References
- Carr JH, Shepherd RB, Ada L. Spasticity: research findings and implications for intervention. Physiotherapy. 1995;81(8):421-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9406(05)66716-8
- Korean Stroke Society. Stroke. 2nd ed. Seoul: Panmuneducation. 2015:533.
- Urban PP, Wolf T, Uebele M, Marx JJ, Vogt T, Stoeter P, Bauermann T, Weibrich C, Vucurevic GD, Schneider A, Wissel J. Occurence and clinical predictors of spasticity after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(9):2016-20. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.581991
- Zeng H, Chen J, Guo Y, Tan S. Prevalence and risk factors for spasticity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021;11:616097.
- Wissel J, Manack A, Brainin M. Toward an epidemiology of poststroke spasticity. Neurology. 2013;80(3 Suppl 2):S13-9. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182762448
- Lundstrom E, Smits A, Borg J, Terent A. Four-fold increase in direct costs of stroke survivors with spasticity compared with stroke survivors without spasticity: the first year after the event. Stroke. 2010;41(2):319-24. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.558619
- Chang E, Ghosh N, Yanni D, Lee S, Alexandru D, Mozaffar T. A review of spasticity treatments: pharmacological and interventional approaches. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2013;25(1-2):11-22. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013007945
- Smyth MD, Peacock WJ. The surgical treatment of spasticity. Muscle & Nerve. 2000;23(2):153-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200002)23:2<153::AID-MUS3>3.0.CO;2-4
- Halpern D, Meelhuysen FE. Phenol motor point block in the management of muscular hypertonia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1996;47(10):659-64.
- Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine Association Textbook Compilation Committee. The acupuncture and moxibustion medicine. 1st ed. Seoul:JipMunDang. 1988:1288.
- Yang JH. Editing and annotation of acupuncture and moxibustion. 1st ed. Seoul:Daesungmunhwasa. 1984:425-33.
- Kim MW, Ki SH, Han CH, Nam HW, Song YK. A study on the application of chuna therapy to patients with post-stroke spasticity based on Korean reseach. The Journal of Chuna Manual Medicine for Spine & Nerves. 2022;17(1):61-72.
- Kim JS, Shin SW, Lee EJ, Shin BC, Lee MS, Lim SM, Nam DW, Moon SK. Clinical practice guideline on acupuncture for post-stroke spasticity. Journal of Korean Medicine. 2015;36(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.15001
- Paek CH, So SW, Kim HS, Ahn KH, Nam SS, Park SK. Antispastic effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture in the stroke patients. Journal of Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1997;21(6):1088-97.
- Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Physical Therapy. 1987;67(2):206-7.
- Fleuren JF, Voerman GE, Erren-Wolters CV, Snoek GJ, Rietman JS, Hermens HJ, Nene AV. Stop using the Ashworth scale for the assessment of spasticity. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2010;81(1):46-52. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.177071
- Gregson JM, Leathley M, Moore AP, Sharma AK, Smith TL, Watkins CL. Reliability of the tone assessment scale and the modified Ashworth scale as clinical tools for assessing poststroke spasticity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1999;80(9):1013-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90053-9
- Sloan RL, Sinclair E, Thompson J, Taylor S, Pentland B. Inter-rater reliability of the modified Ashworth scale for spasticity in hemiplegic patients. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 1992;15(2):158-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004356-199206000-00009
- Lee SH, Chung SH, Lee JS, Kim SS, Shin HD. A Literature review of spasticity assessment methods. J Korean Med Rehabil. 2000;10(2):121-37.
- Pandyan AD, Johnson GR, Price CI, Curless RH, Barnes MP, Rodgers H. A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth scales as measures of spasticity. Clinical Rehabilitation. 1999;13(5)373-83. https://doi.org/10.1191/026921599677595404
- Gracies JM. Evaluation de la spasticite: apport de l'echelle de tardieu. Motricite cerebrale. 2001;22:1-16.
- Dietz V. Spastic movement disorder. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(7):389-93. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101030
- Tardieu G, Shentoub S, Delarue R. A la recherche d'une technique de mesure de la spasticite. Revue Neurologique. 1954;91:143-4.
- Boyd RN, Graham HK. Objective measurement of clinical findings in the use of botulinum toxin type A for the management of children with cerebral palsy. European Journal of Neurology. 1999;6(Suppl 4):S23-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.1999.tb00031.x
- Mehrholz J, Wagner K, Meissner D, Grundmann K, Zange C, Koch R, Pohl M. Reliability of the modified Tardieu scale and the modified Ashworth scale in adult patients with severe brain injury: a comparison study. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2005;19(7):751-9. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215505cr889oa
- Lance JW. Pathophysiology of spasticity and clinical experience with baclofen. In: Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP, eds. Spasticity: disordered motor control. Chicago:Year Book. 1980:185-204.
- Wartenberg R. Pendulousness of the legs as a diagnostic test. Neurology. 1951;1(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.1.1.18
- Biering-Sorensen F, Nielsen JB, Klinge K. Spasticity-assessment: a review. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(12):708-22. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101928
- Gracies JM, Bayle N, Vinti M, Alkandari S, Vu P, Loche CM, Colas C. Five-step clinical assessment in spastic paresis. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2010;46(3):411-21.
- Hugos CL, Cameron MH. Assessment and measurement of spasticity in MS: state of the evidence. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 2019;19(10):79.
- Farrar JT, Troxel AB, Stott C, Duncombe P, Jensen MP. Validity, reliability, and clinical importance of change in a 0-10 numeric rating scale measure of spasticity: a post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Therapeutics. 2008;30(5):974-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.05.011
- Sunnerhagen KS, Olver J, Francisco GE. Assessing and treating functional impairment in poststroke spasticity. Neurology. 2013;80(3 Suppl 2):S35-44. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182764aa2
- World Health Organization. International classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Oct 2]. Available from: URL: www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/.
- National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency. Analysis of medical use status and factors related to medical use in stroke patients. Seoul:National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency. 2012.
- Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. Cerebrovascular disease treatment status. Seoul:Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. 2023.
- Statistics Korea. Survey on Korean medicine use and herbal medicine consumption. Daejeon:Statistics Korea. 2023.
- Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Bigdata Open portal. Frequent disease statistics [Internet]. Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service; 2010-2023 Jan-Dec[cited 2024 Oct 2]. Available from: URL: https://opendata.hira.or.kr/op/opc/olapHifrqSickInfoTab1.do.
- Zhao JG, Cao CH, Liu CZ, Han BJ, Zhang J, Li ZG, Yu T, Wang XH, Zhao H, Xu ZH. Effect of acupuncture treatment on spastic states of stroke patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2009;276(1-2):143-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2008.09.018
- Wong AM, Su TY, Tang FT, Cheng PT, Liaw MY. Clinical trial of electrical acupuncture on hemiplegic stroke patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1999;78(2):117-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002060-199903000-00006
- Mukherjee M, McPeak LK, Redford JB, Sun C, Liu W. The effect of electro-acupuncture on spasticity of the wrist joint in chronic stroke survivors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2007;88(2):159-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2006.10.034
- Deare JC, Zheng Z, Xue CC, Liu JP, Shang J, Scott SW, Littlejohn G. Acupuncture for treating fibromyalgia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;2013(5):CD007070.
- Goulet C, Arsenault AB, Bourbonnais D, Laramee MT, Lepage Y. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on H-reflex and spinal spasticity. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1996;28(3):169-76. https://doi.org/10.2340/165019771996169176
- You JH, Kim YS, Kang SK. Antispastic effect of electroacupuncture on spasticity in stroke patients. The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 1999;17(2):209-20.
- Park JY, Kim JG, Kim SJ, Lee WS, Kim YC, Jung MG. Clinical study on Soyang-Kyong negative acupuncture effect of spasticity or rigidity. The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine. 2000;21(5):845-50.
- Kim YS. Antispastic effects of electroacupuncture, TENS and NMES in stroke patient. The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2000;17(2):209-20.
- Park YH, Shin HD, Kim SS, Jung SH, Lee JS. Antispastic effect of taping on spasticity in stroke patients. J Korean Med Rehabil. 2001;11(1):159-71.
- Sim WJ, Jung SH, Kim SS, Shin HD, Lee JS. Which is more effective for elbow spasticity after stroke, the electroacupuncture on Yin or Yang meridians? J Korean Med Rehabil. 2003;13(1):95-111.
- Moon SK, Whang YK, Park SU, Ko CN, Kim YS, Bae HS, Cho KH. Antispastic effect of electroacupuncture and moxibustion in stroke patients. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2003;31(3):467-74. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X03001077
- Sim WJ, Moon SH, Ryu HJ, Jung SH, Kim SS, Lee JS. The effects of the muscles along meridians release therapy to spastic patients after stroke. J Korean Med Rehabil. 2004;14(1):63-75.
- Park SW, Lee MG, Lee SW, Kang BG, Son JW, Park SM, Lee I, Moon BS. The effect of electroacupuncture by Yin and Yang meridians on leg spasticity of stroke patients. The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine. 2006;27(2):371-8.
- Cho JH, Chung SH, Lee JS, Kim SS. MEMG analysis on antispastic effect of electroacupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. J Korean Med Rehabil. 2006;16(2):131-43.
- Lee SW, Yun JM, Son JW, Kang BG, Park SM, Yun HJ, Kim DJ, Kim TJ, Lee I, Shin YI, Moon BS. The effect of electroacupuncture on upper-extremity spasticity of stroke patients. The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine. 2007;28(3):492-501.
- Noh JH, Park JA, Youn HM, Jang KJ, Song CH, Ahn CB, Kim CH. The effect of hominis placenta pharmacopuncture on leg spasticity of stroke patients (a pilot study, double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial). Journal of Pharmacopuncture. 2009;12(4):97-110. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2009.12.4.097
- Noh JH, Park JA, Cho SW, Youn HM, Jang KJ, Song CH, Ahn CB, Kim CH. Effect of bee-venom acupuncture on upper limb spasticity of stroke patients. The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2010;27(4):115-25.
- Baek KM, Kwon DR, Park GY. Study of the effects of sa-am acupuncture on upper limb spasticity in patients with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis using real-time sonoelastography. The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine. 2014;35(1):1-11.
- Cho MK, Lee I, Kwon JN, Shin BC, Ko SH, Ko HY, Shin YI, Hong JW. Antispastic effect of electroacupuncture on upper extremity in stroke patients by t-reflex study: a single-blind, randomized controlled, preliminary study. Journal of Korean Medicine. 2015;36(4):8-18. https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.15029
- Kim JH, Kim SB, Jeong YK, Cho KH, Jung WS, Kwon SW, Mun SK. A case of post-stroke spasticity patient treated with low-frequency electroacupuncture. The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine. 2017;18(1):47-54.
- Yoon SH, Jo HG, Song MY. Post-stroke spasticity treated by miniscalpel-acupuncture: three case report. J Korean Med Rehabil. 2018;28(1):145-52. https://doi.org/10.18325/jkmr.2018.28.1.145
- Lim SM, Go E, Lee J, Lee GE, Kim EJ, Son C. Improving upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke by electroacupuncture therapy: a pre-and post-treatment study. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. 2023;16(6):248-54. https://doi.org/10.51507/j.jams.2023.16.6.248