Journal of Ecology and Environment

The Ecological Society of Korea (한국생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Peatland restoration research: a global overview with insights from Indonesia

  • Kushartati Budiningsih (Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)) ;
  • Prakoso Bhairawa Putera (Research Center for Public Policy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)) ;
  • Ari Nurlia (Research Center for Society and Culture, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)) ;
  • Nur Arifatul Ulya (Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)) ;
  • Fitri Nurfatriani (Directorate of Environment, Maritime - Natural Resources and Nuclear Policy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)) ;
  • Mimi Salminah (Directorate of Environment, Maritime - Natural Resources and Nuclear Policy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)) ;
  • Dhany Yuniati (Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)) ;
  • Asmanah Widarti (Research Center for Society and Culture, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN))
  • Received : 2024.03.25
  • Accepted : 2024.07.01
  • Published : 2024.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Repeated and severe fires have led to a large investment in research directed towards recapturing the natural values of Indonesia's peatland forest resources. The aim of this study was to identify the patterns and trends in research on peatland restoration-related literature available on the Scopus database. Methods in this paper a bibliometric methodology, the Scopus database and VOSviewer were used explore the trends in the published peatland restoration literature in the period 1994-2021; the leading journals and most influential authors, affiliations, countries, documents and research themes were identified. Results: Three hundred and seventeen documents including 266 journal articles were identified. The leading journals based on numbers of articles published and citations were Restoration Ecology and Ecological Engineering. Authors affiliated to institutions in Canada and the United Kingdom were the most influential. Indonesia was the third most influential based on numbers of documents. The most influential article was "The underappreciated potential of peatlands in global climate change mitigation strategies" by Liefield J in Nature Communications with an annual average citation rate of 66/year. A keyword co-occurrence network identified nine main themes in peat restoration research. Conclusions: The findings of the study are used to outline the types of research in peat restoration now required to meet the outstanding and unmet challenges confronted in Indonesia. Three significant challenges have been identified: (1) anthropogenic, those that encompass issues related to community acceptance and participation in peatland restoration, (2) ecological, those associated with severely degraded peatlands, and (3) economic, the absence of secure funding to cover substantial costs.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Dr Chris Beadle, CSIRO Australia for his comments and advice on an earlier version of this manuscript.

References

  1. Andersen R, Farrell C, Graf M, Muller F, Calvar E, Frankard P, et al. An overview of the progress and challenges of peatland restoration in Western Europe. Restor Ecol. 2016;25(2):271-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12415.
  2. Astiani D, Widiastuti T, Latifah S, Simatupang D. Soil characteristics and CO2 emissions of ex-burnt peatland in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiveritas. 2020;21(8):3691-8. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210836.
  3. Astuti R. Fixing flammable forest: the scalar politics of peatland governance and restoration in Indonesia. Asia Pac. Viewp. 2020;61(2):283-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12267.
  4. Baur B. Dispersal-limited species - A challenge for ecological restoration. Basic Applied Ecol. 2014;15(7):559-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2014.06.004.
  5. Budiman I, Bastoni, Sari ENN, Hadi EE, Asmaliyah, Siahaan H, et al. Progress of paludiculture projects in supporting peatland ecosystem restoration in Indonesia. Glob Ecol Conserv. 2020;23:e01084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01084.
  6. Bugnon JL, Rochefort L, Price JS. Field experiment of Sphagnum reintroduction on a dry abandoned peatland in eastern Canada. Wetlands. 1997;17:513-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161517.
  7. Chimner R, Cooper DJ, Wurster FC, Rochefort L. An overview of peatland restoration in North America: where are we after 25 years? Restor Ecol. 2017;25(2):283-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12434.
  8. Deshmukh CS, Julius D, Desai, AR, Asyhari A, Page SE, Nardi N, et al. Conservation slows down emission increase from a tropical peatland in Indonesia. Nat Geosci. 2021;14(7):484-90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00785-2.
  9. Dohong A. Peatland Restoration in Indonesia: Strategy and Approaches in Restoring Degraded Peatland in Indonesia. 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327882429_Peatland_Restoration_in_Indonesia_Strategy_and_Approaches_in_Restoring_Degraded_Peatland_in_Indonesia. Aug 2017. Accessed 20 Mar 2022.
  10. Dohong A. Peatlands Restoration in Indonesia: Translating Policy into Actions. 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327881331_Peatlands_Restoration_in_Indonesia_Translating_Policy_into_Actions. Mar 2018. Accessed 20 Mar 2022.
  11. Dohong A, Abdul Aziz A, Dargusch P. A review of techniques for effective tropical peatland restoration. Wetlands. 2018;38(2):275-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1017-6.
  12. Dohong A, Abdul Aziz A, Dargusch P. A review of the drivers of tropical peatland degradation in South-East Asia. Land Use Policy. 2017;69:349-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.035.
  13. Elz I, Tansey K, Page S, Trivedi M. Modelling deforestation and land cover transitions of tropical peatlands in Sumatra, Indonesia using remote sensed land cover data sets. Land. 2015;4(3):670-87. https://doi.org/10.3390/land4030670.
  14. Famous MS, Taylor N. Regeneration of three Sphagnum species. Wetlands Ecol Manag. 2005;13(6):635-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-005-0125-2.
  15. Fleming A, Agrawal S, Dinomika, Fransisca Y, Graham L, Lestari S, et al. Reflections on integrated research from community engagement in peatland restoration. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2021;8:199. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00878-8.
  16. Flood K, Mahon M, McDonagh J. Everyday resilience: Rural communities as agents of change in peatland social-ecological systems. J rural stud. 2022;96:316-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.11.008.
  17. Grundling PL, Grobler R. Peatlands and mires of South Africa. Stapfia. 2005;85:379-96.
  18. Grundling PL, Grootjans AP. Peatlands of Africa. In: Finlayson CM, Milton GR, Prentice RC, Davidson NC, editors. The wetland book. Springer; 2018. p.1413-22.
  19. Grundling PL, Grundling A, Van Deventer H, Roux J. Current state, pressures and protection of South African peatlands. Mires and Peat. 2021;27:26. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2020.OMB.StA.2125.
  20. Gunawan H. Indonesian Peatland Functions: initiated peatland restoration and responsible management of peatland for the benefit of local community, case study in Riau and West Kalimantan Provinces. In: Lopez MI, Suryomenggolo J, editors. Environmental Resources Use and Challenges in Contemporary Southeast Asia. (7). Singapore: Springer; 2018. p.117-38.
  21. Hansson A, Dargusch P. An estimate of the financial cost of peatland restoration in Indonesia. Case Stud Environ. 2018;2(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000695.
  22. Harenda KM, Lamentowicz M, Samson M, Chojnicki BH. The role of peatlands and their carbon storage function in the context of climate change. In: Zielinski T, Sagan I, Surosz W, editors. Interdisciplinary interdisciplinary approaches for sustainable development goals. Springer; 2018. p.169-87.
  23. Harrison ME, Ottay JB, D'Arcy LJ, Cheyne SM, Anggodo, Belcher C, et al. Tropical forest and peatland conservation in Indonesia: challenges and directions. People Nat. 2020;2(1):4-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10060.
  24. Hergoualc'h K, Atmadja S, Carmenta R, Martius C, Murdiyarso D, Purnomo H. Managing peatlands in Indonesia: challenges and opportunities for local and global communities. CIFOR; 2018.
  25. Howie SA, Whitfield PH, Hebda RJ, Munson TG, Dakin RA, Jeglum JK. Water table and vegetation response to ditch blocking: restoration of a raised bog in Southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue Canadienne Des Ressources Hydriques. 2009;34(4):381-92. https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj3404381.
  26. Indriani F, Siregar U, Matra DD, Siregar IZ. Ecological aspects and genetic diversity of Shorea balangeran in two forest types of Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2019;20(2):482-8. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200226.
  27. Januar R, Sari ENN, Putra S. Dynamics of local governance: the case of peatland restoration in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land Use Policy. 2021;102:105270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105270.
  28. Jaya A, Sosilawaty, Antang EU, Djaya AA, Gunawan H. Agroforestry farming system as peatland restoration efforts in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2021;694(1):012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/694/1/012016.
  29. Joosten H. The global peatland CO2 picture. 2010. https://www.wetlands.org/publication/the-global-peatland-co2-picture/. Accessed 6 May 2022.
  30. Joosten H, Clarke D. Wise use of mires and peatlands. 2002. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=-3fa5336900382d4bf46805bcaadc7a07741af3f6. Accessed 20 Mar 2022.
  31. Kiely L, Spracklen DV, Arnold SR, Papargyropoulou E, Conibear L, Wiedinmyer C, et al. Assessing costs of Indonesian fires and the benefits of restoring peatland. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):7044. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27353-x.
  32. Laia DH, Darsono, Antriyandarti E. Peatland community attitudes towards conservation and restoration programs in Pelalawan, Riau, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2021;940(1):012050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012050.
  33. Lavoie C, Zimmermann C, Pellerin S. Peatland restoration in southern Quebec (Canada): a paleoecological perspective>. Ecoscience. 2001;8(2):247-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2001.11682651.
  34. Leifeld J, Wust-Galley C, Page S. Intact and managed peatland soils as a source and sink of GHGs from 1850 to 2100. Nat Clim Chang. 2019;9(12):945-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0615-5.
  35. Leon Valdebenito C, Gabriel M, Rodriguez C, Iturraspe R, Savoretti A, Pancotto V, et al. Peatlands of Southern South America: a review. Mires and Peat. 2021;27(3):1-29. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2020.SNPG.StA.2021.
  36. Lestari S, Winarno B, Premono BT, Syabana TAA, Azwar F, Sakuntaladewi N, et al. Opportunities and challenges for land use-based peatland restoration in Kayu Labu Village, South Sumatra, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2021:917(1):012021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/917/1/012021.
  37. Lu X, Zhang X, Li F, Gao F, Graham L, Vetrita Y, et al. Drainage canal impacts on smoke aerosol emissions for Indonesian peatland and non-peatland fires. Environ Res Lett. 2021;16(9):095008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2011.
  38. Medrilzam M, Dargusch P, Herbohn J, Smith C. The socio-ecological drivers of forest degradation in part of the tropical peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forestry: Int J For Res. 2014;87(2):335-45. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpt033.
  39. Merten J, Nielsen JO, Rosyani, Faust H. Climate change mitigation on tropical peatlands: a triple burden for smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Glob Environ Change. 2021;71:102388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102388.
  40. Miettinen J, Hooijer A, Shi C, Tollenaar D, Vernimmen R, Liew SC, et al. Extent of industrial plantations on Southeast Asian peatlands in 2010 with analysis of historical expansion and future projections. Glob Change Biol Bioenergy. 2012a;4(6):908-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01172.x.
  41. Miettinen J, Hooijer A, Vernimmen R, Liew SC, Page SE. From carbon sink to carbon source: extensive peat oxidation in insular Southeast Asia since 1990. Environ Res Lett. 2017;12(2):024014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5b6f.
  42. Miettinen J, Shi C, Liew SC. Two decades of destruction in Southeast Asia's peat swamp forests. Frontiers in Ecol Environ. 2012b;10(3):124-8. https://doi.org/10.1890/100236.
  43. Murdiyarso D, Saragi-Sasmito MF, Rustini A. Greenhouse gas emissions in restored secondary tropical peat swamp forests. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change. 2019;24(4):507-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9776-6.
  44. Noor M, Masganti, Agu F. [Formation and characteristics of Indonesian tropical peat]. In: Agus F, Anda M, Jamil A, Masganti, editors. [Indonesian peatlands: formation, characteristics, and potential for supporting food security]. Jakarta: IAARD Press; 2014. p.7-32. Indonesian.
  45. O'Riordan M, McDonagh J, Mahon M. Unlikely alliances? Knowledge, power and the collaborative governance of Irish peatlands. Geoforum. 2019;100:188-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.01.010.
  46. Paavilainen E, Paivanen J. Peatland forestry. Heidelberg: Springer; 1995. 
  47. Page SE, Rieley JO, Banks CJ. Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology. 2011;17(2):798-818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x.
  48. Posa M, Wijedasa L, Corlett R. Biodiversity and conservation of tropical peat swamp forests. BioScience. 2011;61:49-57. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.1.10.
  49. Puspitaloka D, Kim YS, Purnomo H, Fule PZ. Analysis of challenges, costs, and governance alternative for peatland restoration in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Trees, Forests and People. 2021;6:100131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100131.
  50. Rakhel TM, Putera PB. Corruption in public procurement: a bibliometric analysis. COLLNET J Scientometr Inf Manag. 2021;15(2):397-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737766.2021.1989990.
  51. Ramdani F, Hino M. Land use changes and GHG emissions from tropical forest conversion by oil palm plantations in Riau Province, Indonesia. PloS One. 2013;8(7):e70323. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070323.
  52. Reed M, Buckmaster S, Moxey A, Keenleyside C, Fazey I, Scott A, et al. Policy options for sustainable management of UK Peatlands. 2010. https://www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org/sites/www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org/files/Review%20Policy%20Options%20for%20Sustainable%20Management%20of%20UK%20Peatlands,%20June%202011%20Final.pdf. Accessed 6 May 2022.
  53. Robroek BJM, van Ruijven J, Schouten MGC, Breeuwer A, Crushell PH, Berendse F, et al. Sphagnum re-introduction in degraded peatlands: the effects of aggregation, species identity and water table. Basic and Applied Ecology. 2009;10(8):697-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2009.04.005.
  54. Rochefort L, Campeau S, Bugnon JL. Does prolonged flooding prevent or enhance regeneration and growth of Sphagnum? Aquatic Botany. 2002;74(4):327-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(02)00147-X.
  55. Rotinsulu JM, Afentina A, Yanarita Y, Indrayanti L, Nursiah N, Dewi S. Finding strategies for peatland rehabilitation; agroforestry systems on various types of peat depth in three villages in Central Kalimantan. J Ecol Eng. 2022;23(2):150-8. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/144422.
  56. Rydin H, Jeglum JK. The biology of peatlands. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press; 2013.
  57. Sari AP, Dohong A, Wardhana B. Innovative financing for peatland restoration in Indonesia. In: Djalante R, Jupesta J, Aldrian E, editors. Climate change research, policy and actions in Indonesia. Springer; 2021. p.247-64.
  58. Sirin A, Medvedeva M, Korotkov V, Itkin V, Minayeva T, Ilyasov D, et al. Addressing peatland rewetting in Russian Federation Climate Reporting. Land. 2021;10(11):1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10111200.
  59. Snyder H. Literature review as a research methodology: an overview and guidelines. J Bus Res. 2019;104:333-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039.
  60. Sottocornola M, Boudreau S, Rochefort L. Peat bog restoration: effect of phosphorus on plant re-establishment. Ecol Eng. 2007;31(1):29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.05.001.
  61. Sumarga E. Spatial indicators for human activities may explain the 2015 fire hotspot distribution in Central Kalimantan Indonesia. Tropical conservation science. 2017;10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917706168.
  62. Syahza A, Suwondo, Bakce D, Nasrul B, Mustofa R. Utilization of peatlands based on local wisdom and community welfare in Riau province, Indonesia. Int J Sustain Dev Plan. 2020;15(7):1119-26. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150716.
  63. Tan ZD, Lupascu M, Wijedasa LS. Paludiculture as a sustainable land use alternative for tropical peatlands: a review. Sci Total Environ. 2021;753:142111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142111.
  64. Tata HL, Muchugi A, Kariba R, van Noordwijk M. Genetic diversity of dyera polyphylla (Miq.) steenis populations used in tropical peatland restoration in Indonesia. Mires and Peat. 2018;21(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2017.OMB.269.
  65. Tata HL. Mixed farming systems on peatlands in Jambi and Central Kalimantan provinces, Indonesia: should they be described as paludiculture? Mires and Peat. 2019a;25:1-17. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2018.KHR.360.
  66. Tata HL. Paludiculture: can it be a trade-off between ecology and economic benefit on peatland restoration. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2019b;394(1):012061. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012061.
  67. Terzano D, Attorre F, Parish F, Moss P, Bresciani F, Cooke, R, et al. Community-led peatland restoration in Southeast Asia: 5Rs approach. Restor Ecol. 2022;30(8):e13642. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13642.
  68. Tuittila ES, Vasander H, Laine J. Impact of rewetting on the vegetation of a cut-away peatland. Applied Vegetation Science. 2000;3(2):205-12. https://doi.org/10.2307/1478999.
  69. van Eck NJ, Waltman L. Visualizing bibliometric networks. In: Ding Y, Rousseau R, Wolfram D, editors. Measuring scholarly impact. Springer; 2014. p.285-320.
  70. van Eck NJ, Waltman L. VOSviewer Manual. 2022. https://www.vosviewer.com/documentation/Manual_VOSviewer_1.6.18.pdf.
  71. Vasander H, Tuittila ES, Lode E, Lundin L, Ilomets M, Sallantaus T, et al. Status and restoration of peatlands in northern Europe. Wetlands Ecol Management. 2003;11(1):51-63. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022061622602.
  72. Waddington JM, Warner K. Atmospheric CO2 sequestration in restored mined peatlands. Ecoscience. 2001;8(3):359-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2001.11682664.
  73. Waddington JM, Day SM. Methane emissions from a peatland following restoration. J Geophys Res. 2007;112:G03018. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000400.
  74. Waddington JM, Lucchese MC, Duval TP. Sphagnum moss moisture retention following the re-vegetation of degraded peatlands. Ecohydrol. 2011;4(3):359-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.130.
  75. Waddington JM, Price JS. Effect of peatland drainage, harvesting, and restoration on atmospheric water and carbon exchange. Phys Geogr. 2000;21(5):433-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2000.10642719.
  76. Ward C, Stringer LC, Warren-Thomas E, Agus F, Crowson M, Hamer K, et al. Smallholder perceptions of land restoration activities: rewetting tropical peatland oil palm areas in Sumatra, Indonesia. Reg Environ Change. 2021;21(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01737-z.
  77. Ward C, Stringer LC, Warren-Thomas E, Agus F, Hamer K, Pettorelli N, et al. Wading through the swamp: what does tropical peatland restoration mean to national-level stakeholders in Indonesia? Restor Ecol. 2020;28(4):817-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13133.
  78. Wind-Mulder HL, Rochefort L, Vitt DH. Water and peat chemistry comparisons of natural and post-harvested peatlands across Canada and their relevance to peatland restoration. Ecol Eng. 1996;7(3):161-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8574(96)00004-3.
  79. Wosten JHM, Van Den Berg J, Van Eijk P, Gevers GJM, Giesen WBJT, Hooijer A, et al. Interrelationships between hydrology and ecology in fire degraded tropical peat swamp forests. Int J Water Resour Dev. 2006;22(1):157-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620500405973.
  80. Wulandari C, Novriyanti N, Iswandaru D. Integrating ecological, social and policy aspects to develop peatland restoration strategies in Orang Kayo Hitam Forest Park, Jambi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2021;22(10):4158-68. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d221005.
  81. Xu J, Morris PJ, Liu J, Holden J. PEATMAP: Refining estimates of global peatland distribution based on a meta-analysis. CATENA. 2018; 160:134-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.09.010.
  82. Yuwati TW, Rachmanadi D, Pratiwi, Turjaman M, Indrajaya Y, Nugroho HYSH, et al. Restoration of Degraded Tropical Peatland in Indonesia: A Review. Land. 2021;10(11):1170. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10111170.
  83. Zhong S, Geng Y, Liu W, Gao C, Chen W. A bibliometric review on natural resource accounting during 1995-2014. J Clean Prod. 2016;139:122-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.039.