-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2020.1812613
- Liu, W., Lai, C.-H., & Xu, W. (2018). Tweeting about emergency: A semantic network analysis of government organizations' social media messaging during Hurricane Harvey. Public Relations Review, 44(5), 807-819.
- Losada-Diaz, J. C., Rodriguez-Fernandez, L., & Paniagua-Rojano, F. (2020). Governmental communication and emotions in the covid-19 crisis in Spain. Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 78, 23-39. https://doi.org/https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS2020-1467
- Ma, L., & Zhan, M. (Monica). (2016). Effects of attributed responsibility and response strategies on organizational reputation: A meta-analysis of situational crisis communication theory research. Journal of Public Relations Research, 28(2), 102-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2016.1166367
- Obembe, D., Kolade, O., Obembe, F., Owoseni, A., & Mafimisebi, O. (2021). Covid-19 and the tourism industry: An early stage sentiment analysis of the impact of social media and stakeholder communication. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 1(2), 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100040
- Ozanne, L. K., Ballantine, P. W., & Mitchell, T. (2020). Investigating the Methods and Effectiveness of Crisis Communication Communication. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 00(00), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2020.1798856
- Park, H., & Reber, B. H. (2011). The Organization-Public Relationship and Crisis Communication: The Effect of the Organization-Public Relationship on Publics' Perceptions of Crisis and Attitudes Toward the Organization. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 5(4), 240-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2011.596870
- Ravell, H. (2023). Rowling, Potterheads and why 'The best way to manage a crisis is to prevent one': Twitter communication analysis. Communication Research and Practice, 9(3), 237-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2023.2206327
- Salem, I. E., Elkhwesky, Z., & Ramkissoon, H. (2022). A content analysis for government's and hotels' response to COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(1), 42-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584211002614
- Scharrer, E., & Ramasubramanian, S. (2021). Quantitative Research Methods in Communication (Vol. 148). Routledge.
- Schwarz, A. (2008). Covariation-Based Causal Attributions during Organizational Crises: Suggestions for Extending Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT). International Journal of Strategic Communication, 2(1), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/15531180701816601
- Schwarz, A. (2012). How publics use social media to respond to blame games in crisis communication: The Love Parade tragedy in Duisburg 2010. Public Relations Review, 38(3), 430-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.01.009
- Setiati, S., & Azwar, M. K. (2020). COVID-19 and Indonesia. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 52(1), 84-89.
- Sheehan, M., & Quinn-Allan, D. (Eds.). (2015). Crisis Communication in a Digital World. Cambridge University Press.
- Sisco, H. F. (2012). Nonprofit in Crisis: An Examination of the Applicability of Situational Crisis Communication Theory. Journal of Public Relations Research, 24(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2011.582207
- Spradley, R. T., & Spradley, E. (2021). The Building Blocks of Pandemic Communication Strategy: Models to Enable Resilient Risk and Crisis Communication. In Pandemic Communication and Resilience (pp. 51-73). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77344-1_4
- Tian, Y., & Yang, J. (2022). Deny or bolster? A comparative study of crisis communication strategies between Trump and Cuomo in COVID-19. Public Relations Review, 48(2), 102182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102182
- Van Winkle, C., & Corrigan, S. (2022). Communicating on social media during a #FestivalEmergency. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 13(2), 144-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-06-2021-0054
- Zhang, W., Hu, L., & Park, J. (2023). Politics Go "Viral": A Computational Text Analysis of the Public Attribution and Attitude Regarding the COVID-19 Crisis and Governmental Responses on Twitter. Social Science Computer Review, 41(3), 790-811. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211053743
- Zhao, X., Zhan, M., & Ma, L. (2020). How publics react to situational and renewing organizational responses across crises: Examining SCCT and DOR in social-mediated crises. Public Relations Review, 46(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101944
- Zhou, S. J., Zhang, L. G., Wang, L. L., Guo, Z. C., Wang, J. Q., Chen, J. C., Liu, M., Chen, X., & Chen, J. X. (2020). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 749-758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4