The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology (문화기술의 융합)

The International Promotion Agency of Culture Technology (국제문화기술진흥원)
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A Comparative Study on the Characteristics of South and North Korean Animation Embedded with National Ideology in the 1970s

1970년대 국가 이데올로기가 내재 된 남북 애니메이션의 특성에 관한 비교연구

  • 이현석 (부산대학교 디자인학과, 조형예술연구소)
  • Received : 2024.08.14
  • Accepted : 2024.11.05
  • Published : 2024.11.30
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Abstract

In the 1970s, South Korea under Park Chung-hee's regime emphasized economic development along with anti-communism and nationalism. At the same time, North Korea, under Kim Il-sung, reinforced its ideology centered on Juche (self-reliance) and anti-foreign sentiment. This study aims to identify the characteristics of how state ideologies were visually represented and functioned through animation during this period. The research follows a three-part approach: First, it examines the socio-cultural context of South and North Korean animation. Second, it explores John B. Thompson's five modes of ideological operation-legitimation, dissimulation, unification, fragmentation, and reification. Third, it conducts a comparative analysis of South Korea's General Ttoli - The Third Tunnel (1978) and North Korea's Squirrel and Hedgehog (16 episodes), both produced in the 1970s. The analysis reveals that while there are similarities in the five modes of ideological operation-legitimation, dissimulation, unification, fragmentation, and reification-distinct characteristics emerge in each animation. General Ttoli portrays South Korea as a defender of democracy and freedom, demonizes the enemy, features a superhero grounded in entertainment, highlights the inequalities and human rights abuses in North Korean society. On the other hand, Squirrel and Hedgehog presents an advanced form of socialism, denigrates its enemies, emphasizes collectivism, features a growth-oriented hero character supported by allies, depicts an ideal society of equality, and prioritizes educational purposes.

1970년대 한국은 박정희 정권을 중심으로 경제개발과 함께 반공주의와 민족주의가 강조되는 시기였고, 북한은 김일성 주석을 중심으로 주체사상과 반외세에 대한 이데올로기가 강화되는 시기였다. 이러한 시기, 국가 이데올로기가 어떻게 애니메이션을 통해 시각적으로 재현되고, 기능하는지 그 특성을 도출하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위한 연구는 첫째, 남북한 애니메이션의 사회문화적 배경에 대해 고찰한다. 둘째, 존 톰슨(John B. Thompson)의 다섯 가지 이데올로기 실행패턴에 대해 살펴보고, 셋째, 1970년대 제작된 한국의 <똘이 장군 -제 3땅굴편, 1978>과 북한의 <다람이와 고슴도치> 16부를 이데올로기 실행패턴을 통해 비교 분석한다. 분석 결과, 합법화, 허식화, 통일화, 분산화, 구체화의 다섯 가지 실행패턴에서는 유사한 특성이 드러났지만, <똘이 장군>은 민주주의와 자유의 수호자, 적을 악마화, 민족적 단결 강조, 오락성 기반의 슈퍼히어로, 북한 사회의 불평등과 비인권적 행위를 강조하며, 북한 주민을 구원하는 내용으로 구성되었다. 반면, <다람이와 고슴도치>는 사회주의 발전된 모습, 적을 비하하고 집단주의 강조, 조력자를 통한 성장형 영웅 캐릭터, 평등한 이상사회를 묘사하며 교육 목적이 우선시 되었다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문 또는 저서는 2022년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임 (NRF-2022S1A5A2A01046238)

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