Steel and Composite Structures

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Advancements in nano-enhanced steel structures for earthquake resilience: Integrating metallic elements, AI, and sensor technology for engineering disasters mitigation in steel buildings

  • Xiaoping Zou (Sichuan Jinghengxin Construction Engineering Testing Co., Ltd) ;
  • Gongxing Yan (School of Intelligent Construction, Luzhou vocational and technical college) ;
  • Khidhair Jasim Mohammed (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University) ;
  • Meldi Suhatril (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya) ;
  • Mohamed Amine Khadimallah (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University) ;
  • Riadh Marzouki (Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University) ;
  • Hamid Almirante (Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois) ;
  • Jose Escorcia-Gutierrez (Department of Computational Science and Electronics, Universidad de la Costa, CUC)
  • Received : 2024.08.12
  • Accepted : 2024.10.31
  • Published : 2024.11.25
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Abstract

This study develops Titanium (Ti) and Magnesium (Mg)-based nano-alloys to enhance the earthquake resilience of steel structures using machine learning (SVM) and sensor technology. Embedding Ti and Mg into steel at the nanoscale creates a lightweight, durable, and flexible material capable of withstanding seismic forces. Ti enhances tensile strength and flexibility, while Mg reduces weight, lowering seismic loads on buildings. The performance of these nano-alloys was assessed through shake table tests, cyclic load testing, and dynamic response testing, showing that nano-alloy-enhanced steel structures experienced 60% less displacement and 40% lower acceleration than traditional steel, demonstrating superior energy absorption and stress distribution. Fatigue tests revealed that the nano-alloy could endure 20,000 loading cycles, outperforming the 8,000 cycles of conventional steel. Integrated sensor technology, including strain gauges and accelerometers, provided real-time stress and deformation data, confirming the material's effectiveness in stress distribution and vibration damping. The SVM model optimized alloy composition, achieving 94% prediction accuracy in assessing seismic performance, highlighting the nano-alloys' durability and resilience. This study suggests that Ti and Mg nano-alloys could greatly improve earthquake-resistant construction.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number (PSAU/2024/R/1446). Authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Research Project under grant number RGP2/560/45.

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  164. Safarpour, H., Ghanizadeh, S.A. and Habibi, M. (2018), "Wave propagation characteristics of a cylindrical laminated composite nanoshell in thermal environment based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory", Europ. Phys. J. Plus, 133(12), 532. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12332-4.
  165. Safarpour, H., Pourghader, J. and Habibi, M. (2019), "Influence of spring-mass systems on frequency behavior and critical voltage of a high-speed rotating cantilever cylindrical three-dimensional shell coupled with piezoelectric actuator", J. Vib. Contr., 25(9), 1543-1557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546319826018.
  166. Sajedi, F. and Shariati, M. (2019), "Behavior study of NC and HSC RCCs confined by GRP casing and CFRP wrapping", Steel Compos. Struct, 30(5), 417-432. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.5.417.
  167. Salami, B.A., Mukhtar, F., Ganiyu, S.A., Adekunle, S. and Saleh, T.A. (2023), "Graphene-based concrete: Synthesis strategies and reinforcement mechanisms in graphene-based cementitious composites (Part 1)", Construct. Build. Mater., 396, 132296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132296.
  168. Al Faruqi, L. (1977), "The aesthetics of islamic art", J. Aesth. Art Criticism, 35(3), 353-355. https://doi.org/10.29019/eidos.v15i21.1020.
  169. Sandoval, J.P., Guarnizo, M.B., Aldama, R.A. and Ricardo, S.L. (2023), "Ciudad inteligente y Ciudad circular:¿ Similares conceptos? Smart city and Circular city: Similar concepts?", REVISTA CIENTIFICA ECOCIENCIA, 10, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.21855/ecociencia.100.850.
  170. Sedghi, Y., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Ahmadi, E., Azar, V.M., Toghroli, A. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Application of ANFIS technique on performance of C and L shaped angle shear connectors", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(3), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.3.335.
  171. Shah, S.N.R., Sulong, N.R., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shariati, M. (2016), "State-of-the-art review on the design and performance of steel pallet rack connections", Eng. Fail. Anal., 66, 240-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.04.017.
  172. Shah, S.N.R., Sulong, N.R., Khan, R., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shariati, M. (2016), "Behavior of industrial steel rack connections", Mech. Syst. Sig. Process., 70, 725-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.07.040.
  173. Shah, S.N.R., Sulong, N.R., Shariati, M. and Jumaat, M.Z. (2015), "Steel rack connections: identification of most influential factors and a comparison of stiffness design methods", PloS one, 10(10), e0139422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139422.
  174. Shahabi, S., Sulong, N., Shariati, M., Mohammadhassani, M. and Shah, S.N.R. (2016), "Numerical analysis of channel connectors under fire and a comparison of performance with different types of shear connectors subjected to fire", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(3), 651-669. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.3.651.
  175. Shao, X.H., He, C., Liu, H.Q., Su, N., Wu, Y.J., Chen, Q. and Ma, X.L. (2024), "Amorphization of nano-Mg layers in LPSO-containing magnesium alloy during cyclic deformation", Scripta Materialia, 245, 116059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.116059.
  176. Shariat, M., Shariati, M., Madadi, A. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Computational Lagrangian Multiplier Method by using for optimization and sensitivity analysis of rectangular reinforced concrete beams", Steel Compos. Struct, 29(2), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.29.2.243.
  177. Shariati, A. (2012), "Various types of shear connectors in composite structures: A review", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(22). 2876-2890. https://doi.org/10.5897/ijpsx11.004.
  178. Shariati, A., Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Khanouki, M. A. and Mahoutian, M. (2014), "Experimental assessment of angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 52, 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.032.
  179. Shariati, A., Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M. and Shariati, M. (2012), "Investigation of channel shear connectors for composite concrete and steel T-beam", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(11), 11828-11831. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.1604.
  180. Shariati, M. (2008), "Assessment building using Non-destructive test techniques (ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Schmidt Rebound Hammer)", Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
  181. Shariati, M. (2013), "Behaviour of C-shaped shear connectors in stell concrete composite beams", Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Malaya.
  182. Shariati, M., Afrazi, M., Kamyab, H., Rouhanifar, S., Toghroli, E., Safa, M. and Afrazi, H. (2024), "A state of the art review on geotechnical reinforcement with end life tires", Glob. J. Environ. Sci. Manag., 10(1), 385-404. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2024.10.1.385.
  183. Shariati, M., Azar, S.M., Arjomand, M A., Tehrani, H.S., Daei, M. and Safa, M. (2019), "Comparison of dynamic behavior of shallow foundations based on pile and geosynthetic materials in fine-grained clayey soils", Geomech. Eng., 19(6), 473-484. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.6.473.
  184. Shariati, M., Azar, S.M., Arjomand, M.A., Tehrani, H.S., Daei, M. and Safa, M. (2020), "Evaluating the impacts of using piles and geosynthetics in reducing the settlement of fine-grained soils under static load", Geomech. Eng., 20(2), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.2.087.
  185. Shariati, M., Davoodnabi, S.M., Toghroli, A., Kong, Z. and Shariati, A. (2021), "Hybridization of metaheuristic algorithms with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to predict load-slip behavior of angle shear connectors at elevated temperatures", Compos. Struct., 278, 114524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114524.
  186. Shariati, M., Faegh, S.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahavarnia, S., Zandi, Y., Masoom, D.R. and Salih, M.N. (2019), "Numerical study on the structural performance of corrugated low yield point steel plate shear walls with circular openings", Steel Compos. Struct. Int. J., 33(4), 569-581. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.4.569.
  187. Shariati, M., Ghorbani, M., Naghipour, M., Alinejad, N. and Toghroli, A. (2020), "The effect of RBS connection on energy absorption in tall buildings with braced tube frame system", Steel Compos. Struct. Int. J., 34(3), 393-407. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.393.
  188. Shariati, M., Heyrati, A., Zandi, Y., Laka, H., Toghroli, A., Kianmehr, P. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019), "Application of waste tire rubber aggregate in porous concrete", Smart Struct. Syst. Int. J., 24(4), 553-566. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.24.4.553.
  189. Shariati, M., Kamyab, H., Habibi, M., Ahmadi, S., Naghipour, M., Gorjinezhad, F. and Aminian, A. (2023), "Sulfuric acid resistance of concrete containing coal waste as a partial substitute for fine and coarse aggregates", Fuel, 348, 128311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128311.
  190. Shariati, M., Lagzian, M., Maleki, S., Shariati, A. and Trung, N.T. (2020), "Evaluation of seismic performance factors for tension-only braced frames", Steel Compos. Struct., 35(4), 599-609. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.4.599.
  191. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Ghahremani, B., Azarhomayun, F., Ahmadi, M., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2022), "A novel hybrid extreme learning machine-grey wolf optimizer (ELM-GWO) model to predict compressive strength of concrete with partial replacements for cement", Eng. Comput., 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-019-00841-6.
  192. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Ghahremani, B., Azarhomayun, F., Ahmadi, M., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2022), "A novel hybrid extreme learning machine-grey wolf optimizer (ELM-GWO) model to predict compressive strength of concrete with partial replacements for cement", Eng. Compu., 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-021-01384-4.
  193. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Haido, J.H., Yousif, S.T., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2020), "Identification of the most influencing parameters on the properties of corroded concrete beams using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(1), https://doi.org/155.10.12989/scs.2020.34.1.155.
  194. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Ahmadi, M., Wakil, K., Trung, N.T. and Toghroli, A. (2020), "Prediction of concrete strength in presence of furnace slag and fly ash using Hybrid ANN-GA (Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm)", Smart Struct. Syst. Int. J., 25(2), 183-195. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.25.2.183.
  195. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahadori, A., Zandi, Y., Salih, M.N. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019), "Application of a hybrid artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization (ANN-PSO) model in behavior prediction of channel shear connectors embedded in normal and high-strength concrete", Appl. Sci., 9(24), 5534. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245534.
  196. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Shariati, A., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Salih, M.N. (2021), "A novel approach to predict shear strength of tilted angle connectors using artificial intelligence techniques", Eng. Comput., 37, 2089-2109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-019-00761-5.
  197. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Zandi, Y., Dehghani, D., Bahadori, A. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019), "Application of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Genetic Programming (GP) to design steel-concrete composite floor systems at elevated temperatures", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(3), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.3.319.
  198. Shariati, M., Naghipour, M., Yousofizinsaz, G., Toghroli, A. and Tabarestani, N.P. (2020), "Numerical study on the axial compressive behavior of built-up CFT columns considering different welding lines", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(3), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.377.
  199. Shariati, M., Raeispour, M., Naghipour, M., Kamyab, H., Memarzadeh, A., Nematzadeh, M. and Toghroli, A. (2024), "Flexural behavior analysis of double honeycomb steel composite encased concrete beams: An integrated experimental and finite element study", Case Studies Construct. Mater., 20, e03299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e03299.
  200. Shariati, M., Rafie, S., Zandi, Y., Fooladvand, R., Gharehaghaj, B., Mehrabi, P. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019), "Experimental investigation on the effect of cementitious materials on fresh and mechanical properties of self-consolidating concrete", Adv. Concrete Construct., 8(3), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.8.3.225.
  201. Shariati, M., Ramli-Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad, M.M., Shafigh, P. and Sinaei, H. (2011), "Assessing the strength of reinforced concrete structures through Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Schmidt Rebound Hammer tests", Sci. Res. Essays, 6(1), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.879.
  202. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. (2010), "Experimental and analytical study on channel shear connectors in light weight aggregate concrete", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Steel Composite Structures, Sydney, Australia, July.
  203. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad, M.M.K.H. and Mahoutian, M. (2011), "Shear resistance of channel shear connectors in plain, reinforced and lightweight concrete", Sci. Res. Essays, 6(4), 977-983. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.1120.
  204. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Shariati, A. (2011), "Experimental and numerical investigations of channel shear connectors in high strength concrete", Proceedings of the 2011 world congress on advances in structural engineering and mechanics (ASEM'11+), September.
  205. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Shariati, A. and Khanouki, M.A. (2016), "Behavior of V-shaped angle shear connectors: experimental and parametric study", Mater. Struct., 49, 3909-3926. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0762-6.
  206. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Sinaei, H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Shafigh, P. (2011), "Behavior of channel shear connectors in normal and light weight aggregate concrete (experimental and analytical study)", Adv. Mater. Res., 168, 2303-2307. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.168-170.2303.
  207. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Sinaei, H. (2012), "Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of channel shear connector embedded in the lightweight aggregate concrete in composite bridge girders", Fifth International Conference on Engineering Failure Analysis, The Netherlands, July.
  208. Shariati, M., Shariati, A., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M. and Khanouki, M.A. (2014), "RETRACTED: Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of angle shear connectors embedded in high strength concrete". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.007.
  209. Shariati, M., Shariati, A., Trung, N.T., Shoaei, P., Ameri, F., Bahrami, N. and Zamanabadi, S.N. (2021), "Alkali-activated slag (AAS) paste: Correlation between durability and microstructural characteristics", Construct. Build. Mater., 267, 120886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120886.
  210. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R. and Khanouki, M.A. (2012), "Experimental assessment of channel shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Mater. Des., 34, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.017.
  211. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Shariati, A. and Kueh, A.B.H. (2016), "Comparative performance of channel and angle shear connectors in high strength concrete composites: An experimental study", Construct. Build. Mater., 120, 382-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.094.
  212. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Khanouki, M. A. and Sinaei, H. (2012), "Behaviour of C-shaped angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading: An experimental study", Mater. Des., 41, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.04.042.
  213. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Khanouki, M. A. and Sinaei, H. (2013), "Comparison of behaviour between channel and angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Construct. Build. Mater., 38, 582-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.045.
  214. Shariati, M., Tahir, M.M., Wee, T.C., Shah, S.N.R., Jalali, A. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Experimental investigations on monotonic and cyclic behavior of steel pallet rack connections", Eng. Fail. Anal., 85, 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.12.008.
  215. Shariati, M., Tahmasbi, F., Mehrabi, P., Bahadori, A. and Toghroli, A. (2020), "Monotonic behavior of C and L shaped angle shear connectors within steel-concrete composite beams: an experimental investigation", Steel Compos. Struct., 35(2), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.2.237.
  216. Shariati, M., Toghroli, A., Jalali, A. and Ibrahim, Z. (2017), "Assessment of stiffened angle shear connector under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering-CSM. https://doi.org/10.15224/ 978-1-63248-132-0-44.
  217. Mehrabi, P., Wakil, K., Khorami, M., Shariati, M. and Safa, M. (2019), "Moment-rotation estimation of steel rack connection using extreme learning machine", Steel Compos. Struct., 31, 427-435. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.31.5.427.
  218. Shu, J., Zhang, X., Li, W., Zeng, Z., Zhang, H. and Duan, Y. (2024), "Point cloud and machine learning-based automated recognition and measurement of corrugated pipes and rebars for large precast concrete beams", Auto. Construct., 165, 105493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105493.
  219. Shu, J., Zhang, X., Li, W., Zeng, Z., Zhang, H. and Duan, Y. (2024), "Point cloud and machine learning-based automated recognition and measurement of corrugated pipes and rebars for large precast concrete beams", Auto. Construct., 165, 105493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105493.
  220. Sinaei, H., Shariati, M., Abna, A. H., Aghaei, M. and Shariati, A. (2012), "Evaluation of reinforced concrete beam behaviour using finite element analysis by ABAQUS", Sci. Res. Essays, 7(21), 2002-2009. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1393.
  221. Singh, B.B., Mohanty, F., Das, S.S. and Swain, S.K. (2020), "Graphene sandwiched crumb rubber dispersed hot mix asphalt", J. Traffic Transport. Eng. (English Edition), 7(5), 652-667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2020.05.006.
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  223. Song, X., Wang, W., Deng, Y., Su, Y., Jia, F., Zaheer, Q. and Long, X. (2024), "Data-driven modeling for residual velocity of projectile penetrating reinforced concrete slabs", Eng. Struct., 306, 117761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.117761.
  224. Suarez, P.F.P., Zambrano, D.F.S., Alarcon, S.L.S. and Cordova, E.A.C. (2024), "Impacto de la tecnologia BIM en la eficiencia y sostenibilidad de proyectos arquitectonicos", Eidos, 17(24), 145-159. https://doi.org/10.29019/eidos.v17i24.1388.
  225. Suhatril, M., Osman, N., Azura Sari, P., Shariati, M. and Marto, A. (2019), "Significance of surface eco-protection techniques for cohesive soils slope in Selangor, Malaysia", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 37, 2007-2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0734-7.
  226. Sun, R., Wang, S., Li, M. and Zhu, Y. (2025), "An algorithm for large-span flexible bridge pose estimation and multi-keypoint vibration displacement measurement", Measurement, 240, 115582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115582.
  227. Tahmasbi, F., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Tahir, M.M. (2016), "Shear capacity of C-shaped and L-shaped angle shear connectors", PloS One, 11(8), e0156989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156989.
  228. Takagi, J. and Wada, A. (2019), "Recent earthquakes and the need for a new philosophy for earthquake-resistant design", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 119, 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.11.014.
  229. Tapia, F.D.S. (2024), "El Diseno grafico automatizado: un analisis critico detras de la inteligencia artificial", Eidos, 17(24), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.29019/eidos.v17i24.1377.
  230. Teran, W.J. and Mediavilla, D.P.Z. (2023), "LA RELACION ENTRE EL ESTRES Y LA ACCIDENTABILIDAD LABORAL EN LA CONSTRUCCION DE LAS EDIFICACIONES DE ALTURA DE LA CIUDAD DE QUITO.: The relationship between stress and occupational accidents in the construction of tall buildings in the center-north of the city of Quito", Eidos, 15(21), 3-11.
  231. Teran, W.P.J. (2023), "Planificacion territorial sostenible a partir de un concepto de ciudad inteligente", Eidos, 16(22), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.29019/eidos.v16i22.1153.
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  233. Toghroli, A., Mehrabi, P., Shariati, M., Trung, N.T., Jahandari, S. and Rasekh, H. (2020), "Evaluating the use of recycled concrete aggregate and pozzolanic additives in fiber-reinforced pervious concrete with industrial and recycled fibers", Construct. Build. Mater., 252, 118997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118997.
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  235. Toghroli, A., Nasirianfar, M.S., Shariati, A., Khorami, M., Paknahad, M., Ahmadi, M. and Zandi, Y. (2020), "Analysis of extended end plate connection equipped with SMA bolts using component method", Steel Compos. Struct. Int. J., 36(2), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.36.2.213.
  236. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Karim, M.R. and Ibrahim, Z. (2017), "Investigation on composite polymer and silica fume-rubber aggregate pervious concrete", Fifth International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering - CSM 2017, Zurich, Switzerland, September.
  237. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Sajedi, F., Ibrahim, Z., Koting, S., Mohamad, E.T. and Khorami, M. (2018), "A review on pavement porous concrete using recycled waste materials", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.433.
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  239. Torres, M.F.L. (2021), "Una entrada descolonial en la Amazonia ecuatoriana: A decolonial insight of the Ecuadorian Amazon", Eidos, 13(18).
  240. Trung, N.T., Alemi, N., Haido, J.H., Shariati, M., Baradaran, S. and Yousif, S.T. (2019), "Reduction of cement consumption by producing smart green concretes with natural zeolites", Smart Struct. Syst., 24(3), 415-425. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.24.3.415.
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