Biomolecules & Therapeutics

The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology (한국응용약물학회)
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Is There such a Thing as Post-Viral Depression?: Implications for Precision Medicine

  • Eun-Sook Park (Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University) ;
  • Chan Young Shin (School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University) ;
  • Se Jin Jeon (Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University) ;
  • Byung-Joo Ham (Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine)
  • Received : 2024.09.10
  • Accepted : 2024.10.07
  • Published : 2024.11.01
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Abstract

Viral infections are increasingly recognized as triggers for depressive disorders, particularly following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the rise of long COVID. Viruses such as Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are linked to depression through complex neurobiological mechanisms. These include immune system dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and neurotransmitter imbalances that affect brain function and mood regulation. Viral activation of the immune system leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in neuroinflammation and associated depressive symptoms. Furthermore, specific viruses can disrupt neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, all of which are essential for mood stabilization. The unique interactions of different viruses with these systems underscore the need for virus-specific therapeutic approaches. Current broad-spectrum treatments often overlook the precise neurobiological pathways involved in post-viral depression, reducing their efficacy. This review emphasizes the need to understand these virus-specific interactions to create tailored interventions that directly address the neurobiological effects induced by each type of virus. These interventions may include immunomodulatory treatments that target persistent inflammation, antiviral therapies to reduce the viral load, or neuroprotective strategies that restore neurotransmitter balance. Precision medicine offers promising avenues for the effective management of virus-induced depression, providing patient-specific approaches that address the specific biological mechanisms involved. By focusing on the development of these targeted treatments, this review aims to pave the way for a new era in psychiatric care that fully addresses the root causes of depression induced by viral infections.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2020M3E5D9080165, 2020M3E5D9080794, NRF-2022R1F1A1074517 and NRF-2022R1A2C2002809).

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